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2021-12-31-accounts

The Linnean Society of London

ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS

For the Year Ended 31 December 2021

Charity No. 220509

Company No. RC000313 (Royal Charter Company)

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Contents

Page
LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
•
Principal Officers and Trustees		 3–4
ABBREVIATIONS 5
ANNUAL REPORT
•
President’s Review 2021		 6
•
Overview 2021		 7
•
Research and Sponsorship		 8
•
Our Fellowship		 11
•
Recognising Excellence		 13
•
Opening Up		 14
•
Networks of Knowledge		 16
•
Adapting to Change		 18
•
A Closer Look		 20
•
Feedback 2021		 22
•
Public Benefit		 23
•
Core Values and Strategic Plan		 23
•
Looking Forward: 2022		 24
•
People: Staff and Committees		 25
•
Financial Review		 29
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT 34
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES (SOFA) 37
BALANCE SHEET 38
CASH FLOW STATEMENT 39
NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS 40
Appendix 55
Full listing of Linnean Society Events & Meetings for 2021

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

1. LEGAL STATUS

The Linnean Society was founded in 1788, received a Royal Charter in 1802 and Additional Charters in 1904 and 2005. The Society is a registered charity, No. 220509.

2. ADDRESS

The Linnean Society of London New Burlington House Piccadilly London W1J 0BF

3. PRINCIPAL ADVISERS

Bankers:

Barclays Bank Plc PO Box 13555 Acorn House 36–38 Park Royal Road London NW10 7WJ

Auditors: Knox Cropper LLP 65 Leadenhall Street London EC3A 2AD Investment Managers: Tilney Asset Management Services Ltd 17th Floor 6 New Street Square New Fetter Lane London EC4A 3BF

  1. PRINCIPAL OFFICERS YEAR OF APPOINTMENT Dr Sandra Knapp President (2018) Professor Anjali Goswami President-elect (24 May 2021) Edward Banks Treasurer (2020) Professor Simon Hiscock Scientific Secretary (2013) Professor Alan Hildrew Scientific Secretary (2020) Professor Mark Chase FRS Editorial Secretary (2012) Dr John David Collections Secretary (2012) Dr Elizabeth Rollinson Executive Secretary (2011–February 2021) Professor Gail Cardew CEO (from April 2021) Professor Alan Hildrew Vice President Elaine Shaughnessy Vice President Dr Natasha de Vere Vice President Professor Max Telford Vice President

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

TRUSTEES

The Council provides strategic direction for the Society. It consists of 20 Fellows, five of whom step down each year and are replaced by five elected by the Fellowship at the Anniversary Meeting held annually on the 24 May (or the nearest working day).

Following their election to Council, all Trustees are provided with copies of key documents setting out the governance of the Society. These include essential Charity Commission documents (CC3: The Essential Trustee) and the Linnean Society’s Charters and Bye-laws. Council members receive a full induction into the Society, including a briefing on their duties as Trustees and meetings with staff, and they are required to sign up to the Trustee Code of Conduct.

The Society undertook a governance review during 2018/2019. Recommendations approved by Council in October 2019 were implemented during 2020 and 2021, and further governance reform is ongoing. The role of Executive Secretary has been removed, a new role of CEO has been created and the role of Financial Controller has been re-defined as Head of Finance. In 2021 a staff restructure took place. New positions included a Governance Manager (recruited in summer 2021), Head of Operations (recruited at the end of 2021) and a Head of Engagement (to be recruited in early 2022).

The elected members of Council are the Trustees of the Charity and, in addition to the Officers listed above , those who served during the year are listed below:

DUE TO RETIRE
Robbie Blackhall-Miles 24 May 2024 (from May 2021)
Dr Rich Boden 24 May 2024 (from May 2021)
Professor Brycchan Carey 24 May 2024 (from May 2021)
Kevin Coutinho 24 May 2023
Dr Natasha de Vere 24 May 2022
Mathew Frith 24 May 2022
Dr Olwen Grace Retired 24 May 2021
Dr Charlotte Grezo 24 May 2023
Professor Paul Henderson Retired 24 May 2021
Professor Alistair Hetherington 24 May 2022
Stephanie Holt Retired 24 May 2021
Angus McCullough 24 May 2023
Dr Silvia Pressel Retired 24 May 2021
Philip Sadler 24 May 2024 (from May 2021)
Elaine Shaughnessy 24 May 2023
Professor Max Telford 24 May 2022
Dr Mark Watson 24 May 2024 (from May 2021)

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS
AGM Annual General Meeting
BMM BioMedia Meltdown
BSBI Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
COVID-19 The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
CPD Continuous Professional Development
DBE Dame of the British Empire
E&PE Education & Public Engagement
e.o. Ex officio
FLS Fellow of the Linnean Society of London
FMLS Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London
FRS Fellow of the Royal Society
FRS 102 Financial Reporting Standard 102
HonFLS Fellow_honoris causa_
HonMLS Honorary Member of the Linnean Society of London
ISAs International Standards on Auditing
L: 50 L: 50 Objects, Stories and Discoveries from the Linnean Society of London
LSL Linnean Society of London
MHCLG Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government
NatSCA Natural Sciences Collections Association
NBH New Burlington House
OA Open Access
OUP Oxford University Press
PPLS Past-President of the Linnean Society of London
PRISM Preservation of Industrial and Scientific Material
SI Special Issue
SOFA Statement of Financial Activities
SORP Statements of Recommended Practice
UCL University College London
VI Virtual Issue

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

ANNUAL REPORT

PRESIDENT’S REVIEW 2021

The past year has been one of great change for the Linnean Society, and for society at large. We have been busy implementing recommendations from the 2018 Governance Review (about which I spoke last year). In February we said goodbye to Executive Secretary Elizabeth Rollinson after nine years of sterling service to the Society, and welcomed Gail Cardew in the role of CEO, the first in the Society’s history. A working group led by Council member Mark Watson began a review of the Bye-Laws, and we also welcomed Cathy Youthed as our first Governance Manager, who has already done a huge amount to ensure that we are in line with charity best practice. The staff team worked hard to keep the Society running safely, with the Library opening to visitors several days a week, and room hire starting up again in a limited capacity in the autumn.

Events have remained online, and while this is disappointing for Fellows and supporters who regularly attend events at Burlington House, our virtual lectures have reached larger, more diverse audiences over the last year. Online events ranged across the science of natural history, from trees to road verges to Caribbean birds, ending the year with Merlin Sheldrake’s marvellous Christmas Lecture on fungi and their importance to our everyday lives. While it was sad not to be together in Burlington House for this event (it was originally intended to be in-person) the number of Fellows who were able to attend from all over the world was testament to our expanding reach. The Education team has continued to deliver quality events online, including the workshops and award ceremonies for our artmeets-science BioMedia Meltdown Project, which underwent a successful external evaluation in 2021; we can benefit from lessons learned and consider the next phases.

The team has been working incredibly hard on liaising with our landlords over our future in Burlington House, and our Burlington House campaign started in earnest early in the year—to all those Fellows who wrote to their MPs or to members of the Government on the Society’s behalf, we offer heartfelt thanks. Discussions continue, so do keep in touch. This is my last year as President, and my sincere thanks go to all the staff, who have done so much to move the Society forward over the last four years—our next President will find a dedicated, engaged and wonderful team.

Sandra Knapp, President

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

OVERVIEW 2021

2021 was a year of adjustment for the Linnean Society. In February, we said goodbye to Elizabeth Rollinson, who had served as the Society’s Executive Secretary for over nine years. Elizabeth always gave a warm welcome to Fellows and guests, and encouraged all to become members of the Society. We hope she will return to visit us often.

In April, the Society welcomed its first CEO, Gail Cardew, previously at the Royal Institution. Gail worked hard in 2021 to start realising the goals of the Society’s Governance Review. She also embarked on a staff restructure that included the creation of several new posts such as Governance Manager, Head of Operations and Head of Engagement.

Save Burlington House

The ‘Burlington House campaign’ was launched on 24 February, as, after more than 145 years of continuous occupation at Burlington House, the Society now faces being priced out of its London home due to unaffordable and rapidly rising rents. Over 600 letters were written to local MPs and Lords encouraging the Government to provide us with a suitable long-term solution. The story has been covered by multiple news outlets including The Observer , The Critic and Museums Journal , and testimonials from our Fellows and the public were published on our website. It has been truly uplifting to hear of the impact the building has had on our visitors, and we sincerely thank all our Fellows for their continued support.

Many events in the campaign have been successful in gaining the attention of the Government: on 8 June, the debate ‘The Future of the Learned Societies at Burlington House’ was held at Westminster Hall, having been secured by Tim Loughton MP, and on 7 July, Sir David Attenborough HonMLS wrote to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, urging him to intervene. The PM responded, voicing his support in finding a ‘mutually beneficial solution for all’. On 30 July, Professor Brian Cox was interviewed on BBC Radio 4 on behalf of the campaign. Gail Cardew has been working alongside our fellow courtyard societies to sustain the momentum of this progress, and we are now in communication with the Government on the matter. Our fantastic staff have kept our website and social media pages updated as we progress; special thanks go to Head of Operations Helen Shaw, Events and Communications Manager Padma Ghosh and Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier. It has been a wonderful exercise in highlighting the amazing work we do here at Burlington House, and why it is so important we remain.

Governance and Bye-Laws

As a result of the 2018 Governance Review, the Society employed a Governance Manager in 2021. Cathy Youthed is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the recommendations of the review, the administration of the Society’s governance activities, and for supporting Council and staff to ensure the Society complies with its governing documents and regulatory requirements.

The same review also precipitated the need to change the Society’s Bye-Laws. A Bye-Laws Revision Group, led by Mark Watson, was therefore established to take this work forward. The group had a busy year reviewing the governance documents of 12 similar organisations, looking back at previous amendments to the Society’s Royal Charters and Bye-Laws, and understanding the legal processes for making future changes. However, once drafting of the new Bye-Laws began, it soon became evident that Council input was needed in key areas such as the Society’s governance structure, Fellowship and Membership, Council and Officers, and General Meetings. As a result, an Extraordinary Meeting of Council took place in December 2021 to discuss these issues and formulate recommendations, so that drafting could continue. Once complete, the new Bye-Laws will be presented to the Fellowship for approval before becoming part of the governance framework of the Society.

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After the Flood

The Society suffered a serious water leak in June, with our library badly affected. Some 250 books required immediate care, with 17 crates of material sent away for freezing and later conservation. Remarkably, the reading room was able to reopen within a week of the flood, and the books—carefully dried and cleaned—were returned to the Society in November. Detailed contingency planning, supportive insurers and contractors, and the hard work of staff (many of whom left their usual duties to lend a hand in the immediate aftermath) helped avert a greater disaster. We are grateful to all of them!

Our ‘Disaster Plan’, revised in May 2021, helped the team deal with the flood efficiently and calmly. Moreover, Anna Atkins’s Photographs of British Algae (1843–53) would have been damaged had it not been removed, along with other valuable items, to the Collections Store as part of the plan. On a positive note, this potentially catastrophic event has helped to improve the ‘Disaster Plan’ and our response to any future disasters.

RESEARCH AND SPONSORSHIP

Despite concerns relating to the pandemic, all issues of all three journals were produced on schedule. A cross-journal Virtual Issue (VI) of previously published papers related to extinction, endangered species, biodiversity and climate change marked the launch of the Linnean Society’s new committee, ‘Linnean Future’ (The Planetary Emergency Response Committee).

Overall, we are pleased to report that resubscription rates are excellent, and income is therefore in line with forecasts. All three journals support the hybrid model, whereby Open Access (OA) options are available, although the rate of take-up is low but increasing, especially for the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ( ZooJLS ). Our publisher, Oxford University Press (OUP), has signed several Read and Publish agreements which provide funding for OA publication, and participates in many free or highly reduced access initiatives.

The Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society , our new online-only, fully OA journal, has begun accepting papers and is expected to issue its first volume later in 2022. Mark Chase is completing his term as Editorial Secretary and a successor will assume these responsibilities from June 2022. We’d like to wholeheartedly thank Mark for his many years of dedication.

The Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ( BioJLS , Impact Factor 2.14), edited by John Allen, produced a VI to celebrate the previous editor, the late David Lees, and contributed to a joint Linnean VI on ‘Extinction, Endangered Species and Climate Change’. A 393-page Special Issue (SI) on ‘OCBIL Theory: A New Science for Old Ecosystems’ included several high-impact articles, eight of which were in the journal’s top 10 most highly cited papers of the year. Three articles with high media coverage were on phylogenomics of peacock spiders, impact of introduced honeybees on native pollinators in Australia, and estimating vertebrate biodiversity. Highlights for 2022 will include a Special Issue on ‘Evolution ‘On Purpose’: Teleonomy in Living Systems’, based on papers presented at a recent Linnean Society virtual conference.

