## **The Linnean Society of London** 

## **ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS** 

**For the Year Ended 31 December 2021** 

**Charity No. 220509** 

**Company No. RC000313** (Royal Charter Company) 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **Contents** 

||Page|
|---|---|
|LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS||
|•<br>Principal Officers and Trustees|3–4|
|ABBREVIATIONS|5|
|ANNUAL REPORT||
|•<br>President’s Review 2021|6|
|•<br>Overview 2021|7|
|•<br>Research and Sponsorship|8|
|•<br>Our Fellowship|11|
|•<br>Recognising Excellence|13|
|•<br>Opening Up|14|
|•<br>Networks of Knowledge|16|
|•<br>Adapting to Change|18|
|•<br>A Closer Look|20|
|•<br>Feedback 2021|22|
|•<br>Public Benefit|23|
|•<br>Core Values and Strategic Plan|23|
|•<br>Looking Forward: 2022|24|
|•<br>People: Staff and Committees|25|
|•<br>Financial Review|29|
|INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT|34|
|STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES (SOFA)|37|
|BALANCE SHEET|38|
|CASH FLOW STATEMENT|39|
|NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS|40|
|Appendix|55|
|Full listing of Linnean Society Events & Meetings for 2021||



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 1. **LEGAL STATUS** 

The Linnean Society was founded in 1788, received a Royal Charter in 1802 and Additional Charters in 1904 and 2005. The Society is a registered charity, No. 220509. 

## 2. **ADDRESS** 

The Linnean Society of London New Burlington House Piccadilly London W1J 0BF 

## 3. **PRINCIPAL ADVISERS** 

Bankers: 

Barclays Bank Plc PO Box 13555 Acorn House 36–38 Park Royal Road London NW10 7WJ 

Auditors: Knox Cropper LLP 65 Leadenhall Street London EC3A 2AD Investment Managers: Tilney Asset Management Services Ltd 17th Floor 6 New Street Square New Fetter Lane London EC4A 3BF 

4. **PRINCIPAL OFFICERS YEAR OF APPOINTMENT** Dr Sandra Knapp President (2018) Professor Anjali Goswami President-elect (24 May 2021) Edward Banks Treasurer (2020) Professor Simon Hiscock Scientific Secretary (2013) Professor Alan Hildrew Scientific Secretary (2020) Professor Mark Chase FRS Editorial Secretary (2012) Dr John David Collections Secretary (2012) Dr Elizabeth Rollinson Executive Secretary (2011–February 2021) Professor Gail Cardew CEO (from April 2021) Professor Alan Hildrew Vice President Elaine Shaughnessy Vice President Dr Natasha de Vere Vice President Professor Max Telford Vice President 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS** 

## **TRUSTEES** 

The Council provides strategic direction for the Society. It consists of 20 Fellows, five of whom step down each year and are replaced by five elected by the Fellowship at the Anniversary Meeting held annually on the 24 May (or the nearest working day). 

Following their election to Council, all Trustees are provided with copies of key documents setting out the governance of the Society. These include essential Charity Commission documents (CC3: The Essential Trustee) and the Linnean Society’s Charters and Bye-laws. Council members receive a full induction into the Society, including a briefing on their duties as Trustees and meetings with staff, and they are required to sign up to the Trustee Code of Conduct. 

The Society undertook a governance review during 2018/2019. Recommendations approved by Council in October 2019 were implemented during 2020 and 2021, and further governance reform is ongoing. The role of Executive Secretary has been removed, a new role of CEO has been created and the role of Financial Controller has been re-defined as Head of Finance. In 2021 a staff restructure took place. New positions included a Governance Manager (recruited in summer 2021), Head of Operations (recruited at the end of 2021) and a Head of Engagement (to be recruited in early 2022). 

The elected members of Council are the Trustees of the Charity and, **in addition to the Officers listed above** , those who served during the year are listed below: 

||**DUE TO RETIRE**|
|---|---|
|Robbie Blackhall-Miles|24 May 2024 (from May 2021)|
|Dr Rich Boden|24 May 2024 (from May 2021)|
|Professor Brycchan Carey|24 May 2024 (from May 2021)|
|Kevin Coutinho|24 May 2023|
|Dr Natasha de Vere|24 May 2022|
|Mathew Frith|24 May 2022|
|Dr Olwen Grace|Retired 24 May 2021|
|Dr Charlotte Grezo|24 May 2023|
|Professor Paul Henderson|Retired 24 May 2021|
|Professor Alistair Hetherington|24 May 2022|
|Stephanie Holt|Retired 24 May 2021|
|Angus McCullough|24 May 2023|
|Dr Silvia Pressel|Retired 24 May 2021|
|Philip Sadler|24 May 2024 (from May 2021)|
|Elaine Shaughnessy|24 May 2023|
|Professor Max Telford|24 May 2022|
|Dr Mark Watson|24 May 2024 (from May 2021)|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **ABBREVIATIONS** 

||**ABBREVIATIONS**|
|---|---|
|AGM|Annual General Meeting|
|BMM|BioMedia Meltdown|
|BSBI|Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland|
|COVID-19|The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)|
|CPD|Continuous Professional Development|
|DBE|Dame of the British Empire|
|E&PE|Education & Public Engagement|
|e.o.|Ex officio|
|FLS|Fellow of the Linnean Society of London|
|FMLS|Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London|
|FRS|Fellow of the Royal Society|
|FRS 102|Financial Reporting Standard 102|
|HonFLS|Fellow_honoris causa_|
|HonMLS|Honorary Member of the Linnean Society of London|
|ISAs|International Standards on Auditing|
|L: 50|L: 50 Objects, Stories and Discoveries from the Linnean Society of London|
|LSL|Linnean Society of London|
|MHCLG|Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government|
|NatSCA|Natural Sciences Collections Association|
|NBH|New Burlington House|
|OA|Open Access|
|OUP|Oxford University Press|
|PPLS|Past-President of the Linnean Society of London|
|PRISM|Preservation of Industrial and Scientific Material|
|SI|Special Issue|
|SOFA|Statement of Financial Activities|
|SORP|Statements of Recommended Practice|
|UCL|University College London|
|VI|Virtual Issue|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **ANNUAL REPORT** 

## **PRESIDENT’S REVIEW 2021** 

The past year has been one of great change for the Linnean Society, and for society at large. We have been busy implementing recommendations from the 2018 Governance Review (about which I spoke last year). In February we said goodbye to Executive Secretary Elizabeth Rollinson after nine years of sterling service to the Society, and welcomed Gail Cardew in the role of CEO, the first in the Society’s history. A working group led by Council member Mark Watson began a review of the Bye-Laws, and we also welcomed Cathy Youthed as our first Governance Manager, who has already done a huge amount to ensure that we are in line with charity best practice. The staff team worked hard to keep the Society running safely, with the Library opening to visitors several days a week, and room hire starting up again in a limited capacity in the autumn. 

Events have remained online, and while this is disappointing for Fellows and supporters who regularly attend events at Burlington House, our virtual lectures have reached larger, more diverse audiences over the last year. Online events ranged across the science of natural history, from trees to road verges to Caribbean birds, ending the year with Merlin Sheldrake’s marvellous Christmas Lecture on fungi and their importance to our everyday lives. While it was sad not to be together in Burlington House for this event (it was originally intended to be in-person) the number of Fellows who were able to attend from all over the world was testament to our expanding reach. The Education team has continued to deliver quality events online, including the workshops and award ceremonies for our artmeets-science BioMedia Meltdown Project, which underwent a successful external evaluation in 2021; we can benefit from lessons learned and consider the next phases. 

The team has been working incredibly hard on liaising with our landlords over our future in Burlington House, and our Burlington House campaign started in earnest early in the year—to all those Fellows who wrote to their MPs or to members of the Government on the Society’s behalf, we offer heartfelt thanks. Discussions continue, so do keep in touch. This is my last year as President, and my sincere thanks go to all the staff, who have done so much to move the Society forward over the last four years—our next President will find a dedicated, engaged and wonderful team. 

Sandra Knapp, President 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **OVERVIEW 2021** 

**2021 was a year of adjustment for the Linnean Society. In February, we said goodbye to Elizabeth Rollinson, who had served as the Society’s Executive Secretary for over nine years. Elizabeth always gave a warm welcome to Fellows and guests, and encouraged all to become members of the Society. We hope she will return to visit us often.** 

**In April, the Society welcomed its first CEO, Gail Cardew, previously at the Royal Institution. Gail worked hard in 2021 to start realising the goals of the Society’s Governance Review. She also embarked on a staff restructure that included the creation of several new posts such as Governance Manager, Head of Operations and Head of Engagement.** 

## **Save Burlington House** 

The ‘Burlington House campaign’ was launched on 24 February, as, after more than 145 years of continuous occupation at Burlington House, the Society now faces being priced out of its London home due to unaffordable and rapidly rising rents. Over 600 letters were written to local MPs and Lords encouraging the Government to provide us with a suitable long-term solution. The story has been covered by multiple news outlets including _The Observer_ , _The Critic_ and _Museums Journal_ , and testimonials from our Fellows and the public were published on our website. It has been truly uplifting to hear of the impact the building has had on our visitors, and we sincerely thank all our Fellows for their continued support. 

Many events in the campaign have been successful in gaining the attention of the Government: on 8 June, the debate ‘The Future of the Learned Societies at Burlington House’ was held at Westminster Hall, having been secured by Tim Loughton MP, and on 7 July, Sir David Attenborough HonMLS wrote to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, urging him to intervene. The PM responded, voicing his support in finding a ‘mutually beneficial solution for all’. On 30 July, Professor Brian Cox was interviewed on BBC Radio 4 on behalf of the campaign. Gail Cardew has been working alongside our fellow courtyard societies to sustain the momentum of this progress, and we are now in communication with the Government on the matter. Our fantastic staff have kept our website and social media pages updated as we progress; special thanks go to Head of Operations Helen Shaw, Events and Communications Manager Padma Ghosh and Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier. It has been a wonderful exercise in highlighting the amazing work we do here at Burlington House, and why it is so important we remain. 

## **Governance and Bye-Laws** 

As a result of the 2018 Governance Review, the Society employed a Governance Manager in 2021. Cathy Youthed is responsible for overseeing the implementation of the recommendations of the review, the administration of the Society’s governance activities, and for supporting Council and staff to ensure the Society complies with its governing documents and regulatory requirements. 

The same review also precipitated the need to change the Society’s Bye-Laws. A Bye-Laws Revision Group, led by Mark Watson, was therefore established to take this work forward. The group had a busy year reviewing the governance documents of 12 similar organisations, looking back at previous amendments to the Society’s Royal Charters and Bye-Laws, and understanding the legal processes for making future changes. However, once drafting of the new Bye-Laws began, it soon became evident that Council input was needed in key areas such as the Society’s governance structure, Fellowship and Membership, Council and Officers, and General Meetings. As a result, an Extraordinary Meeting of Council took place in December 2021 to discuss these issues and formulate recommendations, so that drafting could continue. Once complete, the new Bye-Laws will be presented to the Fellowship for approval before becoming part of the governance framework of the Society. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **After the Flood** 

The Society suffered a serious water leak in June, with our library badly affected. Some 250 books required immediate care, with 17 crates of material sent away for freezing and later conservation. Remarkably, the reading room was able to reopen within a week of the flood, and the books—carefully dried and cleaned—were returned to the Society in November. Detailed contingency planning, supportive insurers and contractors, and the hard work of staff (many of whom left their usual duties to lend a hand in the immediate aftermath) helped avert a greater disaster. We are grateful to all of them! 

Our ‘Disaster Plan’, revised in May 2021, helped the team deal with the flood efficiently and calmly. Moreover, Anna Atkins’s _Photographs of British Algae_ (1843–53) would have been damaged had it not been removed, along with other valuable items, to the Collections Store as part of the plan. On a positive note, this potentially catastrophic event has helped to improve the ‘Disaster Plan’ and our response to any future disasters. 

## **RESEARCH AND SPONSORSHIP** 

**Despite concerns relating to the pandemic, all issues of all three journals were produced on schedule. A cross-journal Virtual Issue (VI) of previously published papers related to extinction, endangered species, biodiversity and climate change marked the launch of the Linnean Society’s new committee, ‘Linnean Future’ (The Planetary Emergency Response Committee).** 

Overall, we are pleased to report that resubscription rates are excellent, and income is therefore in line with forecasts. All three journals support the hybrid model, whereby Open Access (OA) options are available, although the rate of take-up is low but increasing, especially for the _Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society_ ( _ZooJLS_ ). Our publisher, Oxford University Press (OUP), has signed several Read and Publish agreements which provide funding for OA publication, and participates in many free or highly reduced access initiatives. 

The _Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society_ , our new online-only, fully OA journal, has begun accepting papers and is expected to issue its first volume later in 2022. Mark Chase is completing his term as Editorial Secretary and a successor will assume these responsibilities from June 2022. We’d like to wholeheartedly thank Mark for his many years of dedication. 

The _Biological Journal of the Linnean Society_ ( _BioJLS_ , Impact Factor 2.14), edited by John Allen, produced a VI to celebrate the previous editor, the late David Lees, and contributed to a joint Linnean VI on ‘Extinction, Endangered Species and Climate Change’. A 393-page Special Issue (SI) on ‘OCBIL Theory: A New Science for Old Ecosystems’ included several high-impact articles, eight of which were in the journal’s top 10 most highly cited papers of the year. Three articles with high media coverage were on phylogenomics of peacock spiders, impact of introduced honeybees on native pollinators in Australia, and estimating vertebrate biodiversity. Highlights for 2022 will include a Special Issue on ‘Evolution ‘On Purpose’: Teleonomy in Living Systems’, based on papers presented at a recent Linnean Society virtual conference. 

In 2021, the _Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society_ ( _BotJLS_ ), edited by Michael Fay, received a major increase in its Impact Factor (>40%, 2.046 to 2.911). Highlights of the year included an invited review on crop wild relatives and a special issue entitled ‘Plant Anatomy: Traditions and Perspectives’ which included three review papers. Upcoming highlights for 2022 include a major SI on Neotropical biodiversity. The final issue of the year will be volume 200, and we are planning a series of invited reviews to mark this milestone. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

The _Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society_ ( _ZooJLS_ ), edited by Maarten Christenhusz, received an increased Impact Factor (from 2.99 to 3.286). We maintain a high submission rate, with 423 submitted papers in 2021. Highlights of the year included an invited review on Charles Darwin's _The Descent of Man_ (1871), to coincide with the 150th anniversary of its publication. An editorial addressing the taxonomic impediment signed by over 100 researchers was published in October. Upcoming highlights for 2022 include several invited reviews and SIs on tardigrades and on South American dinosaur fossils. A virtual issue on deep sea discoveries is also planned. 

## **LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund** 

Retaining its focus on biodiversity, taxonomy/systematics and evolutionary biology, the Society was once again delighted to contribute £37,698 towards the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, a coinitiative with the Systematics Association. 

