2022-12-31-accounts

Registered number: 06429421 Charity number: 1122750

ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

LUBBOCK FINE LLP Chartered Accountants Paternoster House 65 St Paul's Churchyard London EC4M 8AB

ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

CONTENTS

	Page
Reference and Administrative Details of the Charity, its Trustees and Advisers	1
Trustee's Report	2 - 80
Independent Examiner's Report	81
Statement of Financial Activities	82
Balance Sheet	83
Notes to the Financial Statements	84 - 94

ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS OF THE CHARITY, ITS TRUSTEES AND ADVISERS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Trustees	Vincent Chevance
Company registered number 06429421 Charity registered number 1122750 Registered office 25 Brooks Mews London W1K 4DZ Company secretary Jean-Baptise Chevance Accountants Lubbock Fine LLP Chartered Accountants & Statutory Auditors Paternoster House 65 St Paul's Churchyard London EC4M 8AB

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

The Trustee presents the annual report, which includes the directors report, together with the financial statements of the Archaeology and Development Foundation for the period from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022. The Trustee confirms that the Annual Report and financial statements of the Charity comply with the current statutory requirements, the requirements of the Charity's governing document and the provisions of the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP), applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019).

Since the company qualifies as small under section 383, the strategic report required of medium and large companies under The Companies Act 2006 (Strategic Report and Director's Report) Regulations 2013 is not required.

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Archaeology and Development Foundation is a company, incorporated on 16 November 2007, governed by its Memorandum and Articles of Association. It registered as a charity with the Charity Commission for England & Wales on 12 February 2008.

New Trustees are appointed by the members. The Trustees may appoint a person who is willing to act to be a Trustee, either to fill a vacancy or as an additional trustee.

New Trustees are briefed on their legal obligation under charity and company law, the content of the Memorandum and Articles of Association, the committee and decision making processes, the business plan and recent financial performance of the charity.

In setting the objectives and planning the activity of the charity, the Trustees have given careful consideration to the Charity Commission's general guidance on public benefit.

OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES

The objectives of the charitable company as set out in the governing document are:

The Archaeology and Development Foundation has been undertaking archaeological research in Phnom Kulen since 2008. One of the objectives is to understand the extent of this first capital as well as to define the various settlements during the period of time, from pre angkorian period to the post angkorian period. Working in close collaboration with the APSARA National Authority (National Authority in charge of Angkor region), the Ministry of Environment and other institutional partners, ADF is the main institution working on both development and archaeology in Phnom Kulen.

ADF is also disseminating the archaeological knowledge of the findings. Reports and conferences are regularly given and specific publications on archaeological research are also published in specialised review.

Historically, geographically and from a hydrologic point of view, Phnom Kulen is very closely linked with Angkor World heritage site. The Royal Government of Cambodia has registered Phnom Kulen on the indicative list of the world heritage site, and ADF is working closely with UNESCO and APSARA to move toward the recognition of this site and to meet the standards of a world heritage site.

Additionally, ADF is strongly collaborating with the Ministry of Environment, in charge of the Phnom Kulen National Park, for the management of the protected areas. Others activities in the environmental protection field are implemented such as reforestation, environmental awareness campaigns, demarcation of protected areas, training and supporting to ranger patrols in the National Park, mapping etc.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Conservation and protection of the sites

In the post war years (1990's) Cambodia suffered from endless looting. It is well known that archaeological site protection goes hand in hand with an increased local awareness that arises as a result of research and conservation programmes.

The Phnom Kulen programme is providing APSARA Authority a better knowledge of the archaeological value of the plateau, in order to extend its activities on the Phnom Kulen. ADF is also helping the Ministry of Environment by providing information relative to protected area, forest cover, and illegal activities (encroaching, illegal logging etc).

The programme is also helping to define demining areas and specific archaeological protected areas. The regular cleaning of vegetation and the maintenance of the monuments can then occur. Curators and guards/workers have been appointed by APSARA in order to follow up this initiative. The Archaeology and Development Foundation is providing APSARA advice and expertise to improve the management of the sites in terms of conservation and tourism management. ADF has regularly asked APSARA to increase the human and technical resources, to fulfil these missions. For the last years, the Archaeology and Development Foundation is also sponsoring the activities from the APSARA Stone Conservation Unit (transports, salaries, materials) to restore the sandstone artefacts and bas reliefs discovered during the excavations.

Training of Khmer specialists

One of the long term outcomes of this project is the training of Cambodian specialists, in providing them with knowledge, expertise and know how to preserve these sites.

This project provides an opportunity to train the young Khmer specialists on specific search processes. All stages of the archaeological research process, beginning at the preparation phases then field work phases (prospecting to diagnostic trenches or open area excavations, conservation of monuments, inventories) all the way through to annual and final report and publication, is done working closely with ADF and APSARA archaeologists. The project also provides young students graduated from the Royal University of Fine Arts, faculty of archaeology, with their first fieldwork experience.