In 2021, the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ( BotJLS ), edited by Michael Fay, received a major increase in its Impact Factor (>40%, 2.046 to 2.911). Highlights of the year included an invited review on crop wild relatives and a special issue entitled ‘Plant Anatomy: Traditions and Perspectives’ which included three review papers. Upcoming highlights for 2022 include a major SI on Neotropical biodiversity. The final issue of the year will be volume 200, and we are planning a series of invited reviews to mark this milestone.

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The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ( ZooJLS ), edited by Maarten Christenhusz, received an increased Impact Factor (from 2.99 to 3.286). We maintain a high submission rate, with 423 submitted papers in 2021. Highlights of the year included an invited review on Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man (1871), to coincide with the 150th anniversary of its publication. An editorial addressing the taxonomic impediment signed by over 100 researchers was published in October. Upcoming highlights for 2022 include several invited reviews and SIs on tardigrades and on South American dinosaur fossils. A virtual issue on deep sea discoveries is also planned.

LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund

Retaining its focus on biodiversity, taxonomy/systematics and evolutionary biology, the Society was once again delighted to contribute £37,698 towards the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, a coinitiative with the Systematics Association.

Over 138 applications were received, allowing us to make 34 grants, ranging from £500 to £1,500. The research projects funded encompass a wide range of plant, animal and fungal groups across the globe, from neotropical tar spot fungi in Costa Rica to pseudoscorpions in South India to morning glories in Congo-Kinshasa. The winning researchers reflect this international focus and support our commitment to funding excellent researchers from countries with fewer funding opportunities.

Awardee Country of residence Title ofproject
Patrick Arnold Germany Revealing cryptic diversity in elephant-shrews
(Macroscelidea) using ancient DNA from historical
specimens
Alberto Collareta Italy Unraveling the evolutionary history of shell
architecture in turtle and whale barnacles
Annabelle de Vries United Kingdom Observing the extinction of_Trochetiopsis erythroxylon_
more closely
Fabricius Domingos Brazil Cryptic species and mitogenomic evolution in the
_Eptesicus brasiliensis_complex (Chiroptera:
Verpertilionidae)
Carolina de la Hoz Portugal DNA barcoding to explore elasmobranch diversity in
eDNA off the Banc d'Arguin
João Farminhão Portugal Taxonomic novelties in the Speciosae-Diffusae-
Supinae clade of_Linaria_in Western Iberia
Heloísa Fernandes Flores Brazil Morphological feeding adaptations of jackal flies
(Diptera,Milichiidae)
Stephen Garrett Denmark Global Evolutionary History of_Euphrasia_: a Parasitic
Plant Complex
Stefan Graf Germany Comparative morphology and phylogenetic
significance of modified ocelli in digger wasps
Alice Guzzi Italy Is brittle star evolution being forced by a sponge
symbiont?
Gustavo Heiden Brazil Systematics of South American Astereae (Asteraceae):
new species, phylogenetic relationships and updated
taxonomic synopsis
Thomas Hitch Germany Automated taxonomic assignment of Archaea based
ongenome sequences
Jithin Johnson Germany Systematics and Biogeography of Pseudoscorpions in
the Western Ghats of South India
Jan Korba Czech Republic Integrative taxonomy of the tarantula genus
Ischnocolus (Araneae: Theraphosidae)
Nefeli Kotitsa Bulgaria Islands within islands: The evolution of the Cretan
endemic_Eupholidoptera_ (Orthoptera)

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Kara Layton United Kingdom Special sea slugs: Cryptic diversity and ecological
specialization in the sea lemons
Melissa Mardones-
Hidalgo		 Costa Rica Molecular phylogeny and evolution of neotropical tar
spot fungi (Phyllachorales, Ascomycota) with special
focus on species associated with magnoliids host
plants
Sonia Molino Spain Disentangling morphological affinity in the
_Parablechnum loxense_complex (Blechnaceae) across
the Pacific
Thomas Murphy United States Systematics and Phylogeography of a Ubiquitous
Liana, Smilax (Smilacaceae),in Peru
Jean Claude Ithe
Mwanga-Mwanga		 Congo - Kinshasa Fieldguide of Convolvulaceae from D. R. Congo
LibbyNatola Canada Genetic determination of plumage traits in a group of
diversifyingwoodpeckers
Patrícia Nogueira Portugal Biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton – the
Guadiana estuarycase study
Chinonyelum Oforka Nigeria Utilizing Morphological Keys for Mosquito
Surveillance in Urban Lagos,Nigeria
Edmund O'Malley United Kingdom Using phylotranscriptomic approaches to resolve
Seychelles caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona:
Indotyphlidae) phylogeny
Volkan Özen Germany Genus_Pyxilla_(Bacillariophyta): Systematics and end-
Eocene events
Catarina J. Pinho Portugal Big and small – An integrative framework for
investigatingcharacter displacement
Paula C. Rodríguez Flores Spain Speciation and connectivity in deep-sea cosmopolitan
and vicariant squat lobsters
Christophe Ronez Argentina Enlightening the systematics of insular Sigmodontinae
(Rodentia,Cricetidae)housed in European collections
Kagame Samuel Paul China Systematics and diversification of East African
_Ipomoea_L.(Convolvulaceae)
Kevin Sánchez Argentina Cryptic diversity and evolutionary history of a
Patagonian lizard radiation (Squamata: Liolaemini:
Liolaemus kingii group)
Thomas Sauvage Brazil Booting up molecular systematics of algae in South
America’s largest barrier-lagoon
Eugenio Valderrama
Escallón		 United States Unraveling the Spiraling Radiation: Taxonomy and
Phylogenomics of Neotropical Costaceae Nakai
TimothyWhitfield United States Deciphering the mahoganies in New Guinea’s lowland
rainforest
Georgios Xenikoudakis United Kingdom Using ancient DNA to resolve the taxonomy of extinct
Malagasyhippos

Sir David Attenborough Fieldwork Award

The LinnéSys project reports from the previous year are evaluated for this award. However, due to the pandemic and associated limitations, the 2020 LinnéSys awardees were given two years to access workspaces, collections and field work, and will therefore only submit their reports in 2022. There was therefore no Sir David Attenborough Fieldwork award made in 2021.

Appleyard Fund

(Awarded to Fellows or Associates of the Society who are not in full-time employment as biologists): to Mr Alex Inzani FLS, who is presently retired, towards the cost of improving and replacing camera traps, cage traps and mist nets for a Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) study of marsh tits Poecile

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

palustris dresseri around Weston Colville, England. Nationally, marsh tits have undergone a 70% decline over the last 40 years, putting them on the IUCN Red List. In contrast to this trend, the population of birds around Weston Colville appear to be thriving. Through colour-ringing, releasing and retrapping birds, this study will monitor the abundance, productivity and survival of the Marsh Tit in the area. The automated camera traps are an invaluable aid in this process given the difficulty of resighting enough of the rare birds for statistical analysis. It is hoped that determining the reasons for Marsh Tit success in Weston Colville could help reverse the deep decline of these birds elsewhere in the UK and contribute towards developing a national conservation strategy for the Marsh Tit.

Anne Sleep Award

(Awarded to scholars to assist with biological research in the Middle or Far East): to Dr Hiva Faizi (Razi University, Iran) for his project ‘Femoral gland secretions and chemical signals in the Persian racerunner Eremias persica Blanford, 1875 complex: implications for potential sexual isolation and cryptic speciation in a species complex’, which aims to determine whether closely related species have species-specific chemical components in their gland secretions, and whether this variation is enough to explain existing patterns of isolation in sympatric and allopatric species across the study area.

The Year to Come

Looking ahead, the Society is excited to be launching its OA journal, the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society , and working with Editor Dr Steven Dodsworth. The staff team at the Society will be working more closely with the team at OUP in the coming year, collaboratively ensuring that our publications are promoted in as many ways as possible. Later in the year we will be asking Fellows for their input into nominations for our medals and awards—please do get involved, and nominate a scientist, amateur naturalist or artist that you think deserves to be recognised.

OUR FELLOWSHIP

While it was impossible to foresee the length of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Society continues to be incredibly grateful for the support shown by our members. We have been inspired to see our Fellows so engaged with our online events, our resources, and with our new Fellows’ Area. Sadly, we also lost a few good friends of the Society in 2021, who will be greatly missed.

Fellows Inspiring Fellows

We always draw inspiration from the accomplishments of our members, and would like to you to join us in celebrating:

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Joining the Society

Despite the pandemic, our membership increased in 2021 by 142 newly elected Fellows (an increase on 2020). People have joined from all over the world, and Room Hire and Membership Assistant Tatiana Franco, who will have been your main point of contact on all things membership, reported that there were also 42 new Associates of the Society and 82 new Student Members. We welcome everyone with an interest in studying, exploring and protecting nature.

Fellows We Have Lost

At the very start of the year we lost Brian Gardiner , past President of the Society, first editor of the Society’s publication The Linnean , and giant in the field of palaeontology, whose work transformed how we see evolutionary relationships. Sadly we also lost David Lees who had edited the Biological Journal of the Linnean Society from 1990–97. Botanist Desmond Meikle OBE (who served on Council from 1957–60) passed away in February 2021, having dedicated 30 years to his ‘magnum opus’ Flora of Cyprus . We learned of the death of William ‘Bill’ Stern towards the end of the year; Bill served as President of the Botanical Society of America (1985–86), was a founding member of the Association for Tropical Biology and founded and edited Biotropica . At the very end of the year we were saddened by the deaths of two of our most eminent Foreign Members, Sherwin Carlquist , giant of plant anatomy whose work on islands transformed understanding of island evolution, and Edward O. Wilson , ant taxonomist and passionate advocate for biodiversity and its conservation, whose lifetime of work did so much to promote the study and understanding of natural history.

Future Fellows

During 2022, work on the Society’s Bye-Laws by the ‘Bye-Laws Revision Group’ (work that will enable the Society to grow and evolve) will continue, and once ready, their labour will be circulated to the Fellowship. This is an exciting time for the Society, offering the chance to assess what has worked well, and what could be improved upon.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

RECOGNISING EXCELLENCE

Through sponsorship and awarding medals, the Society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all aspects of the science of natural history, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity conservation and sustainability.

Categories

Medal & Award Winners 2021

Linnean Medal (Botany): Dr Shahina Ghazanfar, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Linnean Medal (Zoology): Dr Mary Jane West-Eberhard, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Darwin-Wallace Medal: Dr Sarah P. Otto, University of British Columbia Bicentenary Medal: Dr Scott Taylor, University of Colorado, Boulder Irene Manton Prize: Dr Sophie Harrington, University of East Anglia John C. Marsden Medal: Dr Benjamin Van Doren, University of Oxford Trail-Crisp Award: Dakota E. McCoy, Harvard University

H. H. Bloomer Award: David Lindo

David Attenborough Fieldwork Award: Paola Sáez Fernandez (2020–2021)

Due to COVID-19-related restrictions, the Society’s Medals and Awards for both 2020 and 2021 were presented at a virtual Anniversary Meeting in May, with each winner accepting their award with a short speech. Citations for all awardees are available on our website.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

OPENING UP

2021 finished as it started, with the Library forced to close due to surging cases of a new variant of COVID-19. Throughout the year, the team remained flexible, adapting to lockdown work, incrementally reopening the library and embarking on new projects while continuing those already in progress.

Reopening the Library

The Library reopened to the public on 14 April, initially for two days a week, with limited readers for social distancing and with COVID-19 safety measures in place. We were gradually able to open for longer hours, opening from Tuesday–Friday, 10am–5pm by September. The Library was steadily busy, benefiting from other similar libraries (e.g. Natural History Museum, London and Zoological Society of London) remaining closed throughout the summer. Many readers, reassured by our safety measures, commented on the joy of returning to London and using library facilities for the first time in months.

As always, we continue to be amazed by the breadth and variety of our visitors’ interests. In a difficult and disrupted year for researchers, over 200 people have beaten a path to our door, researching such diverse subjects as the ecology of Nepal and Tibet, early botany in Cambridge, land use conservation, the history of London Zoo and wildlife protection in Sri Lanka, among many others. We can’t wait to see what the coming year will bring!

Teamwork Keeping You Connected

There were some changes in the Collections team, with Archivist Liz McGow going on maternity leave in March, and her maternity cover Alex Milne starting in early July. Alex was able to dive straight into cataloguing more of our collected archives.

Staff would not have been able to achieve as much without the invaluable help of volunteers and honorary curators. Special mention goes to indefatigable volunteers David Pescod and Sheila Meredith, who spent time on Society projects almost every day of 2021, respectively summarising our historic ‘presents books’ for archival records, and helping with the clean-up of Library indices and journals deaccessioning. We were also glad to welcome volunteers John Abbott, Naomi Mitamura and Kate Coss back to the building in the autumn. Our honorary curators Mark Spencer, Glenn Benson, Ollie Crimmen and Suzanne Ryder have continued to reply to enquiries, and help us with research on specimens and artefacts in our collections.