Over 138 applications were received, allowing us to make 34 grants, ranging from £500 to £1,500. The research projects funded encompass a wide range of plant, animal and fungal groups across the globe, from neotropical tar spot fungi in Costa Rica to pseudoscorpions in South India to morning glories in Congo-Kinshasa. The winning researchers reflect this international focus and support our commitment to funding excellent researchers from countries with fewer funding opportunities. 

|**Awardee**|**Country of residence**|**Title ofproject**|
|---|---|---|
|Patrick Arnold|Germany|Revealing cryptic diversity in elephant-shrews<br>(Macroscelidea) using ancient DNA from historical<br>specimens|
|Alberto Collareta|Italy|Unraveling the evolutionary history of shell<br>architecture in turtle and whale barnacles|
|Annabelle de Vries|United Kingdom|Observing the extinction of_Trochetiopsis erythroxylon_<br>more closely|
|Fabricius Domingos|Brazil|Cryptic species and mitogenomic evolution in the<br>_Eptesicus brasiliensis_complex (Chiroptera:<br>Verpertilionidae)|
|Carolina de la Hoz|Portugal|DNA barcoding to explore elasmobranch diversity in<br>eDNA off the Banc d'Arguin|
|João Farminhão|Portugal|Taxonomic novelties in the Speciosae-Diffusae-<br>Supinae clade of_Linaria_in Western Iberia|
|Heloísa Fernandes Flores|Brazil|Morphological feeding adaptations of jackal flies<br>(Diptera,Milichiidae)|
|Stephen Garrett|Denmark|Global Evolutionary History of_Euphrasia_: a Parasitic<br>Plant Complex|
|Stefan Graf|Germany|Comparative morphology and phylogenetic<br>significance of modified ocelli in digger wasps|
|Alice Guzzi|Italy|Is brittle star evolution being forced by a sponge<br>symbiont?|
|Gustavo Heiden|Brazil|Systematics of South American Astereae (Asteraceae):<br>new species, phylogenetic relationships and updated<br>taxonomic synopsis|
|Thomas Hitch|Germany|Automated taxonomic assignment of Archaea based<br>ongenome sequences|
|Jithin Johnson|Germany|Systematics and Biogeography of Pseudoscorpions in<br>the Western Ghats of South India|
|Jan Korba|Czech Republic|Integrative taxonomy of the tarantula genus<br>_Ischnocolus_ (Araneae: Theraphosidae)|
|Nefeli Kotitsa|Bulgaria|Islands within islands: The evolution of the Cretan<br>endemic_Eupholidoptera_ (Orthoptera)|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

|Kara Layton|United Kingdom|Special sea slugs: Cryptic diversity and ecological<br>specialization in the sea lemons|
|---|---|---|
|Melissa Mardones-<br>Hidalgo|Costa Rica|Molecular phylogeny and evolution of neotropical tar<br>spot fungi (Phyllachorales, Ascomycota) with special<br>focus on species associated with magnoliids host<br>plants|
|Sonia Molino|Spain|Disentangling morphological affinity in the<br>_Parablechnum loxense_complex (Blechnaceae) across<br>the Pacific|
|Thomas Murphy|United States|Systematics and Phylogeography of a Ubiquitous<br>Liana, _Smilax_ (Smilacaceae),in Peru|
|Jean Claude Ithe<br>Mwanga-Mwanga|Congo - Kinshasa|Fieldguide of Convolvulaceae from D. R. Congo|
|LibbyNatola|Canada|Genetic determination of plumage traits in a group of<br>diversifyingwoodpeckers|
|Patrícia Nogueira|Portugal|Biodiversity of estuarine phytoplankton – the<br>Guadiana estuarycase study|
|Chinonyelum Oforka|Nigeria|Utilizing Morphological Keys for Mosquito<br>Surveillance in Urban Lagos,Nigeria|
|Edmund O'Malley|United Kingdom|Using phylotranscriptomic approaches to resolve<br>Seychelles caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona:<br>Indotyphlidae) phylogeny|
|Volkan Özen|Germany|Genus_Pyxilla_(Bacillariophyta): Systematics and end-<br>Eocene events|
|Catarina J. Pinho|Portugal|Big and small – An integrative framework for<br>investigatingcharacter displacement|
|Paula C. Rodríguez Flores|Spain|Speciation and connectivity in deep-sea cosmopolitan<br>and vicariant squat lobsters|
|Christophe Ronez|Argentina|Enlightening the systematics of insular Sigmodontinae<br>(Rodentia,Cricetidae)housed in European collections|
|Kagame Samuel Paul|China|Systematics and diversification of East African<br>_Ipomoea_L.(Convolvulaceae)|
|Kevin Sánchez|Argentina|Cryptic diversity and evolutionary history of a<br>Patagonian lizard radiation (Squamata: Liolaemini:<br>_Liolaemus kingii_ group)|
|Thomas Sauvage|Brazil|Booting up molecular systematics of algae in South<br>America’s largest barrier-lagoon|
|Eugenio Valderrama<br>Escallón|United States|Unraveling the Spiraling Radiation: Taxonomy and<br>Phylogenomics of Neotropical Costaceae Nakai|
|TimothyWhitfield|United States|Deciphering the mahoganies in New Guinea’s lowland<br>rainforest|
|Georgios Xenikoudakis|United Kingdom|Using ancient DNA to resolve the taxonomy of extinct<br>Malagasyhippos|



## **Sir David Attenborough Fieldwork Award** 

The LinnéSys project reports from the previous year are evaluated for this award. However, due to the pandemic and associated limitations, the 2020 LinnéSys awardees were given two years to access workspaces, collections and field work, and will therefore only submit their reports in 2022. There was therefore no Sir David Attenborough Fieldwork award made in 2021. 

## **Appleyard Fund** 

(Awarded to Fellows or Associates of the Society who are not in full-time employment as biologists): to Mr Alex Inzani FLS, who is presently retired, towards the cost of improving and replacing camera traps, cage traps and mist nets for a Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) study of marsh tits _Poecile_ 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

_palustris dresseri_ around Weston Colville, England. Nationally, marsh tits have undergone a 70% decline over the last 40 years, putting them on the IUCN Red List. In contrast to this trend, the population of birds around Weston Colville appear to be thriving. Through colour-ringing, releasing and retrapping birds, this study will monitor the abundance, productivity and survival of the Marsh Tit in the area. The automated camera traps are an invaluable aid in this process given the difficulty of resighting enough of the rare birds for statistical analysis. It is hoped that determining the reasons for Marsh Tit success in Weston Colville could help reverse the deep decline of these birds elsewhere in the UK and contribute towards developing a national conservation strategy for the Marsh Tit. 

## **Anne Sleep Award** 

(Awarded to scholars to assist with biological research in the Middle or Far East): to Dr Hiva Faizi (Razi University, Iran) for his project ‘Femoral gland secretions and chemical signals in the Persian racerunner _Eremias persica_ Blanford, 1875 complex: implications for potential sexual isolation and cryptic speciation in a species complex’, which aims to determine whether closely related species have species-specific chemical components in their gland secretions, and whether this variation is enough to explain existing patterns of isolation in sympatric and allopatric species across the study area. 

## **The Year to Come** 

Looking ahead, the Society is excited to be launching its OA journal, the _Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society_ , and working with Editor Dr Steven Dodsworth. The staff team at the Society will be working more closely with the team at OUP in the coming year, collaboratively ensuring that our publications are promoted in as many ways as possible. Later in the year we will be asking Fellows for their input into nominations for our medals and awards—please do get involved, and nominate a scientist, amateur naturalist or artist that you think deserves to be recognised. 

## **OUR FELLOWSHIP** 

**While it was impossible to foresee the length of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Society continues to be incredibly grateful for the support shown by our members. We have been inspired to see our Fellows so engaged with our online events, our resources, and with our new Fellows’ Area. Sadly, we also lost a few good friends of the Society in 2021, who will be greatly missed.** 

## **Fellows Inspiring Fellows** 

We always draw inspiration from the accomplishments of our members, and would like to you to join us in celebrating: 

- Writer and broadcaster **Geoffrey Munn FLS** , who was honoured with the Jewellery in Culture and Heritage award at the UK jewellery industry’s The Leopard Awards. 

- Biologist **Merlin Sheldrake FLS** , awarded the Royal Society Science Book Prize in November for his book, _Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds and Shape Our Futures_ , which explores the ‘surreal world of fungi’ and the vastness of mycelium, or fungal networks. 

- **Jonathan Drori FLS** , who followed up his book _Around the World in 80 Trees_ with the equally stunning _Around the World in 80 Plants_ , which was shortlisted for the Waterstones Book of the Year 2021. 

- President-elect **Anjali Goswami FLS** , who was awarded the President’s Medal of the Paleontological Association. 

- **Miranda Lowe FLS** , with Subhadra Das, who was awarded the newly founded President’s Award from the Society for the History of Natural History that recognises a ‘contribution and impact in promoting and improving accessibility, inclusivity and diversity to the study of the history of natural history’. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **Joining the Society** 

Despite the pandemic, our membership increased in 2021 by 142 newly elected Fellows (an increase on 2020). People have joined from all over the world, and Room Hire and Membership Assistant Tatiana Franco, who will have been your main point of contact on all things membership, reported that there were also 42 new Associates of the Society and 82 new Student Members. We welcome everyone with an interest in studying, exploring and protecting nature. 

## **Fellows We Have Lost** 

At the very start of the year we lost **Brian Gardiner** , past President of the Society, first editor of the Society’s publication _The Linnean_ , and giant in the field of palaeontology, whose work transformed how we see evolutionary relationships. Sadly we also lost **David Lees** who had edited the _Biological Journal of the Linnean Society_ from 1990–97. Botanist **Desmond Meikle OBE** (who served on Council from 1957–60) passed away in February 2021, having dedicated 30 years to his ‘magnum opus’ _Flora of Cyprus_ . We learned of the death of **William ‘Bill’ Stern** towards the end of the year; Bill served as President of the Botanical Society of America (1985–86), was a founding member of the Association for Tropical Biology and founded and edited _Biotropica_ . At the very end of the year we were saddened by the deaths of two of our most eminent Foreign Members, **Sherwin Carlquist** , giant of plant anatomy whose work on islands transformed understanding of island evolution, and **Edward O. Wilson** , ant taxonomist and passionate advocate for biodiversity and its conservation, whose lifetime of work did so much to promote the study and understanding of natural history. 

## **Future Fellows** 

During 2022, work on the Society’s Bye-Laws by the ‘Bye-Laws Revision Group’ (work that will enable the Society to grow and evolve) will continue, and once ready, their labour will be circulated to the Fellowship. This is an exciting time for the Society, offering the chance to assess what has worked well, and what could be improved upon. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **RECOGNISING EXCELLENCE** 

**Through sponsorship and awarding medals, the Society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all aspects of the science of natural history, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity conservation and sustainability.** 

## **Categories** 

- The Linnean Medal: For services to science 

- The Darwin-Wallace Medal: For major advances in evolutionary biology 

- The Bicentenary Medal: In recognition of the work of a biologist under 40 years of age 

- The Irene Manton Prize: For the best doctoral thesis in botany in a UK university 

- The John C. Marsden Medal: For the best doctoral thesis in biology in a UK university 

- The Trail-Crisp Award: For an outstanding contribution to biological microscopy 

- The H. H. Bloomer Award: Awarded to an amateur naturalist for an important contribution to biological knowledge 

## **Medal & Award Winners 2021** 

**Linnean Medal (Botany):** Dr Shahina Ghazanfar, _Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew_ **Linnean Medal (Zoology):** Dr Mary Jane West-Eberhard, _Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute_ **Darwin-Wallace Medal:** Dr Sarah P. Otto, _University of British Columbia_ **Bicentenary Medal:** Dr Scott Taylor, _University of Colorado, Boulder_ **Irene Manton Prize:** Dr Sophie Harrington, _University of East Anglia_ **John C. Marsden Medal:** Dr Benjamin Van Doren, _University of Oxford_ **Trail-Crisp Award:** Dakota E. McCoy, _Harvard University_ 

**H. H. Bloomer Award:** David Lindo 

**David Attenborough Fieldwork Award:** Paola Sáez Fernandez (2020–2021) 

Due to COVID-19-related restrictions, the Society’s Medals and Awards for both 2020 and 2021 were presented at a virtual Anniversary Meeting in May, with each winner accepting their award with a short speech. Citations for all awardees are available on our website. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **OPENING UP** 

**2021 finished as it started, with the Library forced to close due to surging cases of a new variant of COVID-19. Throughout the year, the team remained flexible, adapting to lockdown work, incrementally reopening the library and embarking on new projects while continuing those already in progress.** 

## **Reopening the Library** 

The Library reopened to the public on 14 April, initially for two days a week, with limited readers for social distancing and with COVID-19 safety measures in place. We were gradually able to open for longer hours, opening from Tuesday–Friday, 10am–5pm by September. The Library was steadily busy, benefiting from other similar libraries (e.g. Natural History Museum, London and Zoological Society of London) remaining closed throughout the summer. Many readers, reassured by our safety measures, commented on the joy of returning to London and using library facilities for the first time in months. 

As always, we continue to be amazed by the breadth and variety of our visitors’ interests. In a difficult and disrupted year for researchers, over 200 people have beaten a path to our door, researching such diverse subjects as the ecology of Nepal and Tibet, early botany in Cambridge, land use conservation, the history of London Zoo and wildlife protection in Sri Lanka, among many others. We can’t wait to see what the coming year will bring! 

## **Teamwork Keeping You Connected** 

There were some changes in the Collections team, with Archivist Liz McGow going on maternity leave in March, and her maternity cover Alex Milne starting in early July. Alex was able to dive straight into cataloguing more of our collected archives. 

Staff would not have been able to achieve as much without the invaluable help of volunteers and honorary curators. Special mention goes to indefatigable volunteers David Pescod and Sheila Meredith, who spent time on Society projects almost every day of 2021, respectively summarising our historic ‘presents books’ for archival records, and helping with the clean-up of Library indices and journals deaccessioning. We were also glad to welcome volunteers John Abbott, Naomi Mitamura and Kate Coss back to the building in the autumn. Our honorary curators Mark Spencer, Glenn Benson, Ollie Crimmen and Suzanne Ryder have continued to reply to enquiries, and help us with research on specimens and artefacts in our collections. 

## **Improving our Resources** 

The year was split between offsite ‘lockdown’ cataloguing from OCR-ed finding aids and checking those lockdown records against the material (as well ongoing onsite cataloguing once the building had reopened). Archivist Alex Milne catalogued the manuscripts of botanist Alexander Anderson (MS/609), including the 148 botanical drawings related to his work at the Botanical Gardens of St Vincent. Letters relating to Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace were also added to the catalogue, including the notable find of a letter from Darwin to Wallace gifting a copy of _On the Origin of Species_ , which was located in our Library. Assistant Archivist Luke Thorne undertook extensive work reviewing and refining the Edward M. Holmes (MS/235) and Nathaniel Winch (MS/321) records, which had been catalogued in lockdown. Both archivists worked together to transfer the ‘Society Papers’ (SP) from the Library to the archive catalogue, elaborating on previous descriptions and reuniting the papers with their original artworks. 