ADF also provide regular training to the Provincial Department of Environment of Siem Reap staff and the rangers in charge of the Phnom Kulen National Park.

Economic and social impact on local populations

Cambodia has been devastated by civil wars which were fought from 1970 through to the 1990's; this period saw one of the largest genocides in the world which killed between 1.7 to 2 million people. Fighting, aerial bombardments and minefields had a significant impact on the lives of three generations.

Phnom Kulen region was the scene of violent fighting between Khmer Rouge and government troops; the consequences are still evident today. It was one of the last Khmer Rouge strongholds to surrender in 1996.

This project is providing jobs to seasonal workers and, consecutively, full time activity to guards and specialised workers. In providing the villagers with heritage and conservation knowledge it is helping to prevent further looting and is creating a safe archaeological zone by initiating a land mine removal programme and archaeological protected areas.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

An important effort is also done towards the villagers from the Phnom Kulen region for food security/nutritional health, medical and health support, hygiene and sanitation (particularly in primary schools), alternative livelihood generating incomes, as well as environmental education and protection.

These initiatives have an important impact on the social and economic development of Phnom Kulen and especially improve the level of education and health care of the inhabitants.

FINANCIAL REVIEW

Income for the year ended 31 December 2022 was $110,434 with expenditure totalling $140,118. At the year end, the charity was holding restricted reserves of $41,968 and the unrestricted reserves were in a deficit position of $29,891.

As the Charitable company has minimal fixed costs its policy is to hold approximately $5,000 in reserves in order to use as much of the funds received each year for charitable purposes. The Trustee will continue to work to bring reserves to this the target level. In the meantime, ongoing financial support will be provided by the Trustee.

PLANS FOR FUTURE PERIODS

For the archaeological activities (maintenance and conservation program), there is no plan to coordinate demining operations in 2023 by CMAC teams. However, and if the budget and work plan allow it, ADF will decide if excavations are possible in 2023. If possible, it would most probably take place on a site already secured over the previous years.

ADF will continue to maintain a regular coordination with APSARA National Authority and provide assistance and advices for a better heritage management of the archaeological sites in Phnom Kulen. This involves advices for the general maintenance of the sites and the control of the Archaeological Protected Areas. ADF will continue to encourage APSARA to increase the material resources for these tasks. ADF will provide any recent and old documentation on archaeological sites to be restored by APSARA in 2022.

For the Kbal Spean and 1000 linga sites, the ADF team will intend to finalize the signboards and with their text and submit them to APSARA, so information panels can be edited and set up by ADF and APSARA, providing APSARA a better tool to manage this area and a better knowledge of the site for the public. The maps and their study will also be published in a specialised review in 2023 or 2024.

In the restoration field, only small sandstone fragments from previous archaeological campaigns will require complementary restoration in 2019. As our requests from 2018 to 2019 were left unanswered, ADF will have to ask again if this small operation can be done.

ADF will continue to encourage the Cambodian authorities (APSARA National Authority, Ministry of Environment, Provincial Authorities) to officially recognise the Archaeological Protected Areas and to allocate more resources for their effective protection, within the PKNP zoning process. ADF will encourage APSARA to maintain the posts and their signs all around each CPA.

The archaeological research, diffusion, communication and training will continue. ADF team will also participate in two publications in the volume dedicated to the Angkorian World, published by Routledge. ADF will also intend to finalise the publication about the 1000 linga and Kbal Spean sites with the most recent maps of these two sites, on Prasat Rong Chen mountain-temple and on the earth mounds fields, discovered thanks to the Lidar and excavated by ADF and APSARA in 2013. Further studies and analysis from previous excavations archaeological samples and artefacts could also be undertaken such as ceramic or roof tiles studies, charcoal analysis for radiocarbon dating and tree identification, or phytolyth analysis.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

The continuation of our collaboration with EFEO/Dharma project and APSARA will allow additional surveys for the recording, rubbing and studies of unregistered ancient inscriptions in Phnom Kulen. Additional surveys to check specific archaeological features will also be undertaken in partnership with EFEO.

In 2023, ADF could also continue various photogrammetric acquisitions in Phnom Kulen, in collaboration with APSARA National Authority. Previous excavations at Poeng Tbal (2009 and 2012) and Poeng Eisei (2020) allowed a publication about the rock shelters sites in Phnom Kulen. ADF will continue to complete the surveys of a maximum of these sites over the years, to complete their documentation and the general archaeological map of Phnom Kulen.

ADF will also continue working with the Ministry of Fine Arts and Culture of Cambodia to gather previous documentation and submit reports on artefacts that appeared to be left on site before the Cambodian civil war and reappeared in private or public collections later on. It will allow the Cambodian government to claim the repatriation of these artefacts, strengthening the dynamic started a few years ago. ADF aims to write one report per artefact coming from Phnom Kulen and reappearing in these collections.