Improving our Resources

The year was split between offsite ‘lockdown’ cataloguing from OCR-ed finding aids and checking those lockdown records against the material (as well ongoing onsite cataloguing once the building had reopened). Archivist Alex Milne catalogued the manuscripts of botanist Alexander Anderson (MS/609), including the 148 botanical drawings related to his work at the Botanical Gardens of St Vincent. Letters relating to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were also added to the catalogue, including the notable find of a letter from Darwin to Wallace gifting a copy of On the Origin of Species , which was located in our Library. Assistant Archivist Luke Thorne undertook extensive work reviewing and refining the Edward M. Holmes (MS/235) and Nathaniel Winch (MS/321) records, which had been catalogued in lockdown. Both archivists worked together to transfer the ‘Society Papers’ (SP) from the Library to the archive catalogue, elaborating on previous descriptions and reuniting the papers with their original artworks.

A Good Year for AdoptLINN

Our AdoptLINN scheme for the care and restoration of vulnerable items within our collections is now entering its sixth year and going from strength to strength. We continue to be amazed by the support and generosity of our donors; £7,580 was received in 2021. Highlights include a copy of Species

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Plantarum , copiously annotated by the Cambridge botanist Thomas Martyn, and a scarce copy of Robert Thornton’s stunning Temple of Flora . At the end of 2021, our President Sandy Knapp pledged £1,500 for the conservation of our portrait of Scottish botanist and plant-hunter Francis Masson. The generous support of our ‘adopters’ will see these works carefully stabilised and conserved, ensuring their survival for study and enjoyment for centuries to come. If you would like to show your support of our collections, please contact the Collections team, or visit our website.

Alongside the books and manuscripts conserved thanks to AdoptLINN donations, a deep clean of the Collections Store was commenced by Conservator Janet Ashdown, including a condition survey and inventory of the books. Other notable conservation projects involved an examination of 10 boxes of over 525 glass plate positives (lantern slides), used to illustrate Society talks from the early 1900s to the 1960s, with each plate photographed and assessed.

A Little Bibliographical Weeding

The Society is rightly proud of its extensive journals collection, boasting nearly 4,000 titles in natural history and the life sciences. But with four basement stores full to overflowing, it was clear some ‘light touch’ weeding was required! Led by Librarian Will Beharrell, and scrutinised by our Collections Committee, the deaccessioning of modern, commonly held material began in May. This will give the Society much-needed space for growth, and allow remaining material to be properly catalogued, and housed adequately and safely for the future.

What will 2022 Bring?

Our goal for 2022 is to keep improving the accessibility of our collections through cataloguing, digitisation and conservation, as many of our collected and domestic archives are yet to be catalogued. We will also continue to collaborate with academics who research our collections; we are a project partner on Dr Tina Welch’s 2022 AHRC/NERC funded project, which you can read more about in the section ‘A Closer Look’. Whilst carrying out these activities, we need to be mindful of the uncertainty of our future at Burlington House, so will also have to assess the collections for a potential move. Additionally, the Collections team will play a part in determining the future strategy of the Society, upon which our Collections strategy will then rest.

Blogspot: Treasures of the Month

Each month, the Collections team publishes a blog on a little known ‘Treasure’, often happened upon by staff in the midst of their day-to-day tasks. In November, Digital Assets Manager Andrea Deneau chose to highlight the much-loved collection of small cartes de visite , professional hard-backed black and white photographs donated by newly elected Fellows to the Society. Spanning from the early days of photography to the late 20th century, these were taken by professional photographers, most prominently Maull & Polybank’s, whose studio was conveniently placed on Piccadilly. The photographs feature well-known (Charles Darwin) and lesser-known Fellows (Walter G. Ridewood), and also many of the first female Fellows, like Grace Frankland, elected in the early 1900s. The solemn pose of the individuals, sometimes lifted by a furtive smile, makes these little photographs moving archival objects.

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NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE

All the Society’s activities are rooted in knowledge sharing, whether by way of our events, online activities or collections research, or through our Fellowship connecting via our bespoke Members’ Area that launched in May.

While we had optimistically hoped to hold some events onsite at Burlington House in 2021, due to COVID-19 restrictions our events continued to be held online. Happily though, our audiences not only stayed steadfast, but increased. Alongside our regular Evening Meetings, Lunchtime Lectures and Nature Reader events, we also held three Day Meetings.

Brilliantly overseen by Events and Communications Manager Padma Ghosh, an upshot of holding our events online is that we have been able to accommodate a much larger audience than for those held onsite. Our Christmas Lecture by Merlin Sheldrake on his book Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures drew a whopping 416 viewers via Zoom webinar. Our Nature Reader events by Jon Drori ( Around the World in 80 Plants ), and Bernd Brunner ( Taming Fruit: From Fruit Forests and Oases to Orchards ) were also amongst some of the most popular events. Our YouTube viewership also continues to develop year on year; subscribers to our channel grew by 59%. Our most popular event on YouTube this year was the ‘Linnaeus, Race and Sex’ day meeting, which found a superb viewership of 2,312 views. The second most watched lecture was Laurence Hill’s ‘Exploring the Future of Botanical Image Making’ with 1,080 views.

Plant Awareness and Insect Week UK

Inspired by an article in PuLSe , on 13 April (Plant Appreciation Day) we held a special event entitled ‘Plant Blindness: How to Put Plants Back in the Picture’, where four researchers—Dawn Sanders, Geetanjali Sachdev, Sven Batke and Sophie Leguil—from different disciplines (art, education, design and science) discussed the diverse ways in which we can make plant life, often quite ‘invisible’, more 'present' to humans. As part of the session, we also launched the book Beyond Plant Blindness: Seeing the Importance of Plants for a Sustainable World by Dawn Sanders, Bryndís Snæbjörnsdóttir and Mark Wilson, which seeks to provoke plant-based thinking across disciplines and use art to rethink approaches to plants and botanical science. This virtual event had 158 participants.

From 21–27 June Insect Week (UK), we hosted a week-long celebration of the world of insects. Through a series of talks, we explored the insect collections of Carl Linnaeus and James Edward Smith, forensic entomology, and how gardens are a refuge for pollinators. We also investigated technology inspired by flies, and emotions and gender in entomology. Visit our YouTube channel to find out more: www.youtube.com/LinneanSociety.

Building Better Connections

Since the first journal-inspired animation was published in January 2020, Digital Content Producer Ross Ziegelmeier has created a further 11 videos as we seek to engage a wider audience with research papers from our journals. By working with our journal editors to highlight specific papers, our aim is to help promote our world-class publications in an accessible and distinct way; for example, the paper ‘Phylogenomics of peacock spiders and their kin (Salticidae: Maratus ), with implications for the evolution of male courtship displays’ from the BioJLS , inspired a series of animated shorts in the style of a competitive drag queen pageant. One YouTube user commented: ‘I like how you folks are always coming up with unique ideas.’ The ongoing support of the editorial team and publishing team at OUP will continue to be crucial as we create more targeted content.

Though the pandemic had an impact on filming in-person projects this year, we still produced a number of videos in support of the Society’s mission. One of these was ‘John Tyley and the Breadfruit Tree’, which explored the cultural and historical significance of a newly acquired watercolour painted

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by Tyley. Also produced was ‘The Linnean Society of London in Burlington House’, which illustrated the story of the Society’s home on London’s Piccadilly; both can be viewed on our YouTube channel.

Podcast Stories

Stimulated by the Linnean Future Committee, we started a new podcast series by the same name. The Linnean Future series offers vivid interviews outlining current research and field science that will help to analyse and explain some of the most complex relationships on our planet. We launched the series with Professor Mark Maslin of University College London, who broke down the long history of international climate negotiations, including the challenges faced by COP26, and what it hopes to achieve. Episodes will be released monthly throughout the start of 2022 on our SoundCloud page (https://soundcloud.com/user-679811756) or at www.linnean.org/podcasts.

In addition to the Linnean Future series, podcasts inspired by papers published in the Society’s journals were also produced. Future podcasts will be shorter in length, and will aim to open our journal content to a wider audience. Linnean Podcast #38 ‘Whale Pop Culture and Intelligence’ featuring Hal Whitehead and Matthew McCurry and #39 ‘Sensitive Sea Snake’ featuring Jenna Crowe-Riddell are prime examples of how our journal papers can be interpreted in a different format.

Our New Members’ Area

At the end of 2020, we started work on implementing a new customer relationship management (CRM) system, to improve our data and provide betters ways for our members to engage with the Society and each other. After months of careful planning, data clean up and transfer, the new Members’ Area was successfully launched at the 2021 Anniversary Meeting in May. The response has been fantastic, with 2,289 members successfully signed up so far. We invite members to join the platform if you haven't already, and make the most of what the new Members’ Area has to offer, as future updates and additions are planned.

The Linnean and PuLSe

At the end of 2021, our stalwart Editor of The Linnean , Gina Douglas, decided to step down from the role to pursue her position as President of the Society of the History of Natural History. Gina has been Editor for six years, and is to be thanked for her sterling work on the publication. She is handing over to Publications Manager Leonie Berwick, who produced L: 50 Objects, Stories and Discoveries of the Linnean Society of London with Isabelle Charmantier in 2020, and who has worked with Gina on The Linnean since 2014. PuLSe and The Linnean are being integrated into one publication in 2022, so our members will continue to receive great PuLSe articles like ‘Ancient Oaks and Biodiversity’, ‘Taming Chaos: Mycology and Linnaeus’ and ‘Psychedelic Research and its Biocolonial Legacies’.

New Year, New Ideas

As we continue to strengthen links with our journals through animations and short podcasts, we will also be testing some new live action video ideas that aim to celebrate research projects supported by the Society. We will also be starting 2022 by participating in the 7th LGBTQ+ STEMinar that celebrates the achievements of LGBTQ+ people in science.

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ADAPTING TO CHANGE

We took the opportunity to be a little experimental this year, with a serialised format for the BioMedia Meltdown Project, a reinvented student conference experience and a new social media adventure. We have also been fortunate to collaborate with wonderful partners in a variety of exciting projects for young people.

BioMedia Book Arts and Courageous Conservationists

Pre-COVID-19, the BioMedia Meltdown (BMM) Project featured live art/science workshops in London KS3 classrooms, libraries, hospitals and community centres. Between November 2020 and May 2021, BMM Manager Daryl Stenvoll-Wells reconfigured these workshops, partnering with Linnean Fellows Ania Driscoll-Lind (Science and Outdoor Learning Specialist) and Michael Holland (Ecologist and Botany Expert) to produce nine 15-minute instructional videos covering botanical and zoological topics. The project was flexible enough for both classroom and home use, utilising topics and specimens that were easy to find in any UK setting. Schools were provided with materials for distribution by teachers, while individual participants on a limited income were able to request free kits.

Over 420 pupils and 60 home educators participated, with more than 100 beautiful, original hardbound books entered into the competition. Entries were judged by an expert panel of scientists, artists, publishing and conservation experts, who determined the top entries for Scientific Merit, Artistic Merit, Creative Writing and Graphic Design. The winners were awarded tailored prizes in an online celebration event in July, including local wildlife foundation memberships, outdoor equipment, field guides, books and art supplies.

Daryl also continued delivery of live virtual classroom workshops, including ‘Courageous Conservationists,’ which used the art of wood photo transfer to introduce under-recognised community conservationists to students. Teachers and participants in both projects expressed gratitude for the creative cross-curricular content, reflecting that it provided relief from the pressurised, post-lockdown academic calendar. Stakeholders generally reflected that it reinvigorated a joy for learning that students needed in this time of crisis.

‘Our Local Nature’ Grants

This grant scheme enables young people to take the reins on projects that increase access to local natural spaces and encourage a deeper connection to nature. From buying equipment for ecological surveys to festivals of nature, it has been uplifting to hear about last year’s projects coming to fruition. Grant recipient Claire Unwin from West Suffolk Hive, said:

‘It has been a wonderful year for us at our site as we created a pond, which brought in the most incredible array of dragon flies and other insects, aquatic life and plants. We have enjoyed surveying the pond as it has developed, as well as the wild meadow and the woods.’

Ten new projects were funded in 2021, selected by our exceptional Youth Panel, made up of Leigh Balment, Deborah Kargbo, Georgia Gargett, Cheska Golding, Antonia Maddan and Sophie Robertson.

National Literacy Trust

In collaboration with the National Literacy Trust, the Linnean Society recruited 11 professional science writers to receive workshop development training so that they could then create their own bespoke science-writing workshops. Despite tough regulations in mid-2021, the writers were able to deliver sessions in 18 schools across Birmingham, Nottingham, the North East and the North West, reaching over 2,000 students.

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Impressed by the interdisciplinary nature of the Society, the Trust has since commissioned a short film featuring several Society staff members talking about the importance of literacy in their careers for a teacher-training package on scientific literacy.