## **A Good Year for AdoptLINN** 

Our AdoptLINN scheme for the care and restoration of vulnerable items within our collections is now entering its sixth year and going from strength to strength. We continue to be amazed by the support and generosity of our donors; £7,580 was received in 2021. Highlights include a copy of _Species_ 

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_Plantarum_ , copiously annotated by the Cambridge botanist Thomas Martyn, and a scarce copy of Robert Thornton’s stunning _Temple of Flora_ . At the end of 2021, our President Sandy Knapp pledged £1,500 for the conservation of our portrait of Scottish botanist and plant-hunter Francis Masson. The generous support of our ‘adopters’ will see these works carefully stabilised and conserved, ensuring their survival for study and enjoyment for centuries to come. If you would like to show your support of our collections, please contact the Collections team, or visit our website. 

Alongside the books and manuscripts conserved thanks to AdoptLINN donations, a deep clean of the Collections Store was commenced by Conservator Janet Ashdown, including a condition survey and inventory of the books. Other notable conservation projects involved an examination of 10 boxes of over 525 glass plate positives (lantern slides), used to illustrate Society talks from the early 1900s to the 1960s, with each plate photographed and assessed. 

## **A Little Bibliographical Weeding** 

The Society is rightly proud of its extensive journals collection, boasting nearly 4,000 titles in natural history and the life sciences. But with four basement stores full to overflowing, it was clear some ‘light touch’ weeding was required! Led by Librarian Will Beharrell, and scrutinised by our Collections Committee, the deaccessioning of modern, commonly held material began in May. This will give the Society much-needed space for growth, and allow remaining material to be properly catalogued, and housed adequately and safely for the future. 

## **What will 2022 Bring?** 

Our goal for 2022 is to keep improving the accessibility of our collections through cataloguing, digitisation and conservation, as many of our collected and domestic archives are yet to be catalogued. We will also continue to collaborate with academics who research our collections; we are a project partner on Dr Tina Welch’s 2022 AHRC/NERC funded project, which you can read more about in the section ‘A Closer Look’. Whilst carrying out these activities, we need to be mindful of the uncertainty of our future at Burlington House, so will also have to assess the collections for a potential move. Additionally, the Collections team will play a part in determining the future strategy of the Society, upon which our Collections strategy will then rest. 

## _**Blogspot: Treasures of the Month**_ 

Each month, the Collections team publishes a blog on a little known ‘Treasure’, often happened upon by staff in the midst of their day-to-day tasks. In November, Digital Assets Manager Andrea Deneau chose to highlight the much-loved collection of small _cartes de visite_ , professional hard-backed black and white photographs donated by newly elected Fellows to the Society. Spanning from the early days of photography to the late 20th century, these were taken by professional photographers, most prominently Maull & Polybank’s, whose studio was conveniently placed on Piccadilly. The photographs feature well-known (Charles Darwin) and lesser-known Fellows (Walter G. Ridewood), and also many of the first female Fellows, like Grace Frankland, elected in the early 1900s. The solemn pose of the individuals, sometimes lifted by a furtive smile, makes these little photographs moving archival objects. 

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## **NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE** 

## **All the Society’s activities are rooted in knowledge sharing, whether by way of our events, online activities or collections research, or through our Fellowship connecting via our bespoke Members’ Area that launched in May.** 

While we had optimistically hoped to hold some events onsite at Burlington House in 2021, due to COVID-19 restrictions our events continued to be held online. Happily though, our audiences not only stayed steadfast, but increased. Alongside our regular Evening Meetings, Lunchtime Lectures and Nature Reader events, we also held three Day Meetings. 

Brilliantly overseen by Events and Communications Manager Padma Ghosh, an upshot of holding our events online is that we have been able to accommodate a much larger audience than for those held onsite. Our Christmas Lecture by Merlin Sheldrake on his book _Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds, and Shape Our Futures_ drew a whopping 416 viewers via Zoom webinar. Our Nature Reader events by Jon Drori ( _Around the World in 80 Plants_ ), and Bernd Brunner ( _Taming Fruit: From Fruit Forests and Oases to Orchards_ ) were also amongst some of the most popular events. Our YouTube viewership also continues to develop year on year; subscribers to our channel grew by 59%. Our most popular event on YouTube this year was the ‘Linnaeus, Race and Sex’ day meeting, which found a superb viewership of 2,312 views. The second most watched lecture was Laurence Hill’s ‘Exploring the Future of Botanical Image Making’ with 1,080 views. 

## **Plant Awareness and Insect Week UK** 

Inspired by an article in _PuLSe_ , on 13 April (Plant Appreciation Day) we held a special event entitled ‘Plant Blindness: How to Put Plants Back in the Picture’, where four researchers—Dawn Sanders, Geetanjali Sachdev, Sven Batke and Sophie Leguil—from different disciplines (art, education, design and science) discussed the diverse ways in which we can make plant life, often quite ‘invisible’, more 'present' to humans. As part of the session, we also launched the book _Beyond Plant Blindness: Seeing the Importance of Plants for a Sustainable World_ by Dawn Sanders, Bryndís Snæbjörnsdóttir and Mark Wilson, which seeks to provoke plant-based thinking across disciplines and use art to rethink approaches to plants and botanical science. This virtual event had 158 participants. 

From 21–27 June Insect Week (UK), we hosted a week-long celebration of the world of insects. Through a series of talks, we explored the insect collections of Carl Linnaeus and James Edward Smith, forensic entomology, and how gardens are a refuge for pollinators. We also investigated technology inspired by flies, and emotions and gender in entomology. Visit our YouTube channel to find out more: www.youtube.com/LinneanSociety. 

## **Building Better Connections** 

Since the first journal-inspired animation was published in January 2020, Digital Content Producer Ross Ziegelmeier has created a further 11 videos as we seek to engage a wider audience with research papers from our journals. By working with our journal editors to highlight specific papers, our aim is to help promote our world-class publications in an accessible and distinct way; for example, the paper ‘Phylogenomics of peacock spiders and their kin (Salticidae: _Maratus_ ), with implications for the evolution of male courtship displays’ from the _BioJLS_ , inspired a series of animated shorts in the style of a competitive drag queen pageant. One YouTube user commented: ‘I like how you folks are always coming up with unique ideas.’ The ongoing support of the editorial team and publishing team at OUP will continue to be crucial as we create more targeted content. 

Though the pandemic had an impact on filming in-person projects this year, we still produced a number of videos in support of the Society’s mission. One of these was ‘John Tyley and the Breadfruit Tree’, which explored the cultural and historical significance of a newly acquired watercolour painted 

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by Tyley. Also produced was ‘The Linnean Society of London in Burlington House’, which illustrated the story of the Society’s home on London’s Piccadilly; both can be viewed on our YouTube channel. 

## **Podcast Stories** 

Stimulated by the Linnean Future Committee, we started a new podcast series by the same name. The Linnean Future series offers vivid interviews outlining current research and field science that will help to analyse and explain some of the most complex relationships on our planet. We launched the series with Professor Mark Maslin of University College London, who broke down the long history of international climate negotiations, including the challenges faced by COP26, and what it hopes to achieve. Episodes will be released monthly throughout the start of 2022 on our SoundCloud page (https://soundcloud.com/user-679811756) or at www.linnean.org/podcasts. 

In addition to the Linnean Future series, podcasts inspired by papers published in the Society’s journals were also produced. Future podcasts will be shorter in length, and will aim to open our journal content to a wider audience. Linnean Podcast #38 ‘Whale Pop Culture and Intelligence’ featuring Hal Whitehead and Matthew McCurry and #39 ‘Sensitive Sea Snake’ featuring Jenna Crowe-Riddell are prime examples of how our journal papers can be interpreted in a different format. 

## **Our New Members’ Area** 

At the end of 2020, we started work on implementing a new customer relationship management (CRM) system, to improve our data and provide betters ways for our members to engage with the Society and each other. After months of careful planning, data clean up and transfer, the new Members’ Area was successfully launched at the 2021 Anniversary Meeting in May. The response has been fantastic, with 2,289 members successfully signed up so far. We invite members to join the platform if you haven't already, and make the most of what the new Members’ Area has to offer, as future updates and additions are planned. 

## _**The Linnean**_ **and** _**PuLSe**_ 

At the end of 2021, our stalwart Editor of _The Linnean_ , Gina Douglas, decided to step down from the role to pursue her position as President of the Society of the History of Natural History. Gina has been Editor for six years, and is to be thanked for her sterling work on the publication. She is handing over to Publications Manager Leonie Berwick, who produced _L: 50 Objects, Stories and Discoveries of the Linnean Society of London_ with Isabelle Charmantier in 2020, and who has worked with Gina on _The Linnean_ since 2014. _PuLSe_ and _The Linnean_ are being integrated into one publication in 2022, so our members will continue to receive great _PuLSe_ articles like ‘Ancient Oaks and Biodiversity’, ‘Taming Chaos: Mycology and Linnaeus’ and ‘Psychedelic Research and its Biocolonial Legacies’. 

## **New Year, New Ideas** 

As we continue to strengthen links with our journals through animations and short podcasts, we will also be testing some new live action video ideas that aim to celebrate research projects supported by the Society. We will also be starting 2022 by participating in the 7th LGBTQ+ STEMinar that celebrates the achievements of LGBTQ+ people in science. 

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## **ADAPTING TO CHANGE** 

**We took the opportunity to be a little experimental this year, with a serialised format for the BioMedia Meltdown Project, a reinvented student conference experience and a new social media adventure. We have also been fortunate to collaborate with wonderful partners in a variety of exciting projects for young people.** 

## **BioMedia Book Arts and Courageous Conservationists** 

Pre-COVID-19, the BioMedia Meltdown (BMM) Project featured live art/science workshops in London KS3 classrooms, libraries, hospitals and community centres. Between November 2020 and May 2021, BMM Manager Daryl Stenvoll-Wells reconfigured these workshops, partnering with Linnean Fellows Ania Driscoll-Lind (Science and Outdoor Learning Specialist) and Michael Holland (Ecologist and Botany Expert) to produce nine 15-minute instructional videos covering botanical and zoological topics. The project was flexible enough for both classroom and home use, utilising topics and specimens that were easy to find in any UK setting. Schools were provided with materials for distribution by teachers, while individual participants on a limited income were able to request free kits. 

Over 420 pupils and 60 home educators participated, with more than 100 beautiful, original hardbound books entered into the competition. Entries were judged by an expert panel of scientists, artists, publishing and conservation experts, who determined the top entries for Scientific Merit, Artistic Merit, Creative Writing and Graphic Design. The winners were awarded tailored prizes in an online celebration event in July, including local wildlife foundation memberships, outdoor equipment, field guides, books and art supplies. 

Daryl also continued delivery of live virtual classroom workshops, including ‘Courageous Conservationists,’ which used the art of wood photo transfer to introduce under-recognised community conservationists to students. Teachers and participants in both projects expressed gratitude for the creative cross-curricular content, reflecting that it provided relief from the pressurised, post-lockdown academic calendar. Stakeholders generally reflected that it reinvigorated a joy for learning that students needed in this time of crisis. 

## **‘Our Local Nature’ Grants** 

This grant scheme enables young people to take the reins on projects that increase access to local natural spaces and encourage a deeper connection to nature. From buying equipment for ecological surveys to festivals of nature, it has been uplifting to hear about last year’s projects coming to fruition. Grant recipient Claire Unwin from West Suffolk Hive, said: 

_‘It has been a wonderful year for us at our site as we created a pond, which brought in the most incredible array of dragon flies and other insects, aquatic life and plants. We have enjoyed surveying the pond as it has developed, as well as the wild meadow and the woods.’_ 

Ten new projects were funded in 2021, selected by our exceptional Youth Panel, made up of Leigh Balment, Deborah Kargbo, Georgia Gargett, Cheska Golding, Antonia Maddan and Sophie Robertson. 

## **National Literacy Trust** 

In collaboration with the National Literacy Trust, the Linnean Society recruited 11 professional science writers to receive workshop development training so that they could then create their own bespoke science-writing workshops. Despite tough regulations in mid-2021, the writers were able to deliver sessions in 18 schools across Birmingham, Nottingham, the North East and the North West, reaching over 2,000 students. 

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Impressed by the interdisciplinary nature of the Society, the Trust has since commissioned a short film featuring several Society staff members talking about the importance of literacy in their careers for a teacher-training package on scientific literacy. 

## **The ‘Discover More’ Series** 

‘Discover More’ was a seven-part series of animations, blogs and interviews put together by Education Manager Joe Burton and Education Assistant Zia Forrai (supported by Ross Ziegelmeier) that explored a different topic each month, across Twitter, Instagram and TikTok, as well as on our website, accruing over 15,000 views. Aimed at secondary school-age people and their teachers, each topic explored a compelling aspect of the natural world, from mutualist viruses to microplastic pollution. These were accompanied by interviews with relevant experts from across the globe, offering insight alongside a sense of potential career trajectories within the natural sciences. 

## **Virtual Tours and Re-opening** 

Giving tours has always been an integral part of the Society’s remit, and we felt the absence of such interactions acutely in 2021. Fortunately, the Collections team (with Ross Ziegelmeier) had produced a virtual tour video at the end of 2020 that provided a detailed look through our building and the Linnaean collections, as well as two short videos that focused on rare books and archives. These monthly virtual tours via Zoom started in January, but ended in June due to decreasing attendance. Virtual tours were also given to artists, students, civil servants from Defra and other groups. In total, 14 virtual tours were given to a total of 212 attendees throughout the year. 

Once the building started to reopen, we were able to hold a controlled number of in-person tours, for groups of students from UCL, the History and Philosophy of Science Department (University of Cambridge) and the Royal Drawing School. The Collections Store was kept out of bounds, in order to maintain social distancing. 

## **Linnean Lens** 

With our usual programme of in-person activities disrupted by the pandemic, the Society experimented with new ways of bringing our collections to a wider audience. In July, replacing the Virtual Tours, the Collections team held the first of the ‘Linnean Lens’ online events, using a specially designed document camera to host interactive, ‘hands-on’ sessions with rare and special collections items. We began, appropriately enough, by delving into Carl Linnaeus’s fascinating student notebooks, with further sessions encompassing Anna Atkins’s beautiful cyanotype photographs, Linnaeus’s annotated _Species Plantarum_ , Peter Collinson’s commonplace books and the Shortt Collection of Indian bird paintings on mica. With uniformly positive feedback, and strong attendance throughout— over 130 logged in for the sessions on Atkins and the _Species Plantarum_ —we look forward to expanding the programme in the New Year **.** 

## **Representing the Society** 

Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier was invited to talk at several virtual conferences and to sit on the jury panel of Did van Triip’s PhD thesis on early modern ichthyology, in October. Also in October, she participated in the conference ‘Towards a Cultural History of Early Modern Ichthyology (1500–1800)’, which allowed her to research and present on the fishes of Alexander Garden in the Linnaean collections. 

## **Utilising Expertise in 2022** 

The expertise of our Fellows means a great to deal to us, so in 2022 we are aiming to reach out and utilise that knowledge, whether through education outreach projects or through initiatives like Linnean Lens. We hope to form closer bonds with our membership and the growing network of young people affiliated with the Society’s projects. 