In term of communication and collaboration with APSARA, UNESCO, UNDP and MoE, ADF will continue to participate to the ICC meetings (in January, June and December 2021), APSARA meetings, MoE and UNDP meetings and all events related to the Action Plan and the Phnom Kulen Management Program, and any other project related to PKNP.

The ADF Facebook page as well as ADF website will continue to be regularly updated with pictures from our various operations, to share our actions and inform our donors and partners. An ADF Instagram account will be set up.

Regarding the development activities, the main components will continue to be reinforced and adapted, according to their results.

In ADF's operational year 2023, ADF Income Generation (IG) team will continue to monitor and support (financially and technically) every small farming production unit: chicken and pig breeders. ADF will strongly encourage them to re-invest their profit into their micro-enterprise, in order to create sustainable models, and applying a 50% reimbursement rate to ADF. Additional beneficiaries interested in pig and chicken raising will be included.

ADF IG team will continue to develop the IG-agriculture activities in Khnong Phnom commune villages, with the AGRISUD project, proposing alternative livelihoods to more than 200 families. All IG beneficiaries will be registered and will continue to be monitored. ADF will also encourage its IG staff to attend technical training and will encourage exposure visits for the beneficiaries.

The Rice bank sub-component in Thma Chruogn village will continue to be monitored, encouraging the local population and authorities to take their ownership.

Regarding the alternative livelihoods related to tourism, ADF will continue to support and the Anlong Thom and Popel CBTC by advising and training his team, with funding from HUMY NGO to support this initiative. The objectives remain to offer tours with stronger sustainable and local impacts. The collaboration with our partner from the private sector Terre Cambodge will continue and Ms. Chhun Phirom will continue to be employed for these activities.

In 2023, the hygiene project (WISH 2) started in January 2021 for a 4-year period and targeting 4 primary schools (Popel, Khlah Khmum, Sangke Lak and Ta Penh) it will continue to address environmental, hygiene and health issues. It has encompassed the recommendations from the WISH 1 evaluation report finalised in February 2020 and the WISH 2 midterm evaluation report (December 2022) and could include an additional school.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

ADF will submit a project proposal to the South-East Asian Foundation (SEAF) to implement a project (SEAF 4) supporting libraries in the primary schools of Phnom Kulen villages. The infrastructure support, English class and hygiene sessions support to the primary schools (SEAF 2) will continue with the remaining funds (SEAF 2).

ADF team will continue to work closely with the local Health Centre (Anlong Thom) to assist poor people, facing emergency situations. As per the previous years, an Emergency Relief Fund will be reserved within the ADF budget, in case of major emergency for the poorest of the people (domestic fire or accident, illness, natural disaster…).

To allow school students from Phnom Kulen a different future, ADF will establish partnerships with other NGO such as Sourire Angkor or Sala Bai school.

Finally, ADF Environmental Support will continue, as ADF is strongly committed to the environmental protection of the Phnom Kulen National Park, and as the MoE is seeking support from our organisation.

ADF will continue to contribute to the Phnom Kulen Management Plan and the Action Plan, in the framework of the Phnom Kulen working group. ADF will assist the MoE for the completion of documents and studies. ADF will continue to recommend the official recognition of the archaeological protected areas (APA). ADF will seek for donors to implement activities corresponding to the Action Plan. ADF will continue to participate to the PES studies for the PKNP, if required.

ADF will continue the dynamic initiated with the HUMY 1, 2 and 2 bis projects regarding the Popel and Anlong Thom CBTCs and CPAs and the training of its members, with the funding from HUMY (HUMY 4). ADF will continue to improve the management of the CBTCs, their related CPAs and the regular patrols in these 2 Community Protected Areas, as well as a support to the Phnom Kulen handicrafts producers.

ADF will make sure that a maximum of households is connected to the water system in Popel and that the water committee is properly functioning.

The TREE 2 project focusing on growing saplings in tree nurseries located in three primary schools should be renewed in January 2023 for a 2-year period. The continuation of the Popel tree nursery should be funded by HUMY in Popel primary school (HUMY 3).

ADF will continue to advise and assist the APSARA Authority and the MoE on large projects such as the Preah Ang Thom / waterfall area and the road project crossing the PKNP.

ADF will assist with tree-planting projects with APSARA and MoE. The continuation of the Income Generation activities and the systematic report to the relevant authority of illegal activities (ex. logging, construction, land speculation) will also contribute to assist the MoE for the protection of the National Park. The HUMY 5 project and the biodiversity surveys will provide an opportunity to report more frequently about the state of conservation of the forested areas and the illegal activities.

ADF will continue to stress Phnom Kulen National Park threat’s on every level (local, national, international) and, if funded, to implement the demarcation of additional protected areas, and additional patrolling activities within the park.