The ‘Discover More’ Series

‘Discover More’ was a seven-part series of animations, blogs and interviews put together by Education Manager Joe Burton and Education Assistant Zia Forrai (supported by Ross Ziegelmeier) that explored a different topic each month, across Twitter, Instagram and TikTok, as well as on our website, accruing over 15,000 views. Aimed at secondary school-age people and their teachers, each topic explored a compelling aspect of the natural world, from mutualist viruses to microplastic pollution. These were accompanied by interviews with relevant experts from across the globe, offering insight alongside a sense of potential career trajectories within the natural sciences.

Virtual Tours and Re-opening

Giving tours has always been an integral part of the Society’s remit, and we felt the absence of such interactions acutely in 2021. Fortunately, the Collections team (with Ross Ziegelmeier) had produced a virtual tour video at the end of 2020 that provided a detailed look through our building and the Linnaean collections, as well as two short videos that focused on rare books and archives. These monthly virtual tours via Zoom started in January, but ended in June due to decreasing attendance. Virtual tours were also given to artists, students, civil servants from Defra and other groups. In total, 14 virtual tours were given to a total of 212 attendees throughout the year.

Once the building started to reopen, we were able to hold a controlled number of in-person tours, for groups of students from UCL, the History and Philosophy of Science Department (University of Cambridge) and the Royal Drawing School. The Collections Store was kept out of bounds, in order to maintain social distancing.

Linnean Lens

With our usual programme of in-person activities disrupted by the pandemic, the Society experimented with new ways of bringing our collections to a wider audience. In July, replacing the Virtual Tours, the Collections team held the first of the ‘Linnean Lens’ online events, using a specially designed document camera to host interactive, ‘hands-on’ sessions with rare and special collections items. We began, appropriately enough, by delving into Carl Linnaeus’s fascinating student notebooks, with further sessions encompassing Anna Atkins’s beautiful cyanotype photographs, Linnaeus’s annotated Species Plantarum , Peter Collinson’s commonplace books and the Shortt Collection of Indian bird paintings on mica. With uniformly positive feedback, and strong attendance throughout— over 130 logged in for the sessions on Atkins and the Species Plantarum —we look forward to expanding the programme in the New Year .

Representing the Society

Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier was invited to talk at several virtual conferences and to sit on the jury panel of Did van Triip’s PhD thesis on early modern ichthyology, in October. Also in October, she participated in the conference ‘Towards a Cultural History of Early Modern Ichthyology (1500–1800)’, which allowed her to research and present on the fishes of Alexander Garden in the Linnaean collections.

Utilising Expertise in 2022

The expertise of our Fellows means a great to deal to us, so in 2022 we are aiming to reach out and utilise that knowledge, whether through education outreach projects or through initiatives like Linnean Lens. We hope to form closer bonds with our membership and the growing network of young people affiliated with the Society’s projects.

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A CLOSER LOOK

The Society’s collections are deeply embedded within the British colonial world of the 18th and 19th centuries. Historians have long studied the lives of individuals who helped naturalists investigate the world around them, and in 2021 the Society continued in its endeavour to enrich our knowledge about our collections, through a new acquisition, events and collaborating with academics.

Natural History from the Margins

Like other institutions such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew or the Natural History Museum, London, the Society is keen to unearth the untold stories behind our specimens, artworks and manuscripts, stories of local, indigenous and overlooked participants who actively contributed to the quest for natural historical knowledge. One such individual was the Antiguan artist John Tyley, who worked for Alexander Anderson, superintendent of St Vincent Botanic Gardens in the late 18th century.

Tyley was our person of the year at the Society, as he was the nexus for a new acquisition, a day meeting and a successful funding bid. The Society was incredibly fortunate to acquire a Tyley painting in June 2021 (from the auction house Rosebery’s), significant for its image of the breadfruit tree, imported to St Vincent to feed the enslaved population. Tyley was also the inspiration behind ‘Natural History and Visual Arts from the Margins’, a day-meeting co-organised by Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier and Julie Chun Kim, Associate Professor at Fordham University, New York. Initially planned for 2020, it was eventually held virtually in September 2021.

Finally, through a partnership with Tina Welch (University of Winchester) and the Hidden Histories project (a programme run by The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)), the Society was awarded an initial seed funding grant in 2021. The project ‘Unearthing the contribution of indigenous and enslaved African knowledge systems to the Saint Vincent Botanical Garden under Dr Anderson (1785–1811)’ allowed us to digitise the Alexander Anderson manuscripts held in the Society’s collections, which included descriptions of the islands of Barbados, Grenada, St Lucia and Guiana, and papers and paintings related to the St Vincent Botanic Gardens. Many of the 148 plant drawings in Anderson’s Hortus St Vincentii were drawn by local or indigenous artists, and unusually for a black artist at that time, Tyley’s signature appears on 11 of them. These 14 manuscripts, comprising 2,190 images, will be made available through our Online Collections by the end of 2022. The manuscripts were also catalogued and their records can be accessed via our Archives Catalogue. The bulk of the Hidden Histories project will be funded by the main NERC/AHRC grant from 2022 to 2023, with one of the objectives being to make transcriptions of many of the manuscripts available through our Online Collections.

Collections on Show

Our collections are special to us, and we try to highlight them whenever and however we can, so in addition to talks, online and onsite tours and events, blogs and social media posts, we were keen to repopulate the display cases in the Library Reading Room, for the benefit of readers and visitors. Following the publication of our ‘book of treasures’, L: 50 Objects, Stories & Discoveries from the Linnean Society , we were keen to show off some of the items that feature in the book: the artworks sent back from India with papers to be read at the Society meetings by Major General Hardwicke; some of Linnaeus’s specimens of plants, fish and beetles; diaries of travellers and artists such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Emilia Noel; and of course, our new acquisition of Tyley’s breadfruit tree.

While many organisations postponed their planned exhibitions, the Gilbert White House went ahead with their year-delayed tercentenary celebrations of Gilbert White. Several letters in the Gilbert White

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collection, which is on long-term loan to the Society by the Selbourne Society, featured in the ‘Flora Selborniensis’ exhibition from July to September 2021.

Linnaeus, Sex and Race

Yet another aspect of taking a closer look at our collections has been to untangle Carl Linnaeus’s classification of humans within his printed books ( Systema Naturae in particular) and manuscripts. An essay on the subject had already been published online in the summer of 2020, and Isabelle Charmantier expanded upon this in a talk given to the Anglo-Swedish Society in February 2021. A day meeting at the Society on ‘Linnaeus, Sex and Race’ was organised by Stella Sandford, Professor at Kingston University and a regular Library user. Originally planned for 2020, this day meeting was finally moved online in March 2021. It brought together researchers from different disciplines (natural sciences, evolutionary biology, philosophy, history of science and gender studies) to discuss ‘race’ and ‘sex’ in Linnaeus’s work and beyond. All the talks are available on our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/LinneanSociety.

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FEEDBACK

AdoptLINN:

“Thank you for your help in ‘matching’ me to an appropriate book for adoption. I now realise what a lovely scheme this is and feel happy to be able to contribute to the amazing Linnean Library collection in this way.”

Events:

Linnean Lens

“Seeing the book of SPECIES PLANTARUM made me almost weep. The Linnean Lens lecture made it possible for members all over the world to share the knowledge and joy of the binominal system.” “I joined the Linnean Society, and participated in the last two events. Wonderful topics and great speakers. Thanks so much for making these events happen!”

Virtual Tours

“Thank you so much for the Zoom tour of the Linnean—it was brilliant! We only had positive feedback, the participants said they learnt so much and enjoyed finding out about the Society and seeing what lies behind those big wooden doors!”

Reopening the Library:

“This will be my first day working away from home since early December. It is amazing how exciting a trip to the library can seem!”

“Very grateful to the staff @LinneanSociety for keeping the library open as much as possible and providing a safe, friendly space to read and work.”

Podcasts/videos:

“WELL DONE!! on the Tyley video. So interesting, v attractive to watch, and very good editing. I assume you have specialists for all of that in house, and they really put something together that focuses on the object, its history, and all the information that you and the specialist speakers provide.”

Education:

Student Conference

“ This conference was brilliant—it made me aware of so many different options when considering careers in industry and in postgraduate study. Not only did it make me aware, but the networking opportunity has provided me with so many resources to research my future, I feel very hopeful and motivated! ”

National Literacy Trust, Science Writers in Schools

“Science Writers in Schools has been a really fantastic initiative to be a part of - thank you for making it happen and for your support and encouragement, particularly in my first schools workshop. Both the training beforehand and the kind positive feedback afterwards really boosted my confidence.”

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PUBLIC BENEFIT

The Linnean Society contributes to scientific, cultural, economic and social well-being nationally and internationally through a broad programme of activities. Our unique ACE-designated biological collections and historical resources—and our strong focus on biodiversity conservation, sustainability and science outreach—support the care and understanding of our planet. The Society’s key contributions to public benefit are:

The Society’s activities contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through support for the natural world, and through unique resources that illuminate environmental and social change. The Society connects academia with a diverse public, informing UK Government policy and promoting the international profile of the UK as a pre-eminent international hub for expertise about the natural world.

CORE VALUES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING

The Society’s vision, mission and values are:

Vision: A world where nature is understood, valued and protected Mission: To inform, involve and inspire people of all ages and backgrounds about nature and its significance through our collections, programmes and publications

Values:

In late 2021 the Worshipful Company of Management Consultants confirmed its pro bono support to assist with strategic planning and implementation throughout 2022. The Society is extremely grateful for this generous support. A core Working Group composed of senior staff will form in 2022 to guide the process, and the early stages will include consultation with the Society’s many different stakeholders.

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LOOKING FORWARD 2022

Let me start by saying thank you to all the staff, volunteers, Fellows and Council for welcoming me so warmly to the Linnean Society. For me, 2021 was such a brilliant experience, as I learned more about all the fantastic projects and people that make this unique organisation so impactful. I can’t wait to embark on 2022 and see what the year brings.

We have several interesting plans afoot already and, by the time you read this, we will have appointed the Society’s first Head of Engagement. Our online events continue to attract people from all over the world, and it has been uplifting to see everyone asking questions and engaging with both the event speakers and each other. But we can, and should, do more. With the Head of Engagement in place, we aim to build on this success by developing plans to reach more people, share our stories about nature more widely and raise our visibility. Whilst doing so, we also need to be thoughtful about connecting more with under-represented audiences. Our communications team has already been busy liaising with our publisher Oxford University Press to brainstorm how we might develop even more engaging stories inspired by papers from our journals that are suitable for a wider audience, including those from the newly launched Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society .

Good governance has been a driving factor throughout the year, and will continue to be as the Society evolves. The Bye-Laws Revision Group will keep up the momentum of the hard work they’ve started, resulting in Bye-Laws that will encompass everything we plan to be in the future.

On the topic of planning, we are grateful for the assistance of the Worshipful Company of Management Consultants, who have offered pro bono support to help us develop and invigorate our strategy. We are facing some challenges—the lease at Burlington House, the need to think about diversifying our income, to name but a few—so it will be important to focus not just on short-term activities, but on longer-term planning to ensure that our wonderful organisation thrives.

Gail Cardew, CEO

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PEOPLE

Officers and Council listed on pp. 3–4

Linnean Society Staff Team

CEO

Executive Secretary

Head of Finance

Head of Collections

Head of Operations Governance Manager Room Hire Manager & Membership Assistant Communications & Events Manager Librarian

Archivist

Archivist (Maternity Cover) Assistant Librarian & Archivist Digital Assets Manager Conservator Publications Manager Education Manager

Multimedia Content Producer BioMedia Meltdown Project Manager Education Assistant Editorial Assistant ( Botanical Journal ) Office Cleaner P/T

Professor Gail Cardew (from April 2021) Dr Elizabeth Rollinson (2011–until February 2021) Priya Nithianandan (1991) Dr Isabelle Charmantier (2017) Helen Shaw (2017) Cathy Youthed (2021) Tatiana Franco (2015) Padmaparna Ghosh (from June 2020) Will Beharrell (2019) Liz M[c] Gow (2016) Alex Milne (2021) Luke Thorne (2019) Andrea Deneau (2010) Janet Ashdown (2002) Leonie Berwick (2007) Joe Burton (2017)

Ross Ziegelmeier (2015) Daryl Stenvoll-Wells (2019) Zia Forrai (2018) Dr Hassan Rankou (2012) Fatima Mendoca (2015)

Curators, Editors and Committees 2021

Curators

Fish, Shells & General Zoology

Insects Plants Artefacts

Oliver Crimmen (2017) Suzanne Ryder (2017) Dr Mark A. Spencer (2013) Glenn Benson (2014)

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Editors

Biological Journal Professor John A. Allen (1997) Botanical Journal Professor Mike Fay (2008) Zoological Journal Dr Maarten Christenhusz (2018) Evolutionary Journal Dr Steven Dodsworth (2020) Synopses Series Dr John Crothers (1991) & Dr Peter J. Hayward (2002) The Linnean Gina Douglas (2013) PuLSe Leonie Berwick (2009)

Committee Chairpersons

Editorial The Editorial Secretary (e.o.) Finance The Treasurer (e.o.) Collections The Collections Secretary (e.o.) Programmes One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Education & Public Engagement One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Nominations & Awards The President (e.o.) Linnean Future A member of Council (e.o.)