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## **A CLOSER LOOK** 

**The Society’s collections are deeply embedded within the British colonial world of the 18th and 19th centuries. Historians have long studied the lives of individuals who helped naturalists investigate the world around them, and in 2021 the Society continued in its endeavour to enrich our knowledge about our collections, through a new acquisition, events and collaborating with academics.** 

## **Natural History from the Margins** 

Like other institutions such as the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew or the Natural History Museum, London, the Society is keen to unearth the untold stories behind our specimens, artworks and manuscripts, stories of local, indigenous and overlooked participants who actively contributed to the quest for natural historical knowledge. One such individual was the Antiguan artist John Tyley, who worked for Alexander Anderson, superintendent of St Vincent Botanic Gardens in the late 18th century. 

Tyley was our person of the year at the Society, as he was the nexus for a new acquisition, a day meeting and a successful funding bid. The Society was incredibly fortunate to acquire a Tyley painting in June 2021 (from the auction house Rosebery’s), significant for its image of the breadfruit tree, imported to St Vincent to feed the enslaved population. Tyley was also the inspiration behind ‘Natural History and Visual Arts from the Margins’, a day-meeting co-organised by Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier and Julie Chun Kim, Associate Professor at Fordham University, New York. Initially planned for 2020, it was eventually held virtually in September 2021. 

Finally, through a partnership with Tina Welch (University of Winchester) and the Hidden Histories project (a programme run by The Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) and Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)), the Society was awarded an initial seed funding grant in 2021. The project ‘Unearthing the contribution of indigenous and enslaved African knowledge systems to the Saint Vincent Botanical Garden under Dr Anderson (1785–1811)’ allowed us to digitise the Alexander Anderson manuscripts held in the Society’s collections, which included descriptions of the islands of Barbados, Grenada, St Lucia and Guiana, and papers and paintings related to the St Vincent Botanic Gardens. Many of the 148 plant drawings in Anderson’s _Hortus St Vincentii_ were drawn by local or indigenous artists, and unusually for a black artist at that time, Tyley’s signature appears on 11 of them. These 14 manuscripts, comprising 2,190 images, will be made available through our Online Collections by the end of 2022. The manuscripts were also catalogued and their records can be accessed via our Archives Catalogue. The bulk of the Hidden Histories project will be funded by the main NERC/AHRC grant from 2022 to 2023, with one of the objectives being to make transcriptions of many of the manuscripts available through our Online Collections. 

## **Collections on Show** 

Our collections are special to us, and we try to highlight them whenever and however we can, so in addition to talks, online and onsite tours and events, blogs and social media posts, we were keen to repopulate the display cases in the Library Reading Room, for the benefit of readers and visitors. Following the publication of our ‘book of treasures’, _L: 50 Objects, Stories & Discoveries from the Linnean Society_ , we were keen to show off some of the items that feature in the book: the artworks sent back from India with papers to be read at the Society meetings by Major General Hardwicke; some of Linnaeus’s specimens of plants, fish and beetles; diaries of travellers and artists such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace and Emilia Noel; and of course, our new acquisition of Tyley’s breadfruit tree. 

While many organisations postponed their planned exhibitions, the Gilbert White House went ahead with their year-delayed tercentenary celebrations of Gilbert White. Several letters in the Gilbert White 

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collection, which is on long-term loan to the Society by the Selbourne Society, featured in the ‘Flora Selborniensis’ exhibition from July to September 2021. 

## **Linnaeus, Sex and Race** 

Yet another aspect of taking a closer look at our collections has been to untangle Carl Linnaeus’s classification of humans within his printed books ( _Systema Naturae_ in particular) and manuscripts. An essay on the subject had already been published online in the summer of 2020, and Isabelle Charmantier expanded upon this in a talk given to the Anglo-Swedish Society in February 2021. A day meeting at the Society on ‘Linnaeus, Sex and Race’ was organised by Stella Sandford, Professor at Kingston University and a regular Library user. Originally planned for 2020, this day meeting was finally moved online in March 2021. It brought together researchers from different disciplines (natural sciences, evolutionary biology, philosophy, history of science and gender studies) to discuss ‘race’ and ‘sex’ in Linnaeus’s work and beyond. All the talks are available on our YouTube channel: www.youtube.com/LinneanSociety. 

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## **FEEDBACK** 

## **AdoptLINN:** 

_“Thank you for your help in ‘matching’ me to an appropriate book for adoption. I now realise what a lovely scheme this is and feel happy to be able to contribute to the amazing Linnean Library collection in this way.”_ 

## **Events:** 

## Linnean Lens 

_“Seeing the book of SPECIES PLANTARUM made me almost weep. The Linnean Lens lecture made it possible for members all over the world to share the knowledge and joy of the binominal system.” “I joined the Linnean Society, and participated in the last two events. Wonderful topics and great speakers. Thanks so much for making these events happen!”_ 

## Virtual Tours 

_“Thank you so much for the Zoom tour of the Linnean—it was brilliant! We only had positive feedback, the participants said they learnt so much and enjoyed finding out about the Society and seeing what lies behind those big wooden doors!”_ 

## **Reopening the Library:** 

_“This will be my first day working away from home since early December. It is amazing how exciting a trip to the library can seem!”_ 

_“Very grateful to the staff @LinneanSociety for keeping the library open as much as possible and providing a safe, friendly space to read and work.”_ 

## **Podcasts/videos:** 

_“WELL DONE!! on the Tyley video. So interesting, v attractive to watch, and very good editing. I assume you have specialists for all of that in house, and they really put something together that focuses on the object, its history, and all the information that you and the specialist speakers provide.”_ 

## **Education:** 

## Student Conference 

“ _This conference was brilliant—it made me aware of so many different options when considering careers in industry and in postgraduate study. Not only did it make me aware, but the networking opportunity has provided me with so many resources to research my future, I feel very hopeful and motivated!_ ” 

## National Literacy Trust, Science Writers in Schools 

_“Science Writers in Schools has been a really fantastic initiative to be a part of - thank you for making it happen and for your support and encouragement, particularly in my first schools workshop. Both the training beforehand and the kind positive feedback afterwards really boosted my confidence.”_ 

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## **PUBLIC BENEFIT** 

The Linnean Society contributes to scientific, cultural, economic and social well-being nationally and internationally through a broad programme of activities. Our unique ACE-designated biological collections and historical resources—and our strong focus on biodiversity conservation, sustainability and science outreach—support the care and understanding of our planet. The Society’s key contributions to public benefit are: 

- Safeguarding and promoting the Society’s heritage collections, through cataloguing, conservation and digitisation, improving access to primary information, making collections freely available to view online. 

- Advancing and disseminating knowledge through three world-class research journals and providing support and recognition through grant schemes and awards to emerging scientists and naturalists. 

- Engaging the public through regular tours of the collections, conferences and free monthly public lectures, while our educational programme, which fuses science, history and art, reaches out to students of all ages and backgrounds, providing free resources in schools, in Burlington House and online. 

The Society’s activities contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through support for the natural world, and through unique resources that illuminate environmental and social change. The Society connects academia with a diverse public, informing UK Government policy and promoting the international profile of the UK as a pre-eminent international hub for expertise about the natural world. 

## **CORE VALUES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING** 

The Society’s vision, mission and values are: 

**Vision:** A world where nature is understood, valued and protected **Mission:** To inform, involve and inspire people of all ages and backgrounds about nature and its significance through our collections, programmes and publications 

**Values:** 

- We are a diverse community of people united by an active interest in nature, its management and conservation. 

- We aim for excellence and integrity in all areas of our activity. 

- We use our income and other finances to fulfil our charitable function and declared mission. 

- We promote our science to all sectors of society. 

- We value diversity and seek to broaden the inclusion of currently under-represented groups. 

- We are an expert voice concerning relevant major issues and challenges of our time. 

In late 2021 the Worshipful Company of Management Consultants confirmed its pro bono support to assist with strategic planning and implementation throughout 2022. The Society is extremely grateful for this generous support. A core Working Group composed of senior staff will form in 2022 to guide the process, and the early stages will include consultation with the Society’s many different stakeholders. 

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## **LOOKING FORWARD 2022** 

Let me start by saying thank you to all the staff, volunteers, Fellows and Council for welcoming me so warmly to the Linnean Society. For me, 2021 was such a brilliant experience, as I learned more about all the fantastic projects and people that make this unique organisation so impactful. I can’t wait to embark on 2022 and see what the year brings. 

We have several interesting plans afoot already and, by the time you read this, we will have appointed the Society’s first Head of Engagement. Our online events continue to attract people from all over the world, and it has been uplifting to see everyone asking questions and engaging with both the event speakers and each other. But we can, and should, do more. With the Head of Engagement in place, we aim to build on this success by developing plans to reach more people, share our stories about nature more widely and raise our visibility. Whilst doing so, we also need to be thoughtful about connecting more with under-represented audiences. Our communications team has already been busy liaising with our publisher Oxford University Press to brainstorm how we might develop even more engaging stories inspired by papers from our journals that are suitable for a wider audience, including those from the newly launched _Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society_ . 

Good governance has been a driving factor throughout the year, and will continue to be as the Society evolves. The Bye-Laws Revision Group will keep up the momentum of the hard work they’ve started, resulting in Bye-Laws that will encompass everything we plan to be in the future. 

On the topic of planning, we are grateful for the assistance of the Worshipful Company of Management Consultants, who have offered pro bono support to help us develop and invigorate our strategy. We are facing some challenges—the lease at Burlington House, the need to think about diversifying our income, to name but a few—so it will be important to focus not just on short-term activities, but on longer-term planning to ensure that our wonderful organisation thrives. 

Gail Cardew, CEO 

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## **PEOPLE** 

## _**Officers and Council listed on pp. 3–4**_ 

## _**Linnean Society Staff Team**_ 

CEO 

Executive Secretary 

Head of Finance 

Head of Collections 

Head of Operations Governance Manager Room Hire Manager & Membership Assistant Communications & Events Manager Librarian 

Archivist 

Archivist (Maternity Cover) Assistant Librarian & Archivist Digital Assets Manager Conservator Publications Manager Education Manager 

Multimedia Content Producer BioMedia Meltdown Project Manager Education Assistant Editorial Assistant ( _Botanical Journal_ ) Office Cleaner P/T 

**Professor Gail Cardew (from April 2021) Dr Elizabeth Rollinson (2011–until February 2021) Priya Nithianandan (1991) Dr Isabelle Charmantier (2017) Helen Shaw (2017) Cathy Youthed (2021) Tatiana Franco (2015) Padmaparna Ghosh (from June 2020) Will Beharrell (2019) Liz M[c] Gow (2016) Alex Milne (2021) Luke Thorne (2019) Andrea Deneau (2010) Janet Ashdown (2002) Leonie Berwick (2007) Joe Burton (2017)** 

**Ross Ziegelmeier (2015) Daryl Stenvoll-Wells (2019) Zia Forrai (2018) Dr Hassan Rankou (2012) Fatima Mendoca (2015)** 

## _**Curators, Editors and Committees 2021**_ 

## **Curators** 

Fish, Shells & General Zoology 

Insects Plants Artefacts 

Oliver Crimmen (2017) Suzanne Ryder (2017) Dr Mark A. Spencer (2013) Glenn Benson (2014) 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **Editors** 

_Biological Journal_ Professor John A. Allen (1997) _Botanical Journal_ Professor Mike Fay (2008) _Zoological Journal_ Dr Maarten Christenhusz (2018) _Evolutionary Journal_ Dr Steven Dodsworth (2020) Synopses Series Dr John Crothers (1991) & Dr Peter J. Hayward (2002) _The Linnean_ Gina Douglas (2013) _PuLSe_ Leonie Berwick (2009) 

## **Committee Chairpersons** 

Editorial The Editorial Secretary (e.o.) Finance The Treasurer (e.o.) Collections The Collections Secretary (e.o.) Programmes One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Education & Public Engagement One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Nominations & Awards The President (e.o.) Linnean Future A member of Council (e.o.) 

The CEO as well as the Officers are currently ex officio members of all Committees. 

## **Committee Membership** 

## _**Editorial Committee**_ 

The Editorial Secretary (e.o.) 

The Editors (e.o.) 

Representatives from the publisher, Oxford University Press (OUP) 

Dr Rebecca A. Farley-Brown (2001) 

## _**Finance Committee**_ 

The Treasurer (e.o.) Head of Finance (e.o.) Mr Giles Coode-Adams (2001) Dr Charlotte Grezo (2020) 

Mr Edward Hoare (1998) 

Professor Gren Lucas OBE HonFLS (1995) 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## _**Collections Committee**_ 

The Collections Secretary (e.o.) 

The Curators (e.o.) 

Collections staff, and Education staff (e.o.) Gillian Furlong (2006 – resigned 2022) Susan Gove (2001) Andrea Hart (2015) Dr D.J. Nicholas Hind (1995) Tom Kennett (2017 – resigned 2021) Debbie Lane (2020) 

Dr Richard Preece (2017 – resigned 2022) 

Chris Saunders (2021) 

Dr Anke Timmermann (2019 – resigned 2021) 

Dr Mark Watson (2016) 

## _**Programmes Committee**_ 

Scientific Secretary, Prof Alan Hildrew Events & Communications Manager (e.o.) Education Manager (e.o.) Head of Collections (e.o.) Professor Jeff Duckett (2018) Dr Michelle Jackson (2021) Dr Leanne Melbourne (2020) 

## _**Education & Public Engagement Committee**_ 

Scientific Secretary, Professor Simon Hiscock (Chair) 

Education staff, and Collections staff (e.o.) 

Lyn Baber (2018) Charlotte Coales (2019) Michael Holland (2020) 

Susie Kelpie (2019) Geoff Lockwood (2013) 

Dr Jonathan Mitchley (2020) 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

Professor Dawn Sanders (2019) 

Dr Jane Taylor (2013) 

## _**Linnean Future: the Planetary Emergency Response Committee (expansion of the Taxonomy & Systematics Committee)**_ 

Dr Charlotte Grezo, Chair (2021) 

Events & Communications Manager (e.o.) 

Head of Operations (e.o.) 

Dr Andy Purvis 

Dr John Box 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **FINANCIAL REVIEW** 

The full financial accounts were prepared to conform to the Statements of Recommended Practice (SORP – FRS 102) and are presented after the report of the External Auditors. 

2021 was another positive year for the Society’s finances, notwithstanding the ongoing impact of the pandemic. Our income before donations and legacies was marginally up on 2020 to £2,097,114 (2020: £2,059,933). Donations and legacies added a further £403,430 (2020: £244,981), taking the total income to £2,500,544 (2020: £2,304,914). Expenditure was also up marginally on 2020 to £1,583,441 (2020: £1,546,936), but once again some projects had to be postponed and other activities curtailed due to COVID-19, which meant that, like last year, we have generated a much higher surplus than normal. 

Overall, our surplus of income over expenditure in 2021 was £917,103 (2020: £757,978). This was enhanced by a gain on investments of £442,962 (2020: £71,563) due to the strong performance of our portfolio during the year. We have therefore been able to increase our unrestricted funds to £6,382,976 (2020: £5,222,995). We continue to try to balance the active use of our funds for charitable purposes with ensuring a sustainable financial position given the significant future challenges and uncertainties we face, particularly in relation to the lease for Burlington House. 