ADF will be associated to the project entitled “Integrated Natural Resource Management (INRM) in the productive, natural and forested landscape of the Northern Region of Cambodia”.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

ADF will be associated to the project entitled “Cambodia Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project (CSLEP)” a partnership project between the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and World Bank Group (WBG), working to improve protected areas management and promote ecotourism in the Cardamom Mountains-Tonle Sap landscape.

Every ADF activities will be implemented in accordance with the Khnong Phnom Commune development Plan. To do so, ADF will continue to attend the regular meetings with the local authorities.

ADF’s MoU to be renewed in 2023 will be signed with the relevant authorities: APSARA Authority, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation.

ACHIEVEMENTS & PERFORMANCE

1. INTRODUCTION

This report presents the ADF activities in Phnom Kulen during the year 2022. They are implemented by ADF within the framework of the MoUs signed between the APSARA National Authority and the Ministry of Environment, ADF’s two principal governmental partners. Other governmental bodies are also involved on a local scale such as the Health Department (Sotr Nikum), the Educational Department, the commune Council of Khnong Phnom Commune (Svay Leu District, Siem Reap Province).

This report is divided in two main parts, presenting the two axes of ADF’s activities: the archaeological component and the development component.

ADF/ Phnom Kulen Program team for 2022 Administration, finance and communication officer:

• Ms. Hoeung Hourapich (ADF)

Archaeological and environmental team

• M. Sakhoeun Sakada (Part time consultant, MoE)

• M. Seng Samry (Environmental assistant)

• M. Yon Sokchea (Tree nursery Supervisor)

Development team

• Ms. Mien Mout (Income Generation Supervisor)

• Ms. Bis Chhoeurng (Income Generation field assistant)

• M. Seng Samry (Hygiene and sanitation Supervisor and house manager) - Ms. Loem Nimul (Hygiene field assistant) - M. Khen Savann (Hygiene field assistant), until the 1[st] April 2022

• Ms. Soeng Seath (Hygiene field assistant) from the 1[st] June 2022

• Ms. Chhun Phirom (CBTC, patrol and handicrafts supervisor, part-time)

Logistic team

• Ms. Lay Thol, guard - Ms. Nuon Srey Nath, cook until March 2022

• Ms. Phan Lorn, cook from April to June 2022 - Ms. Loch Leach, cook from July 2022

The ADF international team in 2022:

• M. Jean-Baptiste Chevance (Archaeologist, Phnom Kulen Program Director) - M. Dave Sandilands (ADF Development Consultant, from October 28[th] to December 14[th] 2022).

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

All fields’ activities are implemented with local partners such as the Phnom Kulen National Park Rangers, the APSARA archaeologists and guards, the Community Protected Area members of Popel and Anlong Thom villages, the Community-based Tourism centre teams of Popel and Anlong Thom, the teachers and principals at Sangke Lak, Khlah Khmum, Anlong Thom and Ta Penh primary schools and the Anlong Thom Health Centre staff.

2. ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE

ARCHAEOLOGY: FIELD OPERATIONS

The 2022 archaeological activities are in continuity of the programme launched in 2008 in collaboration with the APSARA National Authority. The 2022 activities can be summarized as below.

a. M AINTENANCE AND CONSERVATION PROGRAM

Land Mine and UXO removal program

As stated in the Memorandum of Understanding between ADF and the APSARA National Authority, and as implemented from 2008, the ADF team is selecting the sites, after approval by APSARA, and is coordinating the demining operations with the CMAC (Cambodian Mine Action Centre) teams. In the previous years, the annual demining program set up by ADF, in collaboration with CMAC and APSARA, allowed the regular clearing and the maintenance of the archaeological sites in Phnom Kulen. In addition to these demining orations related to archaeological research, ADF team reports and follows up the unexploded ordnances (UXO) founded by villagers to the local authorities.

ADF organised a land mine removal campaign in 2022, prior to the archaeological excavation at Poeng Ta Roet archaeological site (see below). ADF requested on the 16th of February 2022 the intervention of one CMAC team of five persons for a 1012 sq. meter demining operation, just in front of the Poeng Ta Roet rock shelter. The operation was achieved on the 21[st] of February 2022 and no mines nor UXO were found.

Assistance to the APSARA National Authority for heritage management in Phnom Kulen

ADF is continuing its assistance to APSARA for the conservation and the maintenance of the Phnom Kulen archaeological sites. This concerns the ongoing maintenance and conservation of the monuments and sites and their respective Archaeological Protected Areas (APA, 1,600 hectares).

ADF maintains a regular coordination with the APSARA deputy director, heads of departments, archaeologists, workers and guards in charge of Phnom Kulen sites, and provides assistance and advice for a better heritage management of the archaeological sites.

Restoration of sandstone, ceramic and metallic artefacts

No ceramic or metallic artefacts required restoration/conservation in 2022.