The CEO as well as the Officers are currently ex officio members of all Committees.

Committee Membership

Editorial Committee

The Editorial Secretary (e.o.)

The Editors (e.o.)

Representatives from the publisher, Oxford University Press (OUP)

Dr Rebecca A. Farley-Brown (2001)

Finance Committee

The Treasurer (e.o.) Head of Finance (e.o.) Mr Giles Coode-Adams (2001) Dr Charlotte Grezo (2020)

Mr Edward Hoare (1998)

Professor Gren Lucas OBE HonFLS (1995)

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Collections Committee

The Collections Secretary (e.o.)

The Curators (e.o.)

Collections staff, and Education staff (e.o.) Gillian Furlong (2006 – resigned 2022) Susan Gove (2001) Andrea Hart (2015) Dr D.J. Nicholas Hind (1995) Tom Kennett (2017 – resigned 2021) Debbie Lane (2020)

Dr Richard Preece (2017 – resigned 2022)

Chris Saunders (2021)

Dr Anke Timmermann (2019 – resigned 2021)

Dr Mark Watson (2016)

Programmes Committee

Scientific Secretary, Prof Alan Hildrew Events & Communications Manager (e.o.) Education Manager (e.o.) Head of Collections (e.o.) Professor Jeff Duckett (2018) Dr Michelle Jackson (2021) Dr Leanne Melbourne (2020)

Education & Public Engagement Committee

Scientific Secretary, Professor Simon Hiscock (Chair)

Education staff, and Collections staff (e.o.)

Lyn Baber (2018) Charlotte Coales (2019) Michael Holland (2020)

Susie Kelpie (2019) Geoff Lockwood (2013)

Dr Jonathan Mitchley (2020)

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Professor Dawn Sanders (2019)

Dr Jane Taylor (2013)

Linnean Future: the Planetary Emergency Response Committee (expansion of the Taxonomy & Systematics Committee)

Dr Charlotte Grezo, Chair (2021)

Events & Communications Manager (e.o.)

Head of Operations (e.o.)

Dr Andy Purvis

Dr John Box

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

FINANCIAL REVIEW

The full financial accounts were prepared to conform to the Statements of Recommended Practice (SORP – FRS 102) and are presented after the report of the External Auditors.

2021 was another positive year for the Society’s finances, notwithstanding the ongoing impact of the pandemic. Our income before donations and legacies was marginally up on 2020 to £2,097,114 (2020: £2,059,933). Donations and legacies added a further £403,430 (2020: £244,981), taking the total income to £2,500,544 (2020: £2,304,914). Expenditure was also up marginally on 2020 to £1,583,441 (2020: £1,546,936), but once again some projects had to be postponed and other activities curtailed due to COVID-19, which meant that, like last year, we have generated a much higher surplus than normal.

Overall, our surplus of income over expenditure in 2021 was £917,103 (2020: £757,978). This was enhanced by a gain on investments of £442,962 (2020: £71,563) due to the strong performance of our portfolio during the year. We have therefore been able to increase our unrestricted funds to £6,382,976 (2020: £5,222,995). We continue to try to balance the active use of our funds for charitable purposes with ensuring a sustainable financial position given the significant future challenges and uncertainties we face, particularly in relation to the lease for Burlington House.

INCOME

Publications and Royalties

As usual, the overwhelming majority of our income came from our scientific research journals. Total income from publications increased by 1.5% in 2021 to £1,834,095 (2020: £1,807,830). After deducting production, distribution and editorial costs payable by the Society, the net contribution of our journals was £1,454,964, an increase of 3.2% on 2020 (£1,410,480). Oxford University Press again contributed an additional £150,000 in 2021 to cover transitional costs. This is the last year in which we will receive this transitional payment.

For our main journals, the Society continues a policy of hybrid publication, enabling those authors who wish to or are required to publish Open Access (OA) to do so, while maintaining a default policy of not economically disenfranchising those authors with no or low funding by not levying page charges. As the primary source of income, the Society, along with our publisher, keeps a close eye on the worldwide changing policies of Open Access and in 2022 we will begin publishing our first online-only fully OA journal, the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society.

The Society extends thanks and appreciation to the Editors, Professor John Allen, for the Biological Journal , Professor Mike Fay for the Botanical Journal and Dr Maarten Christenhusz for the Zoological Journal . Led by Professor Mark Chase FRS, the Editorial Secretary, and supported by their editorial offices and reviewers, the Editors work tirelessly to maintain the quality of the Society’s journals.

Membership Contributions

The membership of the Society now stands at 3,145, compared with 3,014 at the end of 2020. This includes all fee and non-fee paying members. Of this number, there are 2,801 paying Fellows (2020: 2,636), 133 Associates (2020: 91) and 240 students (2019: 172). Membership contributions increased to £154,753 (2020: £149,557). Our new CRM system has enabled us to improve our data, provide better ways for our members to engage with the Society and has also helped to make the collection of annual fees more efficient.

Page 29 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Donations and Legacies

Grants, donations and legacies play an important role in sustaining our charitable activities and we are most grateful to all those funders and donors who have supported the Society during the year. In particular, we received generous bequests from the estates of Mr John Barker of £218,818, Mr Robert Desmond Meikle of £55,510 and Mrs Gertrude Marsh-Looi of £50,000. The AdoptLINN Programme received £7,580 to support the conservation of books and other important items in our collections.

Investments

During the year, we have continued to implement the ethical investment policy that we adopted in 2020. We have been working with our investment advisers, Tilney, to develop measuring tools to assess its impact. This is a complex area, but we are committed to ensuring that our investments are ethically, environmentally and socially responsible as well as generating an acceptable return for the Society. Our aim is to enhance the value of both capital and income on a long-term sustainable basis. Investments are of a prudent nature, with a moderate level of risk, and we try to avoid more speculative investments.

During the year, we decided to allocate some of our existing cash holdings to Tilney for investment, particularly in view of the potential for higher levels of inflation to affect the real value of our cash. At the end of the year, the market value of our investments stood at £5,121,489 (2020: £4,034,297). The increase over 2020 was attributable to gains on investments of £442,962 in the year, with the balance being due to transfers of cash to Tilney for investment.

Other income

As in 2020, income from room hire, catering and other activities was inevitably significantly reduced by the necessity to close Burlington House to visitors for extensive periods. Nevertheless, income from these sources was generally above 2020 levels, as restrictions eased during the year, and amounted to £24,092 (2020: £16,176). We are hopeful that the worst of the pandemic is now behind us and we look forward to a steady recovery in this income stream in 2022. We also received a payment from our insurers of £26,726 towards the costs of repair of books damaged by the serious water leak in June.

EXPENDITURE

Once again, over 99% of the Society’s expenditure was used to further our charitable objectives in 2021, with only £23,586 spent on managing investments.

Charitable Activities

Our seven core charitable activities reported in the Accounts are: Education, Publications, Scientific Meetings, Collections, Collections (Curatorial), Collections (Conservation & Digitisation) and Research Sponsorship. Our total expenditure on these charitable activities in 2021 was £1,559,855 (2020: £1,535,493). The work of the Society in safeguarding and promoting our heritage collections, advancing scientific knowledge and understanding, and engaging the public and educational outreach, is set out in detail in the President’s and CEO’s reports.

We once again contributed £37,698 to the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, enabling us to make 34 grants ranging from £500 to £1,500 to support research projects across the globe. Total research sponsorship in 2021 came to £49,797.

We continued our support of the Science Hunters project with Lancaster University to the tune of £16,920 and contributed £23,000 to a mentoring scheme in partnership with Stemettes, a social enterprise which encourages girls and young women aged 5–25 to pursue careers in Science,

Page 30 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Technology, Engineering and Maths. We continued to fund ‘Our Local Nature’, to support youth-led projects that aim to increase access to local natural spaces and encourage a deeper appreciation and understanding of nature.

Expenditure on staff salaries, National Insurance and pensions increased significantly during the year to £705,178 (2020: £617,042), reflecting new recruits that have joined during the year and cost of living increases for all staff. During the year we welcomed Gail Cardew as our CEO and Cathy Youthed as our Governance Manager, both of which were new positions created during the year, as well as Alex Milne as maternity cover for our Archivist Liz M[c] Gow. The average number of employees in 2021 was 21 versus 19 in 2020.

Rent, and other charges by our Landlord, the Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, amounted to £200,167 (2020: £201,961). Significant uncertainty remains over future rental costs with no resolution of the ongoing dialogue.

As in 2020, a lot of planned maintenance expenditure was deferred and will be incurred in subsequent years.

FUNDS

The Society’s reserves are split between Permanent Endowments (£858,814), Restricted Funds (£2,453,960, including heritage assets of £1,500,000 that cannot be monetised) and Unrestricted Funds of £6,382,976. Within Unrestricted Funds, the Society holds designated reserves to reflect funds to be spent on fixed assets and earmarked for planned future expenditure. £2,787,868 (2020: £1,981,271) of the Unrestricted Funds has been set aside in Designated Funds to cover this future expenditure, including that associated with the lease, and other financial liabilities.

Designated Funds

The Mortgage Liability Fund stands at £220,353. The Collections Fund stands at £20,000. The Development Fund stands at £200,000. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.5M. The need to set aside money to address the long term situation at Burlington House provides a brake on our ability to deploy funds for other charitable activities. The Legal Fund stands at £100,000 to cover the costs of renegotiating the lease on New Burlington House if a satisfactory agreement can be reached with our landlord.

Reserves Policy

The Society’s General Reserve is held to enable the Society to continue to operate effectively in the event that income is unexpectedly reduced. The General Reserve is also held to provide funding for projects which have not attracted external funding. The Trustees consider that a minimum of six months of operational expenditure should be held in the General Reserve with a minimum of approximately £1M. The General Reserve Fund now stands at £3,595,108 (2020: £3,241,724). The Trustees consider the current balance reasonable in the context of budgeted costs and uncertainty over continued occupation of Burlington House.

OUTLOOK

The Society had a strong year financially in 2021, but it was in many ways an exceptional year and there are significant challenges ahead. Our publication income will fall in 2022, as we received the last

Page 31 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

of the £150,000 annual transition payments from our publishers, Oxford University Press, in 2021. Our charitable activities will, we hope, revert to more normal levels following the removal of COVIDrelated restrictions which will result in increased expenditure in some areas. Our employment costs will rise as new recruits join (including the new Head of Engagement) and we reflect market forces in our compensation levels. We will also have the start-up costs associated with the OA journal, the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society . Inflation in fuel bills and elsewhere will add to our costs and we continue to discuss the ever-increasing rental and other charges associated with Burlington House with the Government. As a result, we do not expect to generate a significant surplus in 2022.

AUDITORS

During the year, we conducted a tender process for our auditors. We received high quality tenders from a range of candidates and were pleased to re-appoint Knox Cropper, who continue to provide an appropriate level of challenge and represent value for money.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Trustees of the Society extend their gratitude to all the Officers and Staff for continuing to be so careful in control of expenditure in their areas of responsibility and to thank the volunteers for their much-appreciated contributions. Finally, it is particularly appropriate to once again thank the Head of Finance, Priya Nithianandan, for his careful and constant oversight of all the Society’s financial activities.

Edward Banks, Treasurer

Page 32 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

RISK ASSESSMENT

The Trustees regularly review the Risk Register, which summarises the major strategic, business and operational risks which the Society faces and have implemented appropriate systems and procedures to mitigate these risks. The Society also has a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and a Disaster Plan, which were developed to enable the Society to continue normal operations in the event of a serious disruptive incident. The BCP is also regularly reviewed and updated as needed.

STATEMENT OF TRUSTEES’ FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE CHARITIES ACT

The Trustees are required to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society and of the surplus or deficit of the Society for that year. In preparing those financial statements, the Trustees are required to:

The Trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Society and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with relevant legislation. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Society and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Responsibilities of the Treasurer

Fellows of the Society have, through the Society’s Bye Laws (BL) accepted at a General Meeting of the Society held on 15 February 1990 and published in July 1991, agreed (BL Section 12) that “the Treasurer (of the Society) shall require the keeping of detailed accounts of all receipts and payments (BL 12.1), shall be responsible for the financial affairs of the Society and shall advise the Officers and Council both of the long term trends and matters of the moment concerning financial strategy. Taking advice from the Finance Committee and Professional advisers, when appropriate, the Treasurer shall act in the name of the Society on matters of investment (BL 12.3)”.

Audit Arrangements

“A firm of chartered accountants shall be appointed by the Fellows at the Anniversary Meeting as Auditors for the following year (BL 12.5). Prior to their presentation to the Anniversary Meeting, the Annual Statement of Accounts and the report of the Professional auditors shall be examined by an Audit Review Committee of Fellows. This Committee, to be elected annually, shall consist of three members of Council (including the President or a Vice-President), and two Fellows who are not members of Council who shall be elected at a General Meeting. The Committee shall report to Council and Fellows at the Anniversary Meeting (BL 12.6)”.