## **INCOME** 

## **Publications and Royalties** 

As usual, the overwhelming majority of our income came from our scientific research journals. Total income from publications increased by 1.5% in 2021 to £1,834,095 (2020: £1,807,830). After deducting production, distribution and editorial costs payable by the Society, the net contribution of our journals was £1,454,964, an increase of 3.2% on 2020 (£1,410,480). Oxford University Press again contributed an additional £150,000 in 2021 to cover transitional costs. This is the last year in which we will receive this transitional payment. 

For our main journals, the Society continues a policy of hybrid publication, enabling those authors who wish to or are required to publish Open Access (OA) to do so, while maintaining a default policy of not economically disenfranchising those authors with no or low funding by not levying page charges. As the primary source of income, the Society, along with our publisher, keeps a close eye on the worldwide changing policies of Open Access and in 2022 we will begin publishing our first online-only fully OA journal, the _Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society._ 

The Society extends thanks and appreciation to the Editors, Professor John Allen, for the _Biological Journal_ , Professor Mike Fay for the _Botanical Journal_ and Dr Maarten Christenhusz for the _Zoological Journal_ . Led by Professor Mark Chase FRS, the Editorial Secretary, and supported by their editorial offices and reviewers, the Editors work tirelessly to maintain the quality of the Society’s journals. 

## **Membership Contributions** 

The membership of the Society now stands at 3,145, compared with 3,014 at the end of 2020. This includes all fee and non-fee paying members. Of this number, there are 2,801 paying Fellows (2020: 2,636), 133 Associates (2020: 91) and 240 students (2019: 172). Membership contributions increased to £154,753 (2020: £149,557). Our new CRM system has enabled us to improve our data, provide better ways for our members to engage with the Society and has also helped to make the collection of annual fees more efficient. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **Donations and Legacies** 

Grants, donations and legacies play an important role in sustaining our charitable activities and we are most grateful to all those funders and donors who have supported the Society during the year. In particular, we received generous bequests from the estates of Mr John Barker of £218,818, Mr Robert Desmond Meikle of £55,510 and Mrs Gertrude Marsh-Looi of £50,000. The AdoptLINN Programme received £7,580 to support the conservation of books and other important items in our collections. 

## **Investments** 

During the year, we have continued to implement the ethical investment policy that we adopted in 2020. We have been working with our investment advisers, Tilney, to develop measuring tools to assess its impact. This is a complex area, but we are committed to ensuring that our investments are ethically, environmentally and socially responsible as well as generating an acceptable return for the Society. Our aim is to enhance the value of both capital and income on a long-term sustainable basis. Investments are of a prudent nature, with a moderate level of risk, and we try to avoid more speculative investments. 

During the year, we decided to allocate some of our existing cash holdings to Tilney for investment, particularly in view of the potential for higher levels of inflation to affect the real value of our cash. At the end of the year, the market value of our investments stood at £5,121,489 (2020: £4,034,297). The increase over 2020 was attributable to gains on investments of £442,962 in the year, with the balance being due to transfers of cash to Tilney for investment. 

## **Other income** 

As in 2020, income from room hire, catering and other activities was inevitably significantly reduced by the necessity to close Burlington House to visitors for extensive periods. Nevertheless, income from these sources was generally above 2020 levels, as restrictions eased during the year, and amounted to £24,092 (2020: £16,176). We are hopeful that the worst of the pandemic is now behind us and we look forward to a steady recovery in this income stream in 2022. We also received a payment from our insurers of £26,726 towards the costs of repair of books damaged by the serious water leak in June. 

## **EXPENDITURE** 

Once again, over 99% of the Society’s expenditure was used to further our charitable objectives in 2021, with only £23,586 spent on managing investments. 

## **Charitable Activities** 

Our seven core charitable activities reported in the Accounts are: Education, Publications, Scientific Meetings, Collections, Collections (Curatorial), Collections (Conservation & Digitisation) and Research Sponsorship. Our total expenditure on these charitable activities in 2021 was £1,559,855 (2020: £1,535,493). The work of the Society in safeguarding and promoting our heritage collections, advancing scientific knowledge and understanding, and engaging the public and educational outreach, is set out in detail in the President’s and CEO’s reports. 

We once again contributed £37,698 to the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, enabling us to make 34 grants ranging from £500 to £1,500 to support research projects across the globe. Total research sponsorship in 2021 came to £49,797. 

We continued our support of the Science Hunters project with Lancaster University to the tune of £16,920 and contributed £23,000 to a mentoring scheme in partnership with Stemettes, a social enterprise which encourages girls and young women aged 5–25 to pursue careers in Science, 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

Technology, Engineering and Maths. We continued to fund ‘Our Local Nature’, to support youth-led projects that aim to increase access to local natural spaces and encourage a deeper appreciation and understanding of nature. 

Expenditure on staff salaries, National Insurance and pensions increased significantly during the year to £705,178 (2020: £617,042), reflecting new recruits that have joined during the year and cost of living increases for all staff. During the year we welcomed Gail Cardew as our CEO and Cathy Youthed as our Governance Manager, both of which were new positions created during the year, as well as Alex Milne as maternity cover for our Archivist Liz M[c] Gow. The average number of employees in 2021 was 21 versus 19 in 2020. 

Rent, and other charges by our Landlord, the Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, amounted to £200,167 (2020: £201,961). Significant uncertainty remains over future rental costs with no resolution of the ongoing dialogue. 

As in 2020, a lot of planned maintenance expenditure was deferred and will be incurred in subsequent years. 

## **FUNDS** 

The Society’s reserves are split between Permanent Endowments (£858,814), Restricted Funds (£2,453,960, including heritage assets of £1,500,000 that cannot be monetised) and Unrestricted Funds of £6,382,976. Within Unrestricted Funds, the Society holds designated reserves to reflect funds to be spent on fixed assets and earmarked for planned future expenditure. £2,787,868 (2020: £1,981,271) of the Unrestricted Funds has been set aside in Designated Funds to cover this future expenditure, including that associated with the lease, and other financial liabilities. 

## **Designated Funds** 

The Mortgage Liability Fund stands at £220,353. The Collections Fund stands at £20,000. The Development Fund stands at £200,000. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.5M. The need to set aside money to address the long term situation at Burlington House provides a brake on our ability to deploy funds for other charitable activities. The Legal Fund stands at £100,000 to cover the costs of renegotiating the lease on New Burlington House if a satisfactory agreement can be reached with our landlord. 

## **Reserves Policy** 

The Society’s General Reserve is held to enable the Society to continue to operate effectively in the event that income is unexpectedly reduced. The General Reserve is also held to provide funding for projects which have not attracted external funding. The Trustees consider that a minimum of six months of operational expenditure should be held in the General Reserve with a minimum of approximately £1M. The General Reserve Fund now stands at £3,595,108 (2020: £3,241,724). The Trustees consider the current balance reasonable in the context of budgeted costs and uncertainty over continued occupation of Burlington House. 

## **OUTLOOK** 

The Society had a strong year financially in 2021, but it was in many ways an exceptional year and there are significant challenges ahead. Our publication income will fall in 2022, as we received the last 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

of the £150,000 annual transition payments from our publishers, Oxford University Press, in 2021. Our charitable activities will, we hope, revert to more normal levels following the removal of COVIDrelated restrictions which will result in increased expenditure in some areas. Our employment costs will rise as new recruits join (including the new Head of Engagement) and we reflect market forces in our compensation levels. We will also have the start-up costs associated with the OA journal, the _Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society_ . Inflation in fuel bills and elsewhere will add to our costs and we continue to discuss the ever-increasing rental and other charges associated with Burlington House with the Government. As a result, we do not expect to generate a significant surplus in 2022. 

## **AUDITORS** 

During the year, we conducted a tender process for our auditors. We received high quality tenders from a range of candidates and were pleased to re-appoint Knox Cropper, who continue to provide an appropriate level of challenge and represent value for money. 

## **ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS** 

The Trustees of the Society extend their gratitude to all the Officers and Staff for continuing to be so careful in control of expenditure in their areas of responsibility and to thank the volunteers for their much-appreciated contributions. Finally, it is particularly appropriate to once again thank the Head of Finance, Priya Nithianandan, for his careful and constant oversight of all the Society’s financial activities. 

Edward Banks, Treasurer 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **RISK ASSESSMENT** 

The Trustees regularly review the Risk Register, which summarises the major strategic, business and operational risks which the Society faces and have implemented appropriate systems and procedures to mitigate these risks. The Society also has a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and a Disaster Plan, which were developed to enable the Society to continue normal operations in the event of a serious disruptive incident. The BCP is also regularly reviewed and updated as needed. 

## **STATEMENT OF TRUSTEES’ FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE CHARITIES ACT** 

The Trustees are required to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society and of the surplus or deficit of the Society for that year. In preparing those financial statements, the Trustees are required to: 

- Select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently 

- Make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent 

- Prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Society will continue in business 

The Trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Society and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with relevant legislation. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Society and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities. 

## **Responsibilities of the Treasurer** 

Fellows of the Society have, through the Society’s Bye Laws (BL) accepted at a General Meeting of the Society held on 15 February 1990 and published in July 1991, agreed (BL Section 12) that “the Treasurer (of the Society) shall require the keeping of detailed accounts of all receipts and payments (BL 12.1), shall be responsible for the financial affairs of the Society and shall advise the Officers and Council both of the long term trends and matters of the moment concerning financial strategy. Taking advice from the Finance Committee and Professional advisers, when appropriate, the Treasurer shall act in the name of the Society on matters of investment (BL 12.3)”. 

## **Audit Arrangements** 

“A firm of chartered accountants shall be appointed by the Fellows at the Anniversary Meeting as Auditors for the following year (BL 12.5). Prior to their presentation to the Anniversary Meeting, the Annual Statement of Accounts and the report of the Professional auditors shall be examined by an Audit Review Committee of Fellows. This Committee, to be elected annually, shall consist of three members of Council (including the President or a Vice-President), and two Fellows who are not members of Council who shall be elected at a General Meeting. The Committee shall report to Council and Fellows at the Anniversary Meeting (BL 12.6)”. 

Messrs. Knox Cropper have expressed their willingness to be re-appointed as auditors. 

These accounts were approved by Council on 24 March 2022 and signed on behalf of the Trustees by 

________________________________ Treasurer 

________________________________ President 

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Document Ref: EYCLC-5DE5B-EGBTH-BUNPBDocument Ref: JXPSV-AU8Q2-JTDLX-BFWTX 

Page 1 of 1Page 1 of 2 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON** 

## **OPINION ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS** 

We have audited the financial statements of The Linnean Society for the year ended 31 December 2021 which comprise the Statement of Financial Activities, the Balance Sheet, the Cash Flow Statement and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). 

In our opinion the financial statements: 

- give a true and fair view of the state of the charity’s affairs as at 31 December 2021 and of its incoming resources and application of resources, for the year then ended; 

- have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and 

- have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011. 

## **BASIS FOR OPINION** 

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the charity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. 

## **CONCLUSIONS RELATING TO GOING CONCERN** 

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the trustees’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate. 

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue. 

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the trustees with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **OTHER INFORMATION** 

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. The Trustees are responsible for the other information. 

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. 

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether there is a material misstatement in the financial statements or a material misstatement of the other information. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard. 

## **MATTERS ON WHICH WE ARE REQUIRED TO REPORT BY EXCEPTION** 

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion: 

- the information given in the Report of the Trustees is inconsistent in any material respect with the financial statements; or 

- sufficient accounting records have not been kept; or 

- the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or 

- • we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit. 

## **RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRUSTEES AND AUDITORS** 

As explained more fully in the Trustees’ responsibilities statement set out on page 33, the Trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the Trustees determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 

In preparing the financial statements, the Trustees are responsible for assessing the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Trustees either intend to liquidate the charity or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021
AUDITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
We have been appointed as auditor under Section 144 of thè Charities Act 2011 and report in accordance with
the Act and relevant re8ulations made or having effect thereunder.
Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free
from material misstatement. whether due to fraijd or error, and to issue an auditorf5 report that include5 our
opinion. Reasonable assurante is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in
accordance with ISAS IUKI will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise
from fraud or error and are considered material if. individually or in the aggre8are, they could reasonably be
expected to influence the economit decision5 91 users taken on the basi5 01 these financial statement5.
Irregularities, includin8 fraud, are instances ol non-cornpliance wlth laws and regulations. We desi8n procedures
Sn line with our responsibilities. outlined above, to detect material rnlsstatements in respect of irre8ularlties,
Includin8 fraud, The extent to which our procedure5 are capable 91 detectin8 irre8ularltles, including fraud Is
detailed below..
The Charity is required to comply wlth the charlty law and, based on our knowled8e ol its aCtivitie5, we
identified that the legal requirement to accurately account for restricted funds was of key significance.
We 8ained an understanding ol how the charity complied wSth 5ts legal and regulatory framework,
includin8 the requirement tg properly account lor restrlcted funds, throu8h discusslons with
rnana8ement and a rèview of the documented policies, procedures and control5.
The audlt team, whlch is experienced in the audit of charitles, considered the tharity's SU5ceptibility to
rnaterial mlsstatement and how fraud rnay occur. Our conslderations included the risk of mana8ement
override.
Our approach was to check that all restrl¢ted Income was properly Identllied and separately accounted
lor and to ènsure that only valld and approprlate expendSture was charBed to re5trittèd funds. Thls
included reviewing journal adjustments and unusual transactions.
A further descriptlon ol our responslb511t5es lor the audlt of the flnanclal statements Is located on the Financial
Reporting Councll's webslte at.. h
ies This descrlgtion forms part of
our auditorfs report.
USEOF OUR REPORT
This report is made solely to the charity's Trustees and members, as a body, In accordance wlth Section 144 of
the Charltles Act 2011 and re8ulatlons made under Section 154 01 that Act. Our audit work has been undèrtaken
so thatwe may state to the Trustees and members those matter5 we are required to state to them In an auditors.
report and lor no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not aicept or assume
responslbility to anyone other than Trustees and members as a bgdy, for our audlt work. lor thls report, or for
the oplnlon5 wè have formed.
LLP
Knox Cropper LLP. Chartered Attountants, Ststutory Audbtor
65 Léadenhall Street
London
EC3A 2AD
Date: 24 March 2022
Knox Cropper is eli8ible for appointment as auditor of the charlty by virtue of Its eliglbillty lor appointment as
audltor of a company under section 1212 of the Companies Acr 2006.
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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021** 