Archaeological protected areas (APA)

The main objective of the APA is to protect the immediate environment of the archaeological sites in Phnom Kulen from damaging agriculture practices, including deforestation and uncontrolled fires and erosion. The LiDAR previous campaigns (2012 and 2015) allowed identification of archaeological sites, and allowed to build awareness towards the population and the local authorities on their cultural heritage and the natural environment.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

After the 2017 assessment of each zone, ADF reminded APSARA National Authority to replace the broken posts demarcating the areas and submitted a report in Khmer to APSARA on the 1[st] of October 2017. It summarises the number of broken (or missing) posts for each zone. A total of 45 should be replaced, as stated in APSARA-ADF MoU, signed at the end of 2017. So far, and considering the time passed since the first assessment, it should be updated and the post replaced.

After their official recognition by the APSARA, the Ministry of Environment and the provincial authorities of Siem Reap (May and June 2015), these zones still need a jurisdictional framework and a clear definition of the responsible authority. Presently, the APSARA National Authority, in charge of the archaeological sites in Siem Reap Province, manages them. Their exact status should be defined within the framework of the zoning of PKNP, implemented within the Phnom Kulen Management Plan and its Action plan. To date, this zoning is still pending and awaits its final version by the MoE.

The additional APA (799 hectares demarcated in the Phnom Kulen National Park) was implemented in 2019 within the UNDP-BESD project around the Prasat Krohom 1 and 2 temples, the dike Thnal O’ Srae, and a group or earth mounds, north of Khlah Khmum village (see below, Environmental program, UNDP-BESD project). Patrols by MoE rangers are organised since by the Ministry of Environment to control this area.

In 2022, ASPARA has requested from ADF some maps regarding the Phnom Kulen archaeological sites.

ADF has provided the maps together with a report (summarised here) stressing their importance, their variety and their extension over more than 50 square Km area, in the south and central part of the plateau, as most of them correspond to the remains of the capital from the early 9th century Mahendraparvata: temples, dams, unfinished baray… The 2012 and 2015 LiDAR campaigns revealed the extent of this capital with a grid of orientated earthen dikes linking these sites, with plots aligned along them, platforms and ponds. These results were published in 2019 (Chevance and al., https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2019.133). Others corresponds to later occupations of the mountain such as the hermit sites (poeng, 10 to 13th century), earthen mounds, ceramic kilns (both from 10-11th century), or the sites (including 3 temples), located around Preah Ang Thom (10th to 16th century).

Some of these archaeological sites are located in the 5 Community Protected Areas (CPA) defined by FAO in 2001 and others were included in the 6 Archaeological Protected Areas (APA), demarcated by ADF and APSARA from 2011 to 2020. These APAs were established prior having the LiDAR results but were enlarged once the extent of the city grid was discovered. The objective of these APA is to protect the sites from further development, from the extension of cashew nut cultivation by conserving the forest and prevent erosion. However, due to the very large extent of the city grid, not all these sites are protected by these areas.

These zones are encompassing the main sites (mostly temples) but many of the archaeological features remain outside (earthen dikes part of the ancient city grid, ponds, platforms, mounds…) and are subjects to potential destruction when roads development are being developed.

In the framework of the new road in Phnom Kulen, or within the CSLEP project (Cambodia Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project with a trek network; run by the ministry of Environment and funded by the World Bank and UNDP), ADF stressed the importance of minimizing the impacts to avoid the archaeological sites. Smaller infrastructures (gravels instead or a 2-meterwide road) or bypasses were suggested to protect the sites and their natural environment in this National Park and potential World Heritage Site. The gravel solution implies an easier maintenance compared to cement roads, inevitably broken and washed away after a few rainy seasons.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

ADF has also stressed that the importance of the two Community-based Tourism Centres (CBTCs of Anlong Thom and Popel), proposing tourism services such as daily tours and lunch packages to the archaeological sites, waterfalls and forested areas and for the benefit of the local population. The roads and treks construction would represent a risk for the CBTCs, as they could be ignored if tours go directly to the sites, without using the services of the centre.

b. ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH, DIFFUSION/COMMUNICATION AND TRAINING

Archaeological Excavation campaign and topographical survey, archaeological research:

Photogrammetric surveys and rubbing of ancient inscriptions

Following the 2021 photogrammetric surveys of Srah Damrei, Poeng Eisei, Poeng Tbal and Prasat Damrei Krap (see ADF 2021 report) and within the excavation operation at Poeng Ta Roet , ADF requested the authorisation to undertake photogrammetric acquisition on this site, in collaboration with APSARA National Authority.

As in 2021, the surveys (pictures taken by camera and drones) and the 3D model were done by Mr. Nicolas Josso, independent archaeologist and regular collaborator of the Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO)-Siem Reap center. He was assisted by Mr. Lounrn Leap (EFEO Siem Reap). The ADF and EFEO teams, associated with the APSARA team were involved in the organization of the work for the transportation of the equipment and for the clearing of the small vegetation, in some cases necessary for a proper acquisition of the pictures. The complementary topographical surveys to localize the targets were done by Mr. Leng Sathya (APSARA).