Messrs. Knox Cropper have expressed their willingness to be re-appointed as auditors.

These accounts were approved by Council on 24 March 2022 and signed on behalf of the Trustees by

________ Treasurer

________ President

Page 33 of 58

Document Ref: EYCLC-5DE5B-EGBTH-BUNPBDocument Ref: JXPSV-AU8Q2-JTDLX-BFWTX

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

OPINION ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have audited the financial statements of The Linnean Society for the year ended 31 December 2021 which comprise the Statement of Financial Activities, the Balance Sheet, the Cash Flow Statement and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

BASIS FOR OPINION

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the charity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

CONCLUSIONS RELATING TO GOING CONCERN

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the trustees’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the trustees with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

Page 34 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

OTHER INFORMATION

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. The Trustees are responsible for the other information.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether there is a material misstatement in the financial statements or a material misstatement of the other information. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

MATTERS ON WHICH WE ARE REQUIRED TO REPORT BY EXCEPTION

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRUSTEES AND AUDITORS

As explained more fully in the Trustees’ responsibilities statement set out on page 33, the Trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the Trustees determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the Trustees are responsible for assessing the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Trustees either intend to liquidate the charity or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

Page 35 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 AUDITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have been appointed as auditor under Section 144 of thè Charities Act 2011 and report in accordance with the Act and relevant re8ulations made or having effect thereunder. Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement. whether due to fraijd or error, and to issue an auditorf5 report that include5 our opinion. Reasonable assurante is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAS IUKI will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if. individually or in the aggre8are, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economit decision5 91 users taken on the basi5 01 these financial statement5. Irregularities, includin8 fraud, are instances ol non-cornpliance wlth laws and regulations. We desi8n procedures Sn line with our responsibilities. outlined above, to detect material rnlsstatements in respect of irre8ularlties, Includin8 fraud, The extent to which our procedure5 are capable 91 detectin8 irre8ularltles, including fraud Is detailed below.. The Charity is required to comply wlth the charlty law and, based on our knowled8e ol its aCtivitie5, we identified that the legal requirement to accurately account for restricted funds was of key significance. We 8ained an understanding ol how the charity complied wSth 5ts legal and regulatory framework, includin8 the requirement tg properly account lor restrlcted funds, throu8h discusslons with rnana8ement and a rèview of the documented policies, procedures and control5. The audlt team, whlch is experienced in the audit of charitles, considered the tharity's SU5ceptibility to rnaterial mlsstatement and how fraud rnay occur. Our conslderations included the risk of mana8ement override. Our approach was to check that all restrl¢ted Income was properly Identllied and separately accounted lor and to ènsure that only valld and approprlate expendSture was charBed to re5trittèd funds. Thls included reviewing journal adjustments and unusual transactions. A further descriptlon ol our responslb511t5es lor the audlt of the flnanclal statements Is located on the Financial Reporting Councll's webslte at.. h ies This descrlgtion forms part of our auditorfs report. USEOF OUR REPORT This report is made solely to the charity's Trustees and members, as a body, In accordance wlth Section 144 of the Charltles Act 2011 and re8ulatlons made under Section 154 01 that Act. Our audit work has been undèrtaken so thatwe may state to the Trustees and members those matter5 we are required to state to them In an auditors. report and lor no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not aicept or assume responslbility to anyone other than Trustees and members as a bgdy, for our audlt work. lor thls report, or for the oplnlon5 wè have formed. LLP Knox Cropper LLP. Chartered Attountants, Ststutory Audbtor 65 Léadenhall Street London EC3A 2AD Date: 24 March 2022 Knox Cropper is eli8ible for appointment as auditor of the charlty by virtue of Its eliglbillty lor appointment as audltor of a company under section 1212 of the Companies Acr 2006. Pa8e 36 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021

Notes
Income and Endowments From:
Donations and Legacies
2
Charitable Activities
Members’ Contributions
Publications
3
Scientific Meetings
Library
Other Trading Activities
4
Investments
Total Income and Endowments
Expenditure On:
Raising Funds
Investment Management Costs
Charitable Activities
6
Education
Publications
Scientific Meetings
Collections
Collections: (Curatorial)
Collections: (Conservation &
Digitisation)
Research Sponsorship
Total Expenditure
Net Income/(Expenditure)
before Investment Gains/(Losses)
Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments
Net Income/(Expenditure)
NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS
Fund balance brought forward at
31/12/2020
Fund balance carried forward at
31/12/2021		 Unrestricted Restricted Endowment
2021
2020
Funds
Funds
Funds
Total
Total
£
£
£
£
£
352,470
50,960
-
403,430
244,981
154,753
-
-
154,753
149,557
1,834,095
-
-
1,834,095
1,807,830
5,195
-
-
5,195
1,418
8,285
-
-
8,285
6,055
10,612
-
-
10,612
8,703
55,701
28,473
-
84,174
86,370
2,421,111
79,433
-
2,500,544
2,304,914
16,136
7,450
-
23,586
11,443
272,710
-
-
272,710
242,684
406,910
-
-
406,910
419,258
192,799
-
-
192,799
188,646
317,810
-
-
317,810
304,117
151,640
-
-
151,640
156,157
141,671
-
-
141,671
148,001
64,498
11,817
-
76,315
76,630
1,564,174
19,267
-
1,583,441
1,546,936
856,937
60,166
-
917,103
757,978
303,044
63,676
76,242
442,962
71,563
1,159,981
123,842
76,242
1,360,065
829,541
1,159,981
123,842
76,242
1,360,065
829,541
5,222,995
2,330,118
782,572
8,335,685
7,506,144
£6,382,976
£2,453,960
£858,814
£9,695,750
£8,335,685

Page 37 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021

Notes
FIXED ASSETS
Heritage Assets
9
Tangible Fixed Assets
10
Investments
11
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors
12
Short Term Deposits
Cash at Bank and in Hand
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS
CREDITORS:Amounts Falling
Due Within One Year
13
NET CURRENT ASSETS
CREDITORS:Amounts Falling
Due After One Year
14
NET ASSETS
CAPITAL FUNDS
Endowments
15
INCOME FUNDS
Restricted
15
Other
Heritage Fund
Unrestricted
Designated
16
General
17
TOTAL CHARITY FUNDS		 2021
£
£
1,566,950
717,869
5,121,489
508,505
2,995,330
647,975
4,151,810
(1,642,015)
2,509,795
(220,353)
£9,695,750
858,814
953,960
1,500,000
2,453,960
2,787,868
3,595,108
6,382,976
£9,695,750		 2020
£
£
1,561,950
761,271
4,034,297
489,834
1,631,399
1,807,468
3,928,701
(1,719,906)
2,208,795
(230,628)
£8,335,685
782,572
830,118
1,500,000
2,330,118
1,981,271
3,241,724
5,222,995
£8,335,685		 2020
£
£
1,561,950
761,271
4,034,297
489,834
1,631,399
1,807,468
3,928,701
(1,719,906)
2,208,795
(230,628)
£8,335,685
782,572
830,118
1,500,000
2,330,118
1,981,271
3,241,724
5,222,995
£8,335,685
£8,335,685
782,572
2,330,118
5,222,995
£8,335,685

These accounts were approved by Council on 24[th] March 2022 and signed on behalf of the Trustees by

________ Treasurer

________ President

Page 38 of 58

Document Ref: PFMTJ-GOUE6-8GHJS-3UNEZDocument Ref: 7XBDT-VLWAA-VQJ8C-AEHHG

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021

Notes
2021
£
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING
ACTIVITIES
Cash generated from operations
20
791,082
Interest paid
(8,202)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
operating activities
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING
ACTIVITIES
Dividends, interest and rents from
investments
84,174
Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment
(3,111)
Purchase of Heritage Asset
(5,000)
Proceeds from sale of investments
11
596,031
Purchase of investments
11
(1,240,261)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
investing activities
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING
ACTIVITIES
Repayments of Borrowing
(10,275)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
financing activities
Change in cash and cash equivalents
in the reporting period
Cash and cash equivalents at the
beginning of the reporting period
Cash and cash equivalents at the end
of the reporting period
Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt)
1st January
2021
£
Short Term Deposit
1,631,399
Cash in Bank and in Hand
1,807,468
3,438,867
Loans
(230,628)
Net Funds/(Debt)
£3,208,239		 Notes
2021
£
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING
ACTIVITIES
Cash generated from operations
20
791,082
Interest paid
(8,202)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
operating activities
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING
ACTIVITIES
Dividends, interest and rents from
investments
84,174
Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment
(3,111)
Purchase of Heritage Asset
(5,000)
Proceeds from sale of investments
11
596,031
Purchase of investments
11
(1,240,261)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
investing activities
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING
ACTIVITIES
Repayments of Borrowing
(10,275)
Net Cash provided by (used in)
financing activities
Change in cash and cash equivalents
in the reporting period
Cash and cash equivalents at the
beginning of the reporting period
Cash and cash equivalents at the end
of the reporting period
Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt)
1st January
2021
£
Short Term Deposit
1,631,399
Cash in Bank and in Hand
1,807,468
3,438,867
Loans
(230,628)
Net Funds/(Debt)
£3,208,239
£
782,880
(568,167)
(10,275)
204,438
3,438,867
£3,643,305
Movement
£
1,363,931
(1,159,493)		 2020
£
£
580,702
(8,951)
571,751
86,370
(7,173)
-
303,598
(362,591)
20,204
(10,433)
(10,433)
581,522
2,857,345
£3,438,867

31st December
2021
£

2,995,330
647,975

3,643,305
(220,353)

£3,422,952



204,438
10,275
£214,713

Page 39 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounts are prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102 and the Charities SORP (FRS 102) and in compliance with the Charities Act 2011. The Society is a Public Benefit Entity.

Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets, at rates calculated to write each asset down to its estimated residual value over its expected useful life as follows:

Property 50 years
Lift and associated refurbishment work 30 years
Furniture and Fixtures 10 years
Environmental Control 10 years
Office Equipment 3 years

Investments are stated at mid-market value. Gains and losses on disposals and revaluations of fixed asset investments are reported in the Statement of Financial Activities and added to the funds to which they relate.

Investment income is accounted for gross in the year of receipt.

Donations and legacies are accounted for when the Society is unconditionally entitled to receipt. No account is taken of stock held for resale.

Contributions income is stated net of amounts received in respect of future years.

The Society is partially exempt for VAT purposes. Expenditure is stated net of VAT with irrecoverable VAT shown as a separate expense item.

Support costs are allocated to charitable activities on the basis of estimates of staff time spent on those activities and, in relation to accommodation costs, the relative space used by those activities.

Heritage assets donated to the Society are valued by an independent expert at the time of their donation.

Expenditure is accounted for when there is a constructive or contractual liability arising. A provision is made when the amount payable cannot be determined with certainty.