|**Notes**<br>**Income and Endowments From:**<br>Donations and Legacies<br>2<br>Charitable Activities<br>Members’ Contributions<br>Publications<br>3<br>Scientific Meetings<br>Library<br>Other Trading Activities<br>4<br>Investments<br>**Total Income and Endowments**<br>**Expenditure On:**<br>**Raising Funds**<br>Investment Management Costs<br>**Charitable Activities**<br>6<br>Education<br>Publications<br>Scientific Meetings<br>Collections<br>Collections: (Curatorial)<br>Collections: (Conservation &<br>Digitisation)<br>Research Sponsorship<br>**Total Expenditure**<br>**Net Income/(Expenditure)**<br>**before Investment Gains/(Losses)**<br>Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments<br>**Net Income/(Expenditure)**<br>**NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS**<br>Fund balance brought forward at<br>31/12/2020<br>Fund balance carried forward at<br>31/12/2021|**Unrestricted Restricted Endowment**<br>**2021**<br>**2020**<br>**Funds**<br>**Funds**<br>**Funds**<br>**Total**<br>**Total**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>352,470<br>50,960<br>-<br>403,430<br>244,981<br>154,753<br>-<br>-<br>154,753<br>149,557<br>1,834,095<br>-<br>-<br>1,834,095<br>1,807,830<br>5,195<br>-<br>-<br>5,195<br>1,418<br>8,285<br>-<br>-<br>8,285<br>6,055<br>10,612<br>-<br>-<br>10,612<br>8,703<br>55,701<br>28,473<br>-<br>84,174<br>86,370|
|---|---|
||2,421,111<br>79,433<br>-<br>2,500,544<br>2,304,914|
||16,136<br>7,450<br>-<br>23,586<br>11,443<br>272,710<br>-<br>-<br>272,710<br>242,684<br>406,910<br>-<br>-<br>406,910<br>419,258<br>192,799<br>-<br>-<br>192,799<br>188,646<br>317,810<br>-<br>-<br>317,810<br>304,117<br>151,640<br>-<br>-<br>151,640<br>156,157<br>141,671<br>-<br>-<br>141,671<br>148,001<br>64,498<br>11,817<br>-<br>76,315<br>76,630|
||1,564,174<br>19,267<br>-<br>1,583,441<br>1,546,936|
|||
||856,937<br>60,166<br>-<br>917,103<br>757,978|
||303,044<br>63,676<br>76,242<br>442,962<br>71,563|
||1,159,981<br>123,842<br>76,242<br>1,360,065<br>829,541|
|||
||1,159,981<br>123,842<br>76,242<br>1,360,065<br>829,541|
|||
||5,222,995<br>2,330,118<br>782,572<br>8,335,685<br>7,506,144|
||£6,382,976<br>£2,453,960<br>£858,814<br>£9,695,750<br>£8,335,685|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021** 

|**Notes**<br>**FIXED ASSETS**<br>Heritage Assets<br>9<br>Tangible Fixed Assets<br>10<br>Investments<br>11<br>**CURRENT ASSETS**<br>Debtors<br>12<br>Short Term Deposits<br>Cash at Bank and in Hand<br>**TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS**<br>**CREDITORS:**Amounts Falling<br>Due Within One Year<br>13<br>**NET CURRENT ASSETS**<br>**CREDITORS:**Amounts Falling<br>Due After One Year<br>14<br>**NET ASSETS**<br>**CAPITAL FUNDS**<br>Endowments<br>15<br>**INCOME FUNDS**<br>Restricted<br>15<br>Other<br>Heritage Fund<br>Unrestricted<br>Designated<br>16<br>General<br>17<br>**TOTAL CHARITY FUNDS**|**2021**<br>£<br>£<br>1,566,950<br>717,869<br>5,121,489<br>508,505<br>2,995,330<br>647,975<br>4,151,810<br>(1,642,015)<br>2,509,795<br>(220,353)<br>£9,695,750<br>858,814<br>953,960<br>1,500,000<br>2,453,960<br>2,787,868<br>3,595,108<br>6,382,976<br>£9,695,750|**2020**<br>£<br>£<br>1,561,950<br>761,271<br>4,034,297<br>489,834<br>1,631,399<br>1,807,468<br>3,928,701<br>(1,719,906)<br>2,208,795<br>(230,628)<br>£8,335,685<br>782,572<br>830,118<br>1,500,000<br>2,330,118<br>1,981,271<br>3,241,724<br>5,222,995<br>£8,335,685|**2020**<br>£<br>£<br>1,561,950<br>761,271<br>4,034,297<br>489,834<br>1,631,399<br>1,807,468<br>3,928,701<br>(1,719,906)<br>2,208,795<br>(230,628)<br>£8,335,685<br>782,572<br>830,118<br>1,500,000<br>2,330,118<br>1,981,271<br>3,241,724<br>5,222,995<br>£8,335,685|
|---|---|---|---|
||||£8,335,685|
||||782,572<br>2,330,118<br>5,222,995|
||||£8,335,685|



These accounts were approved by Council on 24[th] March 2022 and signed on behalf of the Trustees by 

________________________________ Treasurer 

________________________________ President 

Page **38** of **58** 

Document Ref: PFMTJ-GOUE6-8GHJS-3UNEZDocument Ref: 7XBDT-VLWAA-VQJ8C-AEHHG 

Page 1 of 1Page 1 of 2 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021** 

|**Notes**<br>**2021**<br>£<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Cash generated from operations<br>20<br>791,082<br>Interest paid<br>(8,202)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**operating activities**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Dividends, interest and rents from<br>investments<br>84,174<br>Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment<br>(3,111)<br>Purchase of Heritage Asset<br>(5,000)<br>Proceeds from sale of investments<br>11<br>596,031<br>Purchase of investments<br>11<br>(1,240,261)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**investing activities**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Repayments of Borrowing<br>(10,275)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**financing activities**<br>Change in cash and cash equivalents<br>in the reporting period<br>Cash and cash equivalents at the<br>beginning of the reporting period<br>Cash and cash equivalents at the end<br>of the reporting period<br>**Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt)**<br>**1st January**<br>**2021**<br>£<br>Short Term Deposit<br>1,631,399<br>Cash in Bank and in Hand<br>1,807,468<br>3,438,867<br>Loans<br>(230,628)<br>Net Funds/(Debt)<br>£3,208,239|**Notes**<br>**2021**<br>£<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Cash generated from operations<br>20<br>791,082<br>Interest paid<br>(8,202)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**operating activities**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Dividends, interest and rents from<br>investments<br>84,174<br>Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment<br>(3,111)<br>Purchase of Heritage Asset<br>(5,000)<br>Proceeds from sale of investments<br>11<br>596,031<br>Purchase of investments<br>11<br>(1,240,261)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**investing activities**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING**<br>**ACTIVITIES**<br>Repayments of Borrowing<br>(10,275)<br>**Net Cash provided by (used in)**<br>**financing activities**<br>Change in cash and cash equivalents<br>in the reporting period<br>Cash and cash equivalents at the<br>beginning of the reporting period<br>Cash and cash equivalents at the end<br>of the reporting period<br>**Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt)**<br>**1st January**<br>**2021**<br>£<br>Short Term Deposit<br>1,631,399<br>Cash in Bank and in Hand<br>1,807,468<br>3,438,867<br>Loans<br>(230,628)<br>Net Funds/(Debt)<br>£3,208,239|<br>£<br>782,880<br>(568,167)<br>(10,275)<br>204,438<br>3,438,867<br>£3,643,305<br>**Movement**<br>£<br>1,363,931<br>(1,159,493)|**2020**<br>£<br>£<br>580,702<br>(8,951)<br>571,751<br>86,370<br>(7,173)<br>-<br>303,598<br>(362,591)<br>20,204<br>(10,433)<br>(10,433)<br>581,522<br>2,857,345<br>£3,438,867<br> <br>**31st December**<br>**2021**<br>£<br> <br>2,995,330<br>647,975<br> <br>3,643,305<br>(220,353)<br> <br>£3,422,952|
|---|---|---|---|
|||||
||||<br> <br> <br>|
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||204,438<br>10,275||
|||£214,713||



Page **39** of **58** 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021** 

## 1. **ACCOUNTING POLICIES** 

The accounts are prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102 and the Charities SORP (FRS 102) and in compliance with the Charities Act 2011. The Society is a Public Benefit Entity. 

Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets, at rates calculated to write each asset down to its estimated residual value over its expected useful life as follows: 

|Property|50 years|
|---|---|
|Lift and associated refurbishment work|30 years|
|Furniture and Fixtures|10 years|
|Environmental Control|10 years|
|Office Equipment|3 years|



Investments are stated at mid-market value. Gains and losses on disposals and revaluations of fixed asset investments are reported in the Statement of Financial Activities and added to the funds to which they relate. 

Investment income is accounted for gross in the year of receipt. 

Donations and legacies are accounted for when the Society is unconditionally entitled to receipt. No account is taken of stock held for resale. 

Contributions income is stated net of amounts received in respect of future years. 

The Society is partially exempt for VAT purposes. Expenditure is stated net of VAT with irrecoverable VAT shown as a separate expense item. 

Support costs are allocated to charitable activities on the basis of estimates of staff time spent on those activities and, in relation to accommodation costs, the relative space used by those activities. 

Heritage assets donated to the Society are valued by an independent expert at the time of their donation. 

Expenditure is accounted for when there is a constructive or contractual liability arising. A provision is made when the amount payable cannot be determined with certainty. 

Page **40** of **58** 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 2. **DONATIONS AND LEGACIES** 

|Other Funds for Grants and Awards<br>John Marsden Fund<br>PRISM Project grant<br>Insurance Claim<br>Student Members Donations<br>Legacies<br>Other Donations<br>3.<br>**PUBLICATIONS**<br>Joint Publication Account (Note 5)<br>Contract Publication Income<br>Other Publication Sales<br>Royalties<br>4.<br>**OTHER TRADING ACTIVITIES**<br>Room Hire<br>Catering<br>Student Research Conference<br>Other|**2021**<br>**Unrestricted**<br>**Restricted**<br>**Funds**<br>**Funds**<br>£<br>£<br>8,927<br>-<br>-<br>485<br>-<br>-<br>26,726<br>-<br>-<br>475<br>305,328<br>50,000<br>11,489<br>-<br>£352,470<br>£50,960<br>**2021**<br>£<br>1,682,863<br>150,000<br>850<br>382<br>£1,834,095<br>**2021**<br>£<br>5,634<br>371<br>1,398<br>3,209<br>£10,612|**2020**<br>**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>£<br>9,539<br>1,679<br>844<br>-<br>-<br>228,552<br>4,367|
|---|---|---|
|||£244,981|
|||**2020**<br>£<br>1,656,895<br>150,000<br>362<br>573|
|||£1,807,830|
|||**2020**<br>£<br>6,467<br>536<br>227<br>1,473|
|||£8,703|



Page **41** of **58** 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 5. **JOINT PUBLICATION ACCOUNT** 

|**2021**<br>**Total**<br>**Publisher**<br>**Share**<br>£<br>£<br>**SALES**<br>Journals<br>2,243,817<br>2,243,817<br>560,954<br>**PUBLICATION COSTS**<br>Production and<br>Distribution<br>141,778<br>Editorial<br>Publishers’ Overheads<br>-<br>141,778<br>35,445<br>**SURPLUS**<br>2,102,039<br>525,509<br>**Other Costs Incurred by Society**<br>Editorial Costs<br>**SUMMARY**<br>Society’s share of Income – Note 3<br>Society’s share of Joint costs<br>and other directly incurred<br>costs||**2021**||<br>**2020**<br>**Total**<br>**Publisher**<br>**Share**<br>£<br>£<br>2,209,193<br>2,209,193<br>552,298<br>174,418<br>13<br>-<br>174,431<br>43,608|**2020**|<br>**Society**<br>**Share**<br>£<br>1,656,895<br>130,823|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||**Total**<br>**Publisher**<br>**Share**<br>£<br>£<br>2,243,817<br>2,243,817<br>560,954<br>141,778<br>-<br>141,778<br>35,445|**Society**<br>**Share**<br>£<br>1,682,863<br>106,333||||
||||||||
||||||||
||||||||
||||||||
|||2,102,039<br>525,509|1,576,530<br>(121,566)|2,034,762<br>508,690||1,526,072<br>(115,592)|
||||||||
||||£1,454,964|||£1,410,480|
||||1,682,863<br>(227,899)|||1,656,895<br>(246,415)|
||||£1,454,964|||£1,410,480|



Page **42** of **58** 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 6. **CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES** 

|**Education**<br>Education Costs<br>Local Nature Grant<br>Lancaster University Science Hunter<br>Stemettes<br>Science Writers<br>One Direction Grant<br>Support Costs<br>Total<br>**Publications**<br>Joint Publication Account (Note 5)<br>The Linnean Newsletter and Pulse<br>Support Costs<br>**Scientific Meetings**<br>Expenditure<br>Support Costs<br>**Collections**<br>Expenditure<br>Cataloguing<br>Support Costs<br>**Collections (Curatorial)**<br>The Linnaeus Link Project<br>Support Costs<br>**Collections: (Conservation &**<br>**Digitisation)**<br>Hosting of images<br>Insurance damage<br>Support Costs<br>**Research Sponsorship**<br>Total|**Activities**<br>**Undertaken**<br>**Directly**<br>**Grant**<br>**Funding**<br>**Activities**<br>**Support**<br>**Costs**<br>**(Note 8)**<br>**Total 2021**<br>**Total 2020**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>21,520<br>-<br>-<br>21,520<br>24,175<br>6,000<br>-<br>-<br>6,000<br>5,998<br>16,920<br>-<br>-<br>16,920<br>10,952<br>23,000<br>-<br>-<br>23,000<br>-<br>7,810<br>-<br>7,810<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>844<br>-<br>-<br>197,460<br>197,460<br>200,715|
|---|---|
||75,250<br>-<br>197,460<br>272,710<br>242,684|
||227,899<br>-<br>-<br>227,899<br>246,415<br>21,024<br>-<br>-<br>21,024<br>20,984<br>-<br>-<br>157,987<br>157,987<br>151,859|
||248,923<br>-<br>157,987<br>406,910<br>419,258|
||3,922<br>-<br>-<br>3,922<br>4,356<br>-<br>-<br>188,877<br>188,877<br>184,290|
||3,922<br>-<br>188,877<br>192,799<br>188,646|
||8,899<br>-<br>-<br>8,899<br>8,503<br>579<br>-<br>-<br>579<br>922<br>308,332<br>308,332<br>294,692|
||9,478<br>-<br>308,332<br>317,810<br>304,117|
||10,250<br>-<br>-<br>10,250<br>9,518<br>-<br>-<br>141,390<br>141,390<br>146,639|
||10,250<br>-<br>141,390<br>151,640<br>156,157|
||30,980<br>5,715<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>30,980<br>5,715<br>36,413<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>104,976<br>104,976<br>111,588|
||36,695<br>-<br>104,976<br>141,671<br>148,001|
||-<br>49,797<br>26,518<br>76,315<br>76,630|
||£384,518<br>£49,797<br>£1,125,540<br>£1,559,855<br>£1,535,493|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 6. **CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES (CONTINUED)** 

The grants set out above include grants made to individuals.  In total, grants were paid to 34 individuals (2020: 37) during the year. 