The pictures were taken in April 2022, at the end of the excavations, to provide a maximum information of the features discovered. The treatment of these images was done during the following months by Mr. N. Josso.

The various equipment used for the photogrammetry surveys were a digital camera (Fujifilm XT-4 with a 23 mm lens), a drone (DJI Mavic Air 2) and a laptop computer (MSI 17’, Intel i9, RTX 3080, RAM 64Go). A Total Station (Zeiss) with coded targets, generated Agisoft Metashape were used for the topographical surveys. The data obtained (pictures and topographical files) were processed in the Agisoft Metashape 1.7 photogrammetry software. The final documents produced are with the following formats: .psz, .dae. An overview of these files is available on the Sketchfab website, with several links.

Once all models will be finalised, ADF will communicate during the year 2023 on the 2021 and 2022 photogrammetry campaigns, with some of its results shared through a selection of SketchFab links on ADF Facebook page. Some preliminary results were presented at the ICC session in December 2022.

The rubbing of the known and discovered inscriptions at Poeng Ta Roet were done during the excavations on site (for the in-situ one: K.172) or at the EFEO office by Ms. Chloé Chollet, PhD candidate at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)-PSL/EFEO and member of the DHARMA project, and the Corpus des Inscriptions Khmères {CIK} project (see below).

On the famous site of the Kbal Spean carved riverbed, ADF and the EFEO-DHARMA project organised a field mission on the 21st of May 2022 to undertake photogrammetry and rubbing of the inscriptions.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Along the last years, ADF has been collaborating with APSARA and various EFEO projects (Corpus des Inscriptions Khmères {CIK}, DHARMA, and Yaśodharāśrama) when discovering undocumented inscriptions. Additionally and since 2018, ADF has been partnering with EFEO teams and particularly Ms. Chollet, for the surveys of numerous hermit rock shelters in Phnom Kulen. It was therefore logical that this operation of photogrammetry and rubbing would involve Ms. Chollet, in the framework of her PhD thesis, focusing on the eremitical tradition of ancient Cambodia (6th - 15th century).

The work was completed in one day by Dr. Adeline Levivier (Data Visual Manager, DHARMA Project/EFEO), Ms. Chloé Chollet and Dr. JB Chevance, Archaeologist, Program Director, Archaeology and Development Foundation (ADF), Phnom Kulen Program. Additional observations of the bas-relief’s iconography were done by Dr. Sophie Biard, Institut d’Asie Orientale (IAO). The equipment used was: 1 camera Nikon D750, 1 lens AF-S NIKKOR 24-70 mm f/2.8G ED, 1 tripod K&F Concept + mini tripod, led video lights (x2) and flash (x1), wireless remote for pictures and paper, ink and brushes for the rubbings.

As for Poeng Ta Roet, this field work at Kbal Spean falls under the framework of ADF’s studies of Phnom Kulen rock shelters where hermits settled and left bas-reliefs, inscriptions and traces of wooden architecture (10th to 12th century). It was following ADF’s recent excavations in Pœng Ta Roet (2022, in collaboration with APSARA and EFEO-DHARMA project, see below) and the previous ones in Pœng Tbal and Pœng Eisei (2009, 2010 and 2012), two other sites corresponding to this important tradition in Phnom Kulen.

Overall, the objective of this mission was to better document and localise the inscriptions, bas-relief and other archaeological evidences at Kbal Spean, in the framework of the angkorian hermit studies.

Kbal Spean inscriptions were registered after their discovery in 1968 by Jean Boulbet, following the indication of the hermit Tep Mey. Kbal Spean has been described in several publications by Jean Boulbet (Boulbet 1970, Boulbet-Dagens 1973, Boulbet 1984). These 10 inscriptions, published in 1999 by Claude Jacques (1999, pp.357-374), indicate the presence of hermits, the visit of the King Udayadityavarman II and more generally illustrate the importance that this site took during the angkorian period, (from the 10th to 12th century). However, some of them have gaps in their reading and their understanding could be enhanced by a 3D model.

Five other inscriptions were discovered later by Mr Chhay Rachana in 2003, within his masters degree, but their location and documentation were not published in details (Chhay R, 2004) and they were not registered in the CIK. Four others were recorded since, bringing the total of inscriptions at Kbal Spean to 19. A complementary photographic coverage and rubbings for these unpublished inscriptions was therefore necessary.

Kbal Spean, as well as 1000 linga on Phnom Kulen plateau, was very precisely mapped by ADF team from 2009 to 2015 to better understand these sites and improve their management. The objective of this mission was also to localise precisely every inscription on the draft map of Kbal Spean. We also took this opportunity to better document and localise on ADF map the artefacts (pedestals, fragments of sculptures…) and other archaeological evidences (carved marks, post holes…). Finally, Kbal Spean, as in the 1000 linga site of Phnom Kulen, is presenting numerous bas-reliefs carved on a river bed and surroundings rocks. Further observations could also be done on Kbal Spean’s iconography and be later compared with other bas-reliefs from similar eremitical context in Phnom Kulen and Cambodia.