Page 40 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

2. DONATIONS AND LEGACIES

Other Funds for Grants and Awards
John Marsden Fund
PRISM Project grant
Insurance Claim
Student Members Donations
Legacies
Other Donations
3.
PUBLICATIONS
Joint Publication Account (Note 5)
Contract Publication Income
Other Publication Sales
Royalties
4.
OTHER TRADING ACTIVITIES
Room Hire
Catering
Student Research Conference
Other		 2021
Unrestricted
Restricted
Funds
Funds
£
£
8,927
-
-
485
-
-
26,726
-
-
475
305,328
50,000
11,489
-
£352,470
£50,960
2021
£
1,682,863
150,000
850
382
£1,834,095
2021
£
5,634
371
1,398
3,209
£10,612		 2020
Total
Funds
£
9,539
1,679
844
-
-
228,552
4,367
£244,981
2020
£
1,656,895
150,000
362
573
£1,807,830
2020
£
6,467
536
227
1,473
£8,703

Page 41 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

5. JOINT PUBLICATION ACCOUNT

2021
Total
Publisher
Share
£
£
SALES
Journals
2,243,817
2,243,817
560,954
PUBLICATION COSTS
Production and
Distribution
141,778
Editorial
Publishers’ Overheads
-
141,778
35,445
SURPLUS
2,102,039
525,509
Other Costs Incurred by Society
Editorial Costs
SUMMARY
Society’s share of Income – Note 3
Society’s share of Joint costs
and other directly incurred
costs		 2021
2020
Total
Publisher
Share
£
£
2,209,193
2,209,193
552,298
174,418
13
-
174,431
43,608		 2020
Society
Share
£
1,656,895
130,823
Total
Publisher
Share
£
£
2,243,817
2,243,817
560,954
141,778
-
141,778
35,445		 Society
Share
£
1,682,863
106,333
2,102,039
525,509		 1,576,530
(121,566)		 2,034,762
508,690		 1,526,072
(115,592)
£1,454,964 £1,410,480
1,682,863
(227,899)		 1,656,895
(246,415)
£1,454,964 £1,410,480

Page 42 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

6. CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

Education
Education Costs
Local Nature Grant
Lancaster University Science Hunter
Stemettes
Science Writers
One Direction Grant
Support Costs
Total
Publications
Joint Publication Account (Note 5)
The Linnean Newsletter and Pulse
Support Costs
Scientific Meetings
Expenditure
Support Costs
Collections
Expenditure
Cataloguing
Support Costs
Collections (Curatorial)
The Linnaeus Link Project
Support Costs
Collections: (Conservation &
Digitisation)
Hosting of images
Insurance damage
Support Costs
Research Sponsorship
Total		 Activities
Undertaken
Directly
Grant
Funding
Activities
Support
Costs
(Note 8)
Total 2021
Total 2020
£
£
£
£
£
21,520
-
-
21,520
24,175
6,000
-
-
6,000
5,998
16,920
-
-
16,920
10,952
23,000
-
-
23,000
-
7,810
-
7,810
-
-
-
-
-
844
-
-
197,460
197,460
200,715
75,250
-
197,460
272,710
242,684
227,899
-
-
227,899
246,415
21,024
-
-
21,024
20,984
-
-
157,987
157,987
151,859
248,923
-
157,987
406,910
419,258
3,922
-
-
3,922
4,356
-
-
188,877
188,877
184,290
3,922
-
188,877
192,799
188,646
8,899
-
-
8,899
8,503
579
-
-
579
922
308,332
308,332
294,692
9,478
-
308,332
317,810
304,117
10,250
-
-
10,250
9,518
-
-
141,390
141,390
146,639
10,250
-
141,390
151,640
156,157
30,980
5,715
-
-
-
-
30,980
5,715
36,413
-
-
-
104,976
104,976
111,588
36,695
-
104,976
141,671
148,001
-
49,797
26,518
76,315
76,630
£384,518
£49,797
£1,125,540
£1,559,855
£1,535,493

Page 43 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

6. CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES (CONTINUED)

The grants set out above include grants made to individuals. In total, grants were paid to 34 individuals (2020: 37) during the year.

7. GOVERNANCE COSTS

GOVERNANCE COSTS
Expenses of Officers and Council
Audit Fee
Legal and Professional Fees
Staff and Other Related Costs		 2021
£
-
5,900
13,555
44,976
£64,431		 2020
£
3,341
5,700
26,810
26,092
£61,943

Page 44 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

8. SUPPORT COSTS
Education
£
Salaries and Wages
163,556
Premises Costs
12,730
Repairs and Maintenance
9,916
Office Costs
-
Other Costs (depreciation,
rent provision)
-
Governance Costs
11,258
£197,460
2020
£200,715
SALARY COSTS
Gross Salary
Employers National Insurance
Employers Pension Contribution
Charged direct to projects
Charged to support costs
Charged to Governance		 Education
£
163,556
12,730
9,916
-
-
11,258
Publications
Scientific
Meetings
Library
Collections
Curatorial
Collections
Conservation
& Digitisation
Research
Sponsorship
Total
2021
Total
2020
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
£
97,293
97,472
140,905
79,345
74,729
16,082
669,382
598,883
4,627
5,501
7,308
1,707
5,083
-
36,956
108,233
5,289
10,577
10,577
15,069
15,069
-
66,497
85,411
3,346
5,257
10,754
2,868
239
716
23,180
15,363
38,424
59,299
121,207
34,340
3,871
8,208
265,349
241,150
9,008
10,771
17,581
8,061
5,985
1,512
64,176
61,943
£197,460 £157,987
£188,877
£308,332
£141,390
£104,976
£26,518
1,125,540
£1,110,983
£200,715 £151,859
£184,290
£294,692
£146,639
£111,588
£21,200
£1,110,983
2021
Total
2020
Total
£
£
582,678
519,738
69,663
52,350
52,837
44,954
705,178
£617,042
-
-
669,382
598,883
35,796
18,159
£705,178
£617,042

The average number of employees was 21 (2020: 19).

One employee earned more than £60,000. The total emoluments of the senior management team amounted to £210,428 (2020: £161,647). Council and Committee members provide their services gratis and receive only out of pocket expenses.

No Travel and subsistence expenses were claimed for by Officers and Council and Committee members in 2021 (2020: 7) amounting in total to £0 (2020: £3,341). Redundancy costs in 2021 were £10,895 (2020: £0).

Page 45 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

9. HERITAGE ASSETS

HERITAGE ASSETS
Heritage assets acquired since 2010 2021
COST
At 1st January 2021 made up of
Darwin’s Books
1,500,000
Nepal Maps
21,000
Smith Diaries
5,000
Opie Paintings
25,000
The Transylvania Florilegium Vol 1
5,475
The Transylvania Florilegium Vol 2
5,475
Addition 2021
Tyley Drawing
At 31st December 2021
DEPRECIATION
At 1st January 2020
Charge for the Year
At 31st December 2021
NET BOOK VALUE
At 31st December 2020
At 31st December 2021		 £
1,561,950
5,000
1,566,950
-
-
-
£1,561,950
£1,566,950

In 2015, the Society received from the Charles Darwin Trust a gift of Darwinian and Wallacean material which contained many key works, manuscripts and letters which has been valued at £1.5m. In accordance with FRS 102, donated heritage assets have been included at valuation.

The Society also holds a large number of scientific and historic assets which cannot easily be valued and which will not be sold because the maintenance is part of the primary objective of the Society. As a result, these heritage assets are not included in the Balance Sheet. These assets comprise:

a. biological specimens b. books and c. manuscripts, d. portraits and busts periodicals including notebooks, letters and artworks

These heritage assets the Society are of primary value, internationally, to the biological sciences, and in terms of cultural value, to the history of science. The main collections of dried plant material, preserved animal specimens, books and manuscripts and correspondence of Carl Linnaeus and Sir James Edward Smith provide the foundation for classification, taxonomy and nomenclature.

All this material is irreplaceable and so it is stored under optimum environmental conditions. The collections themselves are accessible physically by any bona fide research worker, accompanied by a curator or appropriate member of staff. The Society, with generous grant funding, has financed the digitisation of this material, and these images are accessible to all, at no charge, through the Society’s website.

Page 46 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

The Society’s Collection Development Policy recommends that any additional material must be in fields relevant to existing material.

The Society’s insurance policies cover damage to the fabric of the building and the seek-and-find or repair of the Library’s book stock, manuscripts, paintings and busts, but not the plant and animal collections as they are unique and irreplaceable. As such, they are invaluable to research and science but are valueless for insurance purposes.

10. TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

COST
At 1stJanuary 2021
Additions in Year
At 31st December 2021
DEPRECIATION
At 1stJanuary 2020
Charge for the Year
At 31st December 2020
NET BOOK VALUE
At 31stDecember 2021
At 31stDecember 2020		 Freehold
Property
Lift and
Building
Works
Air
Conditioning
Office
Equipment
Other
Total
£
£
£
£
£
£
518,854
225,752
57,759
178,128
317,297
1,297,790
-
-
-
3,111
-
3,111

518,854
225,752
57,759
181,239
317,297
1,300,901
61,628
60,200
57,759
167,850
189,082
536,519
7,377
7,525
-
8,587
23,024
46,513

69,005
67,725
57,759
176,437
212,106
583,032
£449,849
£158,027
£-
£4,802
£105,191
£717,869
£457,226
£165,552
£-
£10,278
£128,215
£761,271

11. INVESTMENTS

UK Fixed Interest
UK Equities
Overseas Equities
Investment Portfolio
Market Value brought forward
Add: Acquisitions
Less: Disposals
Realised Gains (Losses) on
Disposals
Gain (Loss) on Revaluation
Market Value carried forward		 2021
Book
Cost
Market
Value
£
£
67,356
44,717
2,170,950
2,843,342
1,236,169
2,233,430
£3,474,475
£5,121,489

4,034,297
1,240,261
(596,031)
109,685
333,277
£5,121,489		 2020
Book
Cost
Market
Value
£
£
67,356
49,385
1,474,458
1,930,407
1,178,645
2,054,505
£2,720,459
£4,034,297


3,903,741

362,591

(303,598)

(71,428)

142,991

£4,034,297		 2020
Book
Cost
Market
Value
£
£
67,356
49,385
1,474,458
1,930,407
1,178,645
2,054,505
£2,720,459
£4,034,297


3,903,741

362,591

(303,598)

(71,428)

142,991

£4,034,297
Book
Cost
£
67,356
2,170,950
1,236,169
£3,474,475		 Book
Cost
£
67,356
1,474,458
1,178,645
£2,720,459
£4,034,297
3,903,741
362,591
(303,598)
(71,428)
142,991
£4,034,297

Page 47 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Investments are held on a long-term basis to generate investment income for the Society. Realised Gains represent the difference between the sales proceeds and original cost of investments sold during the year. Revaluation gains and losses arise from the revaluation of investments to market value at the year-end.

12. DEBTORS

Due from Publisher 2021
Prepayments
Other Debtors		 2021
£
440,979
52,549
14,977
£508,505		 2020
£
389,590
40,730
59,514
£489,834

13. CREDITORS: Amounts falling due within one year

Contributions received in advance
Publishing income received in advance
Rent Provision
VAT
Deferred Expenditure
Other Creditors		 2021
£
60,317
1,184,657
22,880
225,519
16,500
132,142
1,642,015		 2020
£
59,411
1,285,550
22,880
209,729
49,433
92,903
£1,719,906

14. CREDITORS: Amounts falling due after one year

Mortgage on Toynbee Property 2021
£
220,353
£220,353		 2020
£
230,628
£230,628

The Toynbee mortgage is payable at 3.56% above base rate over 25 years and is secured on the property.

Page 48 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2021

Westwood Fund
Trail-Crisp Fund
Hooker Fund
Goodenough Fund
Minchin Fund
Jane Jackson Fund
The HH Bloomer Fund
P. Appleyard Fund
Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund
Omer Cooper Fund
Bonhote Fund
Jill Smythies Prize Fund
Irene Manton Prize Fund
A.G. Side Fund
Jan Gillett Fund
Denis Owen Fund
Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund
Trewavas/Greenwood Fund
Eleanor McMillan Fund
Zimmerman Fund
John Marsden Fund
The John Topp Fund		 Permanent Endowments
Balance at
1. 1.21
Endowments
Received
Gain/(Loss)
on MV
Balance
31.12.21
£
£
£
£
7,659
-
716
8,375
6,902
-
665
7,567
17,761
-
1,711
19,472
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
79,816
-
7,688
87,504
19,028
-
1,796
20,824
80,224
-
7,555
87,779
46,321
-
4,417
50,738
-
-
-
-
32,305
-
2,968
35,273
53,581
-
5,161
58,742
66,630
-
6,418
73,048
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
197,099
-
18,985
216,084
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
175,246
-
18,162
193,408
-
-
-
-
-
-		 Restricted Funds
Balance at
1.1.21
Incoming
Resources
Resources
Expended &
Transfers
Gain/(Loss)
on MV
Balance at
31.12.21
£
£
£
£
£
212
146
(146)
-
212
2,318
171
(65)
178
2,602
15,211
529
(203)
890
16,427
34,054
568
(1,006)
2,791
36,407
1,544
30
(30)
149
1,693
-
1,564
(1,564)
-
-
5,856
474
(382)
534
6,482
15,545
1,687
(646)
742
17,328
2,987
938
(360)
196
3,761
73,080
1,185
(1,185)
5,826
78,906
1,123
609
(609)
27
1,150
813
1,049
(402)
-
1,460
10,051
1,450
(1,556)
712
10,657
68,916
1,185
(1,185)
5,825
74,741
9,551
145
(56)
713
10,353
2,218
-
-
-
2,218
135,191
6,033
(5,313)
10,684
146,595
37,196
614
(235)
3,018
40,593
201,956
3,745
(1,435)
18,414
222,680
35,855
3,712
(1,423)
-
38,144
30,652
1,025
(1,256)
2,655
33,076
145,789
2,099
(210)
10,322
158,000

Gertrude Marsh-Looi Fund




50,000
-
-
50,000
PROJECT FUNDS
Student Membership Fund
HERITAGE ASSET
Charles Darwin Trust
TOTAL		 £782,572
£-
£76,242
£858,814