## 7. **GOVERNANCE COSTS** 

|**GOVERNANCE COSTS**|||
|---|---|---|
|Expenses of Officers and Council<br>Audit Fee<br>Legal and Professional Fees<br>Staff and Other Related Costs|**2021**<br>£<br>-<br>5,900<br>13,555<br>44,976<br>£64,431|**2020**<br>£<br>3,341<br>5,700<br>26,810<br>26,092|
|||£61,943|



Page **44** of **58** 



LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

|**8. SUPPORT COSTS**<br>**Education**<br>£<br>Salaries and Wages<br>163,556<br>Premises Costs<br>12,730<br>Repairs and Maintenance<br>9,916<br>Office Costs<br>-<br>Other Costs (depreciation,<br>rent provision)<br>-<br>Governance Costs<br>11,258<br>£197,460<br>2020<br>£200,715<br>**SALARY COSTS**<br>Gross Salary<br>Employers National Insurance<br>Employers Pension Contribution<br>Charged direct to projects<br>Charged to support costs<br>Charged to Governance|**Education**<br>£<br>163,556<br>12,730<br>9,916<br>-<br>-<br>11,258|<br>**Publications**<br>**Scientific**<br>**Meetings**<br>**Library**<br>**Collections**<br>**Curatorial**<br>**Collections**<br>**Conservation**<br>**& Digitisation**<br>**Research**<br>**Sponsorship**<br>**Total**<br>**2021**<br>**Total**<br>**2020**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>97,293<br>97,472<br>140,905<br>79,345<br>74,729<br>16,082<br>669,382<br>598,883<br>4,627<br>5,501<br>7,308<br>1,707<br>5,083<br>-<br>36,956<br>108,233<br>5,289<br>10,577<br>10,577<br>15,069<br>15,069<br>-<br>66,497<br>85,411<br>3,346<br>5,257<br>10,754<br>2,868<br>239<br>716<br>23,180<br>15,363<br>38,424<br>59,299<br>121,207<br>34,340<br>3,871<br>8,208<br>265,349<br>241,150<br>9,008<br>10,771<br>17,581<br>8,061<br>5,985<br>1,512<br>64,176<br>61,943|
|---|---|---|
||£197,460|£157,987<br>£188,877<br>£308,332<br>£141,390<br>£104,976<br>£26,518<br>1,125,540<br>£1,110,983|
||£200,715|£151,859<br>£184,290<br>£294,692<br>£146,639<br>£111,588<br>£21,200<br>£1,110,983<br>**2021**<br>**Total**<br>**2020**<br>**Total**<br>£<br>£<br>582,678<br>519,738<br>69,663<br>52,350<br>52,837<br>44,954<br>705,178<br>£617,042<br>-<br>-<br>669,382<br>598,883<br>35,796<br>18,159<br>£705,178<br>£617,042|



The average number of employees was 21 (2020: 19). 

One employee earned more than £60,000.  The total emoluments of the senior management team amounted to £210,428 (2020: £161,647). Council and Committee members provide their services gratis and receive only out of pocket expenses. 

No Travel and subsistence expenses were claimed for by Officers and Council and Committee members in 2021 (2020: 7) amounting in total to £0 (2020: £3,341). Redundancy costs in 2021 were £10,895 (2020: £0). 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 9. **HERITAGE ASSETS** 

|**HERITAGE ASSETS**||
|---|---|
|Heritage assets acquired since 2010|**2021**|
|**COST**<br>At 1st January 2021 made up of<br>Darwin’s Books<br>1,500,000<br>Nepal Maps<br>21,000<br>Smith Diaries<br>5,000<br>Opie Paintings<br>25,000<br>The Transylvania Florilegium   Vol 1<br>5,475<br>The Transylvania Florilegium   Vol 2<br>5,475<br>**Addition 2021**<br>Tyley Drawing<br>**At 31st December 2021**<br>**DEPRECIATION**<br>At 1st January 2020<br>Charge for the Year<br>**At 31st December 2021**<br>**NET BOOK VALUE**<br>At 31st December 2020<br>At 31st December 2021|£<br>1,561,950<br>5,000|
||1,566,950|
||-<br>-|
||-|
|||
||£1,561,950|
||£1,566,950|



In 2015, the Society received from the Charles Darwin Trust a gift of Darwinian and Wallacean material which contained many key works, manuscripts and letters which has been valued at £1.5m. In accordance with FRS 102, donated heritage assets have been included at valuation. 

The Society also holds a large number of scientific and historic assets which cannot easily be valued and which will not be sold because the maintenance is part of the primary objective of the Society. As a result, these heritage assets are not included in the Balance Sheet. These assets comprise: 

a. biological specimens b. books and c. manuscripts, d. portraits and busts periodicals including notebooks, letters and artworks 

These heritage assets the Society are of primary value, internationally, to the biological sciences, and in terms of cultural value, to the history of science. The main collections of dried plant material, preserved animal specimens, books and manuscripts and correspondence of Carl Linnaeus and Sir James Edward Smith provide the foundation for classification, taxonomy and nomenclature. 

All this material is irreplaceable and so it is stored under optimum environmental conditions. The collections themselves are accessible physically by any _bona fide_ research worker, accompanied by a curator or appropriate member of staff. The Society, with generous grant funding, has financed the digitisation of this material, and these images are accessible to all, at no charge, through the Society’s website. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

The Society’s Collection Development Policy recommends that any additional material must be in fields relevant to existing material. 

The Society’s insurance policies cover damage to the fabric of the building and the seek-and-find or repair of the Library’s book stock, manuscripts, paintings and busts, but not the plant and animal collections as they are unique and irreplaceable. As such, they are invaluable to research and science but are valueless for insurance purposes. 

## 10. **TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS** 

|**COST**<br>At 1stJanuary 2021<br>Additions in Year<br>**At 31st December 2021**<br>**DEPRECIATION**<br>At 1stJanuary 2020<br>Charge for the Year<br>**At 31st December 2020**<br>**NET BOOK VALUE**<br>At 31stDecember 2021<br>At 31stDecember 2020|**Freehold**<br>**Property**<br>**Lift and**<br>**Building**<br>**Works**<br>**Air**<br>**Conditioning**<br>**Office**<br>**Equipment**<br>**Other**<br>**Total**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>518,854<br>225,752<br>57,759<br>178,128<br>317,297<br>1,297,790<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>3,111<br>-<br>3,111|
|---|---|
||<br>518,854<br>225,752<br>57,759<br>181,239<br>317,297<br>1,300,901|
||61,628<br>60,200<br>57,759<br>167,850<br>189,082<br>536,519<br>7,377<br>7,525<br>-<br>8,587<br>23,024<br>46,513|
||<br>69,005<br>67,725<br>57,759<br>176,437<br>212,106<br>583,032|
||£449,849<br>£158,027<br>£-<br>£4,802<br>£105,191<br>£717,869|
||£457,226<br>£165,552<br>£-<br>£10,278<br>£128,215<br>£761,271|



## 11. **INVESTMENTS** 

|UK Fixed Interest<br>UK Equities<br>Overseas Equities<br>**Investment Portfolio**<br>Market Value brought forward<br>Add: Acquisitions<br>Less:  Disposals<br>Realised Gains (Losses) on<br>Disposals<br>Gain (Loss) on Revaluation<br>Market Value carried forward||**2021**<br>**Book**<br>**Cost**<br>**Market**<br>**Value**<br>£<br>£<br>67,356<br>44,717<br>2,170,950<br>2,843,342<br>1,236,169<br>2,233,430<br>£3,474,475<br>£5,121,489<br> <br>4,034,297<br>1,240,261<br>(596,031)<br>109,685<br>333,277<br>£5,121,489||**2020**<br>**Book**<br>**Cost**<br>**Market**<br>**Value**<br>£<br>£<br>67,356<br>49,385<br>1,474,458<br>1,930,407<br>1,178,645<br>2,054,505<br>£2,720,459<br>£4,034,297<br> <br> <br>3,903,741<br> <br>362,591<br> <br>(303,598)<br> <br>(71,428)<br> <br>142,991<br> <br>£4,034,297|**2020**<br>**Book**<br>**Cost**<br>**Market**<br>**Value**<br>£<br>£<br>67,356<br>49,385<br>1,474,458<br>1,930,407<br>1,178,645<br>2,054,505<br>£2,720,459<br>£4,034,297<br> <br> <br>3,903,741<br> <br>362,591<br> <br>(303,598)<br> <br>(71,428)<br> <br>142,991<br> <br>£4,034,297|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||**Book**<br>**Cost**<br>£<br>67,356<br>2,170,950<br>1,236,169<br>£3,474,475||**Book**<br>**Cost**<br>£<br>67,356<br>1,474,458<br>1,178,645<br>£2,720,459<br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br> <br>||
||||||£4,034,297|
||||||3,903,741<br>362,591<br>(303,598)<br>(71,428)<br>142,991|
||||||£4,034,297|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

Investments are held on a long-term basis to generate investment income for the Society. Realised Gains represent the difference between the sales proceeds and original cost of investments sold during the year.  Revaluation gains and losses arise from the revaluation of investments to market value at the year-end. 

## 12. **DEBTORS** 

|Due from Publisher 2021<br>Prepayments<br>Other Debtors|**2021**<br>£<br>440,979<br>52,549<br>14,977<br>£508,505|**2020**<br>£<br>389,590<br>40,730<br>59,514|
|---|---|---|
|||£489,834|



## 13. **CREDITORS:** Amounts falling due within one year 

|Contributions received in advance<br>Publishing income received in advance<br>Rent Provision<br>VAT<br>Deferred Expenditure<br>Other Creditors|**2021**<br>£<br>60,317<br>1,184,657<br>22,880<br>225,519<br>16,500<br>132,142<br>1,642,015|**2020**<br>£<br>59,411<br>1,285,550<br>22,880<br>209,729<br>49,433<br>92,903|
|---|---|---|
|||£1,719,906|



## 14. **CREDITORS:** Amounts falling due after one year 

|Mortgage on Toynbee Property|**2021**<br>£<br>220,353<br>£220,353|**2020**<br>£<br>230,628|
|---|---|---|
|||£230,628|



The Toynbee mortgage is payable at 3.56% above base rate over 25 years and is secured on the property. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 15. **ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2021** 

|Westwood Fund<br>Trail-Crisp Fund<br>Hooker Fund<br>Goodenough Fund<br>Minchin Fund<br>Jane Jackson Fund<br>The HH Bloomer Fund<br>P. Appleyard Fund<br>Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund<br>Omer Cooper Fund<br>Bonhote Fund<br>Jill Smythies Prize Fund<br>Irene Manton Prize Fund<br>A.G. Side Fund<br>Jan Gillett Fund<br>Denis Owen Fund<br>Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund<br>Trewavas/Greenwood Fund<br>Eleanor McMillan Fund<br>Zimmerman Fund<br>John Marsden Fund<br>The John Topp Fund||**Permanent Endowments**<br>**Balance at**<br>**1. 1.21**<br>**Endowments**<br>**Received**<br>**Gain/(Loss)**<br>**on MV**<br>**Balance**<br>**31.12.21**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>7,659<br>-<br>716<br>8,375<br>6,902<br>-<br>665<br>7,567<br>17,761<br>-<br>1,711<br>19,472<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>79,816<br>-<br>7,688<br>87,504<br>19,028<br>-<br>1,796<br>20,824<br>80,224<br>-<br>7,555<br>87,779<br>46,321<br>-<br>4,417<br>50,738<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>32,305<br>-<br>2,968<br>35,273<br>53,581<br>-<br>5,161<br>58,742<br>66,630<br>-<br>6,418<br>73,048<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>197,099<br>-<br>18,985<br>216,084<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>175,246<br>-<br>18,162<br>193,408<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-||**Restricted Funds**<br>**Balance at**<br>**1.1.21**<br>**Incoming**<br>**Resources**<br>**Resources**<br>**Expended &**<br>**Transfers**<br>**Gain/(Loss)**<br>**on MV**<br>**Balance at**<br>**31.12.21**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>212<br>146<br>(146)<br>-<br>212<br>2,318<br>171<br>(65)<br>178<br>2,602<br>15,211<br>529<br>(203)<br>890<br>16,427<br>34,054<br>568<br>(1,006)<br>2,791<br>36,407<br>1,544<br>30<br>(30)<br>149<br>1,693<br>-<br>1,564<br>(1,564)<br>-<br>-<br>5,856<br>474<br>(382)<br>534<br>6,482<br>15,545<br>1,687<br>(646)<br>742<br>17,328<br>2,987<br>938<br>(360)<br>196<br>3,761<br>73,080<br>1,185<br>(1,185)<br>5,826<br>78,906<br>1,123<br>609<br>(609)<br>27<br>1,150<br>813<br>1,049<br>(402)<br>-<br>1,460<br>10,051<br>1,450<br>(1,556)<br>712<br>10,657<br>68,916<br>1,185<br>(1,185)<br>5,825<br>74,741<br>9,551<br>145<br>(56)<br>713<br>10,353<br>2,218<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>2,218<br>135,191<br>6,033<br>(5,313)<br>10,684<br>146,595<br>37,196<br>614<br>(235)<br>3,018<br>40,593<br>201,956<br>3,745<br>(1,435)<br>18,414<br>222,680<br>35,855<br>3,712<br>(1,423)<br>-<br>38,144<br>30,652<br>1,025<br>(1,256)<br>2,655<br>33,076<br>145,789<br>2,099<br>(210)<br>10,322<br>158,000|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|<br>Gertrude Marsh-Looi Fund||||<br> <br> <br> <br> <br>50,000<br>-<br>-<br>50,000|
|**PROJECT FUNDS**<br>Student Membership Fund<br>**HERITAGE ASSET**<br>Charles Darwin Trust<br>**TOTAL**||£782,572<br>£-<br>£76,242<br>£858,814||<br> <br>£830,118<br>78,958<br>£(19,267)<br>£63,676<br>953,485|
|||<br> <br> <br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-||<br> <br> <br> <br> <br>475<br>-<br>475|
|||£-<br>£-<br>£-<br>£-||£-<br>£475<br>£-<br>£-<br>£475|
||||||
|||-<br>-<br>-<br>-|£1,500,000<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>£1,500,000||
||||<br>||
|||£782,572<br>£-<br>£76,242<br>£858,814|£2,330,118<br>£79,433<br>£(19,267)<br>£63,676<br>£2,453,960||