This upgraded documentation would allow a better understanding of the iconography of Kbal Spean, and more generally a better knowledge of its occupation.

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Further work is needed to read and translate the recorded inscriptions as well as the previously known. The general map of the site will be updated with the location of the inscriptions, artefacts and other archaeological evidences. ADF will, in coordination with APSARA, set up information signboards at Kbal Spean and at the 1000 linga site for a better information to the visitors and an enhanced management of the site, and to publish these results and maps.

Excavations

ADF archaeological research is focusing on the ancient settlements in Phnom Kulen and one of its main’s objectives is to better define them, from the early capital of Mahendraparvata (late 8th-early 9th century) to later ones during the angkorian and post- angkorian periods. Among the most important sites of these periods are the rock shelters where hermits settled and sometimes left basreliefs, inscriptions and traces of wooden architecture (10th to 12th century). Simultaneously to ADF excavations in Pœng Tbal and Pœng Eisei (2009, 2010 and 2012), two sites corresponding to this important tradition in Phnom Kulen, ADF team surveyed a maximum of these sites over the years, to complete their inventory, documentation and the general archaeological map of Phnom Kulen. Some of these results were published in 2015, in the journal Aséanie, dated from 2013 (« Pœng Tbal et Pœng Eisei, ermitages angkoriens méconnus du Phnom Kulen », Aséanie 32, Décembre 2013, p. 11-76). These excavations, the first undertook in Cambodia for these types of sites, indicated their dates and revealed their importance with their associated wooden architecture and hydraulic associated features, with ponds collection water directly from the sources. Numerous artefacts were also unearthed, including an important volume of ceramic sherds. Their function was also enlarged to pilgrim sites, and, eventually, meditation centres and a funerary use.

From April to June 2021 and to strengthen this dynamic and complete the documentation of these sites by obtaining detailed 3 D models, ADF proceeded to photogrammetric surveys in Srah Damrei, Poeng Eisei and Poeng Tbal.

In the same perspective, ADF team signed an agreement with the EFEO to undertake a common excavation at the Poeng Ta Roet rock shelter site, located on the eastern slope of Phnom Kulen, entirely funded by EFEO. ADF provided it experience of this field, the housing for the team in ADF house in Anlong Thom village, its network of relation to set up a team of workers and to get the official authorisation for the demining operation and the excavation.

Along the last years, ADF has been collaborating with APSARA and various EFEO projects (Dharma, CIK and Yaśodharāśrama) when discovering undocumented inscriptions such as in Prasat O Top and Prasat Phnom Sruoch and more recently, in hermit sites of Wat Chas (located just above Pœng Ta Roet) in 2010 {K.1324} and 2019 {K.1342, K.1392, K.1393}), Srah Damrei (K.1327, K.1452.1, K.1452.2) and Phnom Aksar (K.1509) in 2020. Recent surveys done by ADF and EFEO teams have identified a previously photographed inscription from Pœng Ta Roet (archive files from Boulbet EFEO BOU01660 et BOU01878.1) which was missing but recorded under the number K.1323.

Additionally and since 2018, ADF has been partnering with EFEO teams and particularly Ms. Chloé Chollet, PhD candidate at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)-PSL/EFEO and member of the Dharma project, for surveys of numerous hermit rock shelters in Phnom Kulen. It is therefore logical that these excavations would involve Ms. Chloé Chollet, in the framework of her PhD thesis, as well as Dr. Dominique Soutif, as supervisor of Ms. Chollet PhD candidate and head of the APSARA-EFEO Yaśodharāśrama archaeological mission and CIK project.

In the framework of the angkorian hermit studies, Pœng Ta Roet site is particularly interesting as it presents a rare iconography (with Sadāśiva and Śiva {?} bas-relief, also present at Pœng Tbal and mentioned in the K.1269 inscription) and an inscription (K.172) mentioning that the hermit named Dharmavasa built a pond and might have received pilgrims. It was published by George Cœdès in 1911 (BEFEO, p. 398-400) and dated then, thanks to the palaeography, from the mid-11th century (late 10th century śaka). Years later in 1966 (Inscriptions du Cambodge, VIII, p.103), probably

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reviewing the inscription’s rubbing, Cœdès proposed an earlier date corresponding to the 9th century śaka, which would, if this last dating were retained, constitute the oldest inscription of the Phnom Kulen massif, and would make Poeng Ta Roet one of the oldest rock shelters built during the Angkorian period.