£830,118
78,958
£(19,267)
£63,676
953,485



-
-
-
-




475
-
475
£-
£-
£-
£-		 £-
£475
£-
£-
£475
-
-
-
-		 £1,500,000
-
-
-
£1,500,000

£782,572
£-
£76,242
£858,814		 £2,330,118
£79,433
£(19,267)
£63,676
£2,453,960

Page 49 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2020

Westwood Fund
Trail-Crisp Fund
Hooker Fund
Goodenough Fund
Minchin Fund
Jane Jackson Fund
The HH Bloomer Fund
P. Appleyard Fund
Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund
Omer Cooper Fund
Bonhote Fund
Jill Smythies Prize Fund
Irene Manton Prize Fund
A.G. Side Fund
Jan Gillett Fund
Denis Owen Fund
Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund
Trewavas/Greenwood Fund
Eleanor McMillan Fund
Zimmerman Fund
John Marsden Fund
The John Topp Fund
PROJECT FUNDS
One Direction Projection
HERITAGE ASSET
Charles Darwin Trust
TOTAL		 Permanent Endowments
Balance at
1. 1.20
Endowments
Received
Gain/(Loss)
on MV
Balance
31.12.20
£
£
£
£
7,526
-
133
7,659
6,779
-
123
6,902
17,444
-
317
17,761
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
78,390
-
1,426
79,816
18,695
-
333
19,028
78,822
-
1,402
80,224
45,502
-
819
46,321
-
-
-
-
31,754
-
551
32,305
52,623
-
958
53,581
65,439
-
1,191
66,630
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
193,577
-
3,522
197,099
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
171,876
-
3,370
175,246
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-		 Restricted Funds
Balance at
1.1.20
Incoming
Resources
Resources
Expended &
Transfers
Gain/(Loss)
on MV
Balance at
31.12.20
£
£
£
£
£
212
150
(150)
-
212
2,151
176
(42)
33
2,318
14,633
545
(132)
165
15,211
34,104
584
(1,152)
518
34,054
1,516
31
(31)
28
1,544
-
1,610
(1,610)
-
-
5,587
488
(318)
99
5,856
16,091
1,737
(2,421)
138
15,545
4,219
966
(2,234)
36
2,987
71,999
1,220
(1,220)
1,081
73,080
1,118
627
(627)
5
1,123
932
1,143
(1,262)
-
813
9,787
1,493
(1,361)
132
10,051
67,835
1,219
(1,219)
1,081
68,916
9,306
149
(36)
132
9,551
2,218
-
-
-
2,218
131,500
6,211
(4,502)
1,982
135,191
36,157
632
(153)
560
37,196
195,617
3,855
(932)
3,416
201,956
32,762
4,032
(939)
-
35,855
30,108
2,172
(2,121)
493
30,652
142,235
2,161
(522)
1,915
145,789
£768,427
£-
£14,145
£782,572




£810,087
£31,201
£(22,984)
£11,814
£830,118



-
-
-
-




844
-
(844)
-
-
£-
£-
£-
£-		 £,844
-
£(844)
-
-

-
-
-
-		 £1,500,000
-
-
-
£1,500,000

£768,427
£-
£14,145
£782,572		 £2,310,931
£31,201
£(23,828)
£11,814
£2,330,118

Page 50 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS (CONTINUED)

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Permanent Endowments represent capital funds where only the income arising may be spent. Unspent income balances are disclosed as separate restricted funds, available to be spent in the future, although, from time to time, unspent balances may be added to capital.

Restricted funds may only be spent for the purpose prescribed by the donor.

16.
DESIGNATED FUNDS
Mortgage Liability
Collections Fund
Development Fund
Fixed Asset Fund
Legal Costs Fund
Building Fund		 2021
£
220,353
20,000
200,000
497,515
100,000
1,750,000
£2,787,868		 2020
£
230,628
20,000
200,000
530,643
100,000
900,000
£1,981,271

A Fixed Asset Fund has been set up as a separate designated reserve from 2013 to represent the extent to which the Society’s general reserve has been utilised to acquire fixed assets. This ensures that the balance on the general reserve gives a better indication of the funds available to the Society. Other Designated Funds have been established to reflect potential future costs and liabilities of the Society. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.75M.

Page 51 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

17.
GENERAL RESERVE
Balance 1stJanuary
Net Movement in funds for the year
Transfer from Designated Funds
Transfer (to) Designated Funds
Transfer from Restricted Funds
Balance at 31stDecember		 2021
£
3,241,724
1,159,981
43,403
(850,000)
-
£3,595,108		 2020
£
2,654,248
796,209
-
(208,733)
-
£3,241,724

18. ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2021

Endowment and
Restricted Funds
Unrestricted Funds		 Investments
Fixed
Assets
Current
Assets
Liabilities
Total
£
£
£
£
£
1,750,122
1,500,000
62,652 -
3,312,774
3,371,367
784,819
4,089,158
(1,862,368)
6,382,976
£5,121,489
£2,284,819
£4,151,810
£(1,862,368)
£9,695,750

ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2020

Fixed Current
Investments Assets Assets Liabilities Total
£ £ £ £ £
Endowment and
Restricted Funds 1,493,816 1,500,000 118,874 - 3,112,690
Unrestricted Funds 2,540,481 823,221 3,809,827 (1,950,534) 5,222,995
£4,034,297 £2,323,221 £3,928,701 £(1,950,534) £8,335,685

Page 52 of 58

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

19. PREMISES

The Society has a long term (80 year) lease on its New Burlington House premises which was negotiated in 2005 with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, now administered by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC). The annual rent is based on Government accounting methodology involving annual valuations. Negotiations are continuing with DLUHC with the aim of acquiring an affordable and sustainable updated lease.

20. RECONCILIATION OF NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE) TO NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Net income for the reporting period
Adjustments for:
Interest paid
Depreciation
(Gains)/Losses on investments
Dividends, interest and rents from investments
(Increase)/Decrease in Debtors
Increase/(Decrease) in Creditors		 2021
£
1,360,065
8,202
46,513
(442,962)
(84,174)
(18,671)
(77,891)
£791,082		 2020
£
829,541
8,951
48,440
(71,563)
(86,370)
(70,238)
(78,059)
£580,702

21. RELATED PARTY DECLARATIONS

There were no transactions with related parties during the year.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

22. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2020

Notes
Income and Endowments From:
Donations and Legacies
2
Charitable Activities
Members’ Contributions
Publications
3
Scientific Meetings
Library
Other Trading Activities
4
Investments
Total Income and Endowments
Expenditure On:
Raising Funds
Investment Management Costs
Charitable Activities
6
Education
Publications
Scientific Meetings
Library
Collections: (Curatorial)
Collections: (Conservation &
Digitisation)
Research Sponsorship
Total Expenditure
Net Income/(Expenditure)
before Investment Gains/(Losses)
Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments
Net Income/(Expenditure)
Transfers
Other Recognised Gains/(Losses)
NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS
Fund balance brought forward at
31/12/2019
Fund balance carried forward at
31/12/2020		 Unrestricted Restricted Endowment
2020
Funds
Funds
Funds
Total
£
£
£
£
243,302
1,679
-
244,981
149,557
-
-
149,557
1,807,830
-
-
1,807,830
1,418
-
-
1,418
6,055
-
-
6,055
8,703
-
-
8,703
56,848
29,522
-
86,370
2,273,713
31,201
-
2,304,914
7,292
4,151
-
11,443
241,840
844
-
242,684
419,258
-
-
419,258
188,646
-
-
188,646
304,117
-
-
304,117
156,157
-
-
156,157
148,001
-
-
148,001
57,797
18,833
-
76,630
1,523,108
23,828
-
1,546,936
750,605
7,373
-
757,978
45,604
11,814
14,145
71,563
796,209
19,187
14,145
829,541
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
796,209
19,187
14,145
829,541
4,426,786
2,310,931
768,427
7,506,144
£5,222,995
£2,330,118
£782,572
£8,335,685

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

Appendix: Full Listing of the Linnean Society’s Meetings, Events and Workshops 2021

20 January 2021 Exploring the Future of Botanical Image Making Lunchtime Lecture Laurence Hill, Botanical Photographer and Artist

21 January 2021 Climbing Slippery Surfaces: The Biomechanics of Insect-Plant Interactions Evening Meeting Dr Walter Federle, University of Cambridge

10 February 2021 Citizen Science for Natural History and Conservation in India Lunchtime Lecture Suhel Quader, Nature Conservation Foundation

18 February 2021 Climate Change and Marine Turtles Evening Meeting Dr Annette Broderick, University of Exeter

25 February 2021 JBS Haldane: The Last Man who Knew all there was to be known Nature Reader Samanth Subramanian, Journalist and author

3 March 2021 Linnean Future Launch Event Special Event Linnean Future Committee

4 March 2021 Snake Venoms in Attack and Defence Evening Meeting Dr Wolfgang Wüster, Bangor University

12 March 2021 Linnaeus, Race and Sex Day Meeting Organised by Stella Sandford and Isabelle Charmantier

18 March 2021 Encounters at a Regional Botanical Reintroduction Programme Lunchtime Lecture Joshua Styles, Botanist

1 April 2021 Movements and habits of plants and axons: A unified theory of tropism Evening Meeting and taxis Professor Alain Goriely, University of Oxford

13 April 2021 Plant Blindness: How to Put Plants Back in the Picture Special Event Dawn Sanders, Geetanjali Sachdev, Sven Batke, Sophie Leguil

14 April 2021 Why the World Should be Harnessing the Predatory Power of Wasps Lunchtime Lecture Professor Seirian Sumner, UCL

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

22 April 2021 Around the World in 80 Plants Nature Reader Jon Drori, Conservationist/writer 5 May 2021 What were Mesozoic Mammals Eating? Lunchtime Lecture Dr Nuria Melisa Morales-García, University of Bristol 13 May 2021 Herbaria: Collectively Saving Plant and Fungal Biodiversity Evening Meeting Dr Barbara Thiers, New York Botanical Garden 16 June 2021 Corfu Butterfly Conservation Lunchtime Lecture Dr Dan Danahar, Biodiversity Educationist 21 June 2021 Put a Pin in it: Exploring the Insect Collections of Linnaeus and Smith Insect Week Special Sue Ryder, Natural History Museum, London 22 June 2021 Forensic Entomology: Insect Deputies can Solve Crimes Insect Week Special Dr Mark Benecke, Forensic Biologist 22 June 2021 Gardens: A Vital Refuge for Pollinators Insect Week Special Nick Tew, University of Bristol 23 June 2021 'We the Tormentors': Death, Emotions, and Gender in Entomology Insect Week Special Joanne Green, Univeristy of Cambridge 24 June 2021 Fly on the Ceiling: How Insects can Inspire Technology Insect Week Special Professor Stanislav Gorb, Univeristy of Kiel 28–29 June 2021 Evolution ‘On Purpose’: Teleonomy in Living Systems Day Meeting Peter Corning and Dick Vane-Wright 8 July 2021 The Return of Nature Evening Meeting Isabella Tree, Conservationist and Author 14 July 2021 Borderlands: Road Verges as Highways for Wildlife Lunchtime Lecture Dr Phil Sterling, Butterfly Conservation

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

15 July 2021 The Wardian Case: A Simple Box that Moved Plants and Changed the Nature Reader World Luke Keogh, Curator and Historian 20 July 2021 Linnean Lens: Carl Linnaeus’s student manuscript Linnean Lens Dr Isabelle Charmantier 4 August 2021 New and Emerging Threats to Plant and Tree Health in the UK Lunchtime Lecture Professor Nicola Spence, Chief Plant Health Officer, DEFRA 24 August 2021 Linnean Lens: Anna Atkins’s Cyanotype Impressions Linnean Lens Will Beharrell 2 September 2021 Richard Spruce on the Rio Negro: Reanimating Biocultural Collections Evening Meeting Luciana Martins, Mark Nesbitt and William Milliken 8 September 2021 Niche Partition without Speciation: Web Polymorphism on an Island Spider Lunchtime Lecture Darko Cotoras, California Academy of Sciences 21 September 2021 Linnean Lens: Ortus Sanitatis (1491) Linnean Lens Dr Isabelle Charmantier 23 September 2021 The Global Heritage of British Natural History Evening Meeting Professor Pratik Chakrabarti, University of Manchester 24 September 2021 Natural History and Visual Art from the Margins Day Meeting Organised by Julie Kim and Isabelle Charmantier 7 October 2021 Nature & The Psyche: Why Our Minds Need the Wild Nature Reader Lucy Jones (Writer) and Dr Mark Spencer

14 October 2021 The Role of Science in Government Science Policy Lecture Professor Ian Boyd, University of St Andrews

11 November 2021 Unmaking the Ocean: A Law of the Sea for the Anthropocene Evening Meeting Dr Surabhi Ranganathan, University of Cambridge

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021

18 November 2021 Taming Fruit: From Fruit Forests and Oases to Orchards Nature Reader Bernd Brunner, Writer 23 November 2021 Linnean Lens: Carl Linnaeus’s Species Plantarum and Naming Nature Linnean Lens Dr Mark Spencer, Botanist 24 November 2021 The Journey of a Golden Fish in a Mystical Land Lunchtime Lecture Dr Julie Claussen, Fisheries Conservation Foundation 9 December 2021 Entangled Life: How Fungi Change our Minds and Shape our Futures Christmas Lecture Dr Merlin Sheldrake, Biologist and Writer 14 December 2021 Paintings of Indian Birds: the Shortt Collection Linnean Lens Dr Henry Noltie, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

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