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 15. **ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2020** 

|Westwood Fund<br>Trail-Crisp Fund<br>Hooker Fund<br>Goodenough Fund<br>Minchin Fund<br>Jane Jackson Fund<br>The HH Bloomer Fund<br>P. Appleyard Fund<br>Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund<br>Omer Cooper Fund<br>Bonhote Fund<br>Jill Smythies Prize Fund<br>Irene Manton Prize Fund<br>A.G. Side Fund<br>Jan Gillett Fund<br>Denis Owen Fund<br>Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund<br>Trewavas/Greenwood Fund<br>Eleanor McMillan Fund<br>Zimmerman Fund<br>John Marsden Fund<br>The John Topp Fund<br>**PROJECT FUNDS**<br>One Direction Projection<br>**HERITAGE ASSET**<br>Charles Darwin Trust<br>**TOTAL**||**Permanent Endowments**<br>**Balance at**<br>**1. 1.20**<br>**Endowments**<br>**Received**<br>**Gain/(Loss)**<br>**on MV**<br>**Balance**<br>**31.12.20**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>7,526<br>-<br>133<br>7,659<br>6,779<br>-<br>123<br>6,902<br>17,444<br>-<br>317<br>17,761<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>78,390<br>-<br>1,426<br>79,816<br>18,695<br>-<br>333<br>19,028<br>78,822<br>-<br>1,402<br>80,224<br>45,502<br>-<br>819<br>46,321<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>31,754<br>-<br>551<br>32,305<br>52,623<br>-<br>958<br>53,581<br>65,439<br>-<br>1,191<br>66,630<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>193,577<br>-<br>3,522<br>197,099<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>171,876<br>-<br>3,370<br>175,246<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-||**Restricted Funds**<br>**Balance at**<br>**1.1.20**<br>**Incoming**<br>**Resources**<br>**Resources**<br>**Expended &**<br>**Transfers**<br>**Gain/(Loss)**<br>**on MV**<br>**Balance at**<br>**31.12.20**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>212<br>150<br>(150)<br>-<br>212<br>2,151<br>176<br>(42)<br>33<br>2,318<br>14,633<br>545<br>(132)<br>165<br>15,211<br>34,104<br>584<br>(1,152)<br>518<br>34,054<br>1,516<br>31<br>(31)<br>28<br>1,544<br>-<br>1,610<br>(1,610)<br>-<br>-<br>5,587<br>488<br>(318)<br>99<br>5,856<br>16,091<br>1,737<br>(2,421)<br>138<br>15,545<br>4,219<br>966<br>(2,234)<br>36<br>2,987<br>71,999<br>1,220<br>(1,220)<br>1,081<br>73,080<br>1,118<br>627<br>(627)<br>5<br>1,123<br>932<br>1,143<br>(1,262)<br>-<br>813<br>9,787<br>1,493<br>(1,361)<br>132<br>10,051<br>67,835<br>1,219<br>(1,219)<br>1,081<br>68,916<br>9,306<br>149<br>(36)<br>132<br>9,551<br>2,218<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>2,218<br>131,500<br>6,211<br>(4,502)<br>1,982<br>135,191<br>36,157<br>632<br>(153)<br>560<br>37,196<br>195,617<br>3,855<br>(932)<br>3,416<br>201,956<br>32,762<br>4,032<br>(939)<br>-<br>35,855<br>30,108<br>2,172<br>(2,121)<br>493<br>30,652<br>142,235<br>2,161<br>(522)<br>1,915<br>145,789|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||£768,427<br>£-<br>£14,145<br>£782,572||<br> <br> <br> <br> <br>£810,087<br>£31,201<br>£(22,984)<br>£11,814<br>£830,118|
|||<br> <br> <br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-||<br> <br> <br> <br> <br>844<br>-<br>(844)<br>-<br>-|
|||£-<br>£-<br>£-<br>£-||£,844<br>-<br>£(844)<br>-<br>-|
|||||<br>|
|||-<br>-<br>-<br>-|£1,500,000<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>£1,500,000||
||||<br>||
|||£768,427<br>£-<br>£14,145<br>£782,572|£2,310,931<br>£31,201<br>£(23,828)<br>£11,814<br>£2,330,118||



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 15. **ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS (CONTINUED)** 

## **EXPLANATORY NOTE** 

Permanent Endowments represent capital funds where only the income arising may be spent. Unspent income balances are disclosed as separate restricted funds, available to be spent in the future, although, from time to time, unspent balances may be added to capital. 

Restricted funds may only be spent for the purpose prescribed by the donor. 

|16.<br>**DESIGNATED FUNDS**<br>Mortgage Liability<br>Collections Fund<br>Development Fund<br>Fixed Asset Fund<br>Legal Costs Fund<br>Building Fund|**2021**<br>£<br>220,353<br>20,000<br>200,000<br>497,515<br>100,000<br>1,750,000<br>£2,787,868|**2020**<br>£<br>230,628<br>20,000<br>200,000<br>530,643<br>100,000<br>900,000|
|---|---|---|
|||£1,981,271|



A Fixed Asset Fund has been set up as a separate designated reserve from 2013 to represent the extent to which the Society’s general reserve has been utilised to acquire fixed assets. This ensures that the balance on the general reserve gives a better indication of the funds available to the Society. Other Designated Funds have been established to reflect potential future costs and liabilities of the Society. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.75M. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

|17.<br>**GENERAL RESERVE**<br>Balance 1stJanuary<br>Net Movement in funds for the year<br>Transfer from Designated Funds<br>Transfer (to) Designated Funds<br>Transfer from Restricted Funds<br>Balance at 31stDecember|**2021**<br>£<br>3,241,724<br>1,159,981<br>43,403<br>(850,000)<br>-<br>£3,595,108|**2020**<br>£<br>2,654,248<br>796,209<br>-<br>(208,733)<br>-|
|---|---|---|
|||£3,241,724|



## 18. **ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2021** 

|Endowment and<br>Restricted Funds<br>Unrestricted Funds|**Investments**<br>**Fixed**<br>**Assets**<br>**Current**<br>**Assets**<br>**Liabilities**<br>**Total**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>1,750,122<br>1,500,000<br>62,652            -<br>3,312,774<br>3,371,367<br>784,819<br>4,089,158<br>(1,862,368)<br>6,382,976|
|---|---|
||£5,121,489<br>£2,284,819<br>£4,151,810<br>£(1,862,368)<br>£9,695,750|



## **ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2020** 

|||**Fixed**|**Current**|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||**Investments**|**Assets**|**Assets**|**Liabilities**|**Total**|
||£|£|£|£|£|
|Endowment and||||||
|Restricted Funds|1,493,816|1,500,000|118,874|-|3,112,690|
|Unrestricted Funds|2,540,481|823,221|3,809,827|(1,950,534)|5,222,995|
||£4,034,297|£2,323,221|£3,928,701|£(1,950,534)|£8,335,685|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 19. **PREMISES** 

The Society has a long term (80 year) lease on its New Burlington House premises which was negotiated in 2005 with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, now administered by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC). The annual rent is based on Government accounting methodology involving annual valuations. Negotiations are continuing with DLUHC with the aim of acquiring an affordable and sustainable updated lease. 

## 20. **RECONCILIATION OF NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE) TO NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES** 

|Net income for the reporting period<br>Adjustments for:<br>Interest paid<br>Depreciation<br>(Gains)/Losses on investments<br>Dividends, interest and rents from investments<br>(Increase)/Decrease in Debtors<br>Increase/(Decrease) in Creditors|**2021**<br>£<br>1,360,065<br>8,202<br>46,513<br>(442,962)<br>(84,174)<br>(18,671)<br>(77,891)<br>£791,082|**2020**<br>£<br>829,541<br>8,951<br>48,440<br>(71,563)<br>(86,370)<br>(70,238)<br>(78,059)|
|---|---|---|
|||£580,702|



## 21. **RELATED PARTY DECLARATIONS** 

There were no transactions with related parties during the year. 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## 22. **STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2020** 

|**Notes**<br>**Income and Endowments From:**<br>Donations and Legacies<br>2<br>Charitable Activities<br>Members’ Contributions<br>Publications<br>3<br>Scientific Meetings<br>Library<br>Other Trading Activities<br>4<br>Investments<br>**Total Income and Endowments**<br>**Expenditure On:**<br>**Raising Funds**<br>Investment Management Costs<br>**Charitable Activities**<br>6<br>Education<br>Publications<br>Scientific Meetings<br>Library<br>Collections: (Curatorial)<br>Collections: (Conservation &<br>Digitisation)<br>Research Sponsorship<br>**Total Expenditure**<br>**Net Income/(Expenditure)**<br>**before Investment Gains/(Losses)**<br>Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments<br>**Net Income/(Expenditure)**<br>Transfers<br>**Other Recognised Gains/(Losses)**<br>**NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS**<br>Fund balance brought forward at<br>31/12/2019<br>Fund balance carried forward at<br>31/12/2020|**Unrestricted Restricted Endowment**<br>**2020**<br>**Funds**<br>**Funds**<br>**Funds**<br>**Total**<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>£<br>243,302<br>1,679<br>-<br>244,981<br>149,557<br>-<br>-<br>149,557<br>1,807,830<br>-<br>-<br>1,807,830<br>1,418<br>-<br>-<br>1,418<br>6,055<br>-<br>-<br>6,055<br>8,703<br>-<br>-<br>8,703<br>56,848<br>29,522<br>-<br>86,370|
|---|---|
||2,273,713<br>31,201<br>-<br>2,304,914|
||7,292<br>4,151<br>-<br>11,443<br>241,840<br>844<br>-<br>242,684<br>419,258<br>-<br>-<br>419,258<br>188,646<br>-<br>-<br>188,646<br>304,117<br>-<br>-<br>304,117<br>156,157<br>-<br>-<br>156,157<br>148,001<br>-<br>-<br>148,001<br>57,797<br>18,833<br>-<br>76,630|
||1,523,108<br>23,828<br>-<br>1,546,936|
||750,605<br>7,373<br>-<br>757,978|
||45,604<br>11,814<br>14,145<br>71,563|
||796,209<br>19,187<br>14,145<br>829,541<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-|
||796,209<br>19,187<br>14,145<br>829,541|
||4,426,786<br>2,310,931<br>768,427<br>7,506,144|
||£5,222,995<br>£2,330,118<br>£782,572<br>£8,335,685|



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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

## **Appendix: Full Listing of the Linnean Society’s Meetings, Events and Workshops 2021** 

**20 January 2021 Exploring the Future of Botanical Image Making** Lunchtime Lecture Laurence Hill, Botanical Photographer and Artist 

**21 January 2021 Climbing Slippery Surfaces: The Biomechanics of Insect-Plant Interactions** Evening Meeting Dr Walter Federle, University of Cambridge 

**10 February 2021 Citizen Science for Natural History and Conservation in India** Lunchtime Lecture Suhel Quader, Nature Conservation Foundation 

**18 February 2021 Climate Change and Marine Turtles** Evening Meeting Dr Annette Broderick, University of Exeter 

**25 February 2021 JBS Haldane: The Last Man who Knew all there was to be known** Nature Reader Samanth Subramanian, Journalist and author 

**3 March 2021 Linnean Future Launch Event** Special Event Linnean Future Committee 

**4 March 2021 Snake Venoms in Attack and Defence** Evening Meeting Dr Wolfgang Wüster, Bangor University 

**12 March 2021 Linnaeus, Race and Sex** Day Meeting Organised by Stella Sandford and Isabelle Charmantier 

**18 March 2021 Encounters at a Regional Botanical Reintroduction Programme** Lunchtime Lecture Joshua Styles, Botanist 

**1 April 2021 Movements and habits of plants and axons: A unified theory of tropism** Evening Meeting **and taxis** Professor Alain Goriely, University of Oxford 

**13 April 2021 Plant Blindness: How to Put Plants Back in the Picture** Special Event Dawn Sanders, Geetanjali Sachdev, Sven Batke, Sophie Leguil 

**14 April 2021 Why the World Should be Harnessing the Predatory Power of Wasps** Lunchtime Lecture Professor Seirian Sumner, UCL 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

**22 April 2021 Around the World in 80 Plants** Nature Reader Jon Drori, Conservationist/writer **5 May 2021 What were Mesozoic Mammals Eating?** Lunchtime Lecture Dr Nuria Melisa Morales-García, University of Bristol **13 May 2021 Herbaria: Collectively Saving Plant and Fungal Biodiversity** Evening Meeting Dr Barbara Thiers, New York Botanical Garden **16 June 2021 Corfu Butterfly Conservation** Lunchtime Lecture Dr Dan Danahar, Biodiversity Educationist **21 June 2021 Put a Pin in it: Exploring the Insect Collections of Linnaeus and Smith** Insect Week Special Sue Ryder, Natural History Museum, London **22 June 2021 Forensic Entomology: Insect Deputies can Solve Crimes** Insect Week Special Dr Mark Benecke, Forensic Biologist **22 June 2021 Gardens: A Vital Refuge for Pollinators** Insect Week Special Nick Tew, University of Bristol **23 June 2021 'We the Tormentors': Death, Emotions, and Gender in Entomology** Insect Week Special Joanne Green, Univeristy of Cambridge **24 June 2021 Fly on the Ceiling: How Insects can Inspire Technology** Insect Week Special Professor Stanislav Gorb, Univeristy of Kiel **28–29 June 2021 Evolution ‘On Purpose’: Teleonomy in Living Systems** Day Meeting Peter Corning and Dick Vane-Wright **8 July 2021 The Return of Nature** Evening Meeting Isabella Tree, Conservationist and Author **14 July 2021 Borderlands: Road Verges as Highways for Wildlife** Lunchtime Lecture Dr Phil Sterling, Butterfly Conservation 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

**15 July 2021 The Wardian Case: A Simple Box that Moved Plants and Changed the** Nature Reader **World** Luke Keogh, Curator and Historian **20 July 2021 Linnean Lens: Carl Linnaeus’s student manuscript** Linnean Lens Dr Isabelle Charmantier **4 August 2021 New and Emerging Threats to Plant and Tree Health in the UK** Lunchtime Lecture Professor Nicola Spence, Chief Plant Health Officer, DEFRA **24 August 2021 Linnean Lens: Anna Atkins’s Cyanotype Impressions** Linnean Lens Will Beharrell **2 September 2021 Richard Spruce on the Rio Negro: Reanimating Biocultural Collections** Evening Meeting Luciana Martins, Mark Nesbitt and William Milliken **8 September 2021 Niche Partition without Speciation: Web Polymorphism on an Island Spider** Lunchtime Lecture Darko Cotoras, California Academy of Sciences **21 September 2021 Linnean Lens:** _**Ortus Sanitatis**_ **(1491)** Linnean Lens Dr Isabelle Charmantier **23 September 2021 The Global Heritage of British Natural History** Evening Meeting Professor Pratik Chakrabarti, University of Manchester **24 September 2021 Natural History and Visual Art from the Margins** Day Meeting Organised by Julie Kim and Isabelle Charmantier **7 October 2021 Nature & The Psyche: Why Our Minds Need the Wild** Nature Reader Lucy Jones (Writer) and Dr Mark Spencer 

**14 October 2021 The Role of Science in Government** Science Policy Lecture Professor Ian Boyd, University of St Andrews 

**11 November 2021 Unmaking the Ocean: A Law of the Sea for the Anthropocene** Evening Meeting Dr Surabhi Ranganathan, University of Cambridge 

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2021 

**18 November 2021 Taming Fruit: From Fruit Forests and Oases to Orchards** Nature Reader Bernd Brunner, Writer **23 November 2021 Linnean Lens: Carl Linnaeus’s** _**Species Plantarum**_ **and Naming Nature** Linnean Lens Dr Mark Spencer, Botanist **24 November 2021 The Journey of a Golden Fish in a Mystical Land** Lunchtime Lecture Dr Julie Claussen, Fisheries Conservation Foundation **9 December 2021 Entangled Life: How Fungi Change our Minds and Shape our Futures** Christmas Lecture Dr Merlin Sheldrake, Biologist and Writer **14 December 2021 Paintings of Indian Birds: the Shortt Collection** Linnean Lens Dr Henry Noltie, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 

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