The iconography of Pœng Ta Roet is consistent with that encountered on the other rock sites of the massif, dated by inscriptions or by our archaeological operations. Sadāśiva and Śiva bas-relief is surrounded by a roughly sketched, but nonetheless identifiable frieze of the nine deities on their mounts (to their left) and at least five or more likely seven rsi figures to the right. The bas-relief has suffered from rock collapse and recent looting and archive photographs (EFEO archive files from Parmentier, Boulbet) are a valuable resource for identifying these remains and associated sculptures and bas-reliefs previously located on this site and later stolen.

However, the approximation of palaeographic and stylistic criteria alone did not allow ADF to date the occupation of a site with precision. Only excavations could provide more input whereas the dates of this settlement, the length of its occupation and to confirm its function. They could also allow to identify the features associated with the bas-relief such as the pond mentioned in the K.172 inscription and eventually traces of wooden architecture. The site presented, prior to the excavations, at least two pedestals and two fragments of a sandstone tank.

During these excavations, the photogrammetry of Pœng Ta Roet was undertaken by Mr Nicolas Josso (see above) and completed the work started by ADF in 2021 with the photogrammetry of Srah Damrei, Pœng Eisei and Pœng Tbal.

Prior to the demining operation, the site was covered by small vegetation. In order to understand the general topography of the site and to work properly, the team completed the clearing of the grass, bushes and small trees. The excavation took place during 4 weeks, from the 14th of March to the 8th of April 2022. At the end of the campaign from the 7th to the 23rd of May 2022, the trenches were filled.

Once the authorisation was granted by APSARA and the MoE, and as every campaign, ADF and EFEO employed about 30 local workers, from the Phnom Kulen villages (Khnong Phnom commune), to open manually these areas, under the supervision of our national and international staff, as well as one APSARA archaeologist (as stated in ADF-APSARA MoU, article 2.2.4), Mr. Ngin Sarun, in charge of Phnom Kulen archaeological sites. The topographical survey was done by Mr. Leng Sathya (APSARA).

The excavation was conceived as an archaeological diagnostic, opening manually 6 trenches close to the rock shelter, bas relief and the source, as well as a few meters away on the slope. They cover a total surface of 1694 square meters. The LiDAR data did not provide clear information about any pond. The trenches stratigraphy allowed to understand the settlement of the site, its spatial use and its abandonment. Ceramic sherds, charcoals and soils samples were collected for studies and analysis.

A ceramic study was done (“Etude céramique de Poeng Ta Roet”, 22 pages) by Ms HONG Raneth and Chloé Chollet in May and June 2002. It presents the detailed results of the analysis of the 5466 ceramic sherds unearthed with 0,8% of importation, 3,2% of glazed stoneware, 2,3% of non-glazed stoneware and 93,8% of earthenware and confirms that the site was used from the 10[th] to the 13[th] century at least.

A complementary rubbing of the K.172 inscription allowed to record it entirely as a line was omitted in the first one. Several other inscriptions were discovered (K.1574) or rediscovered (previously photographed inscriptions K.1323 and K.1569) and registered. Several sandstone fragments of sculptures and bas-relief were also discovered. For these last ones, they correspond in some cases to bas-relief still on site or previously photographed but looted since. 1 grinding table, 4 pedestals (in several fragments), 3 sandstone basins and 3 deposit stones were accounted. In some cases,

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they were kept in situ (for the pedestals for example) or collected, depending on their size and significance. Some sandstone restoration could also be considered in the future, with the Stone Conservation Unit from APSARA.

A complete excavation report was started after the excavation by Ms Chloé Chollet, under the supervision of Dr. Dominique Soutif and Dr. JB Chevance. It will be finalised in 2023.

Specialised studies

In May 2022, the ADF director transmitted to the Ministry of Culture and Fine Arts a report entitled “Visnu CA3442 A-B-C, Une œuvre disparue des collections nationales cambodgiennes”, co-written by Ms. Sophie Biard and Mr. Chea Socheat. This sculpture was originally placed in Prasat Pram in Phnom Kulen and looted in 1970’s in Phnom Penh. It has reappeared at a Sotheby’s sale on the 14[th] of November 1988 in London. This report traces all information gathered from its discovery to its disappearance, to facilitate its repatriation from the infamous Douglas Latchford collection.

ADF previous excavations (from 2008 to 2018) provided numerous data. They constitute an ongoing database for ongoing studies and future publications about these sites. More specialised studies with artefacts excavated from these campaigns will be undertaken in the coming years with ceramics and radiocarbon studies.

Diffusion of the archaeological research and communication:

Publications

As in 2021, ADF director has participated during the year 2022 to two other general articles to be published in a large volume on Angkor, by Routledge editor in 2023. For the next publications, ADF team is focusing on the Kbal Spean and the 1000 linga site (with additional survey in rock shelter and hermits’ sites from Phnom Kulen), Rong Chen mountain temple and the ancient mound fields.

Communications

On the 24th and 25th of March 2022, ADF director assisted to the 35th technical session and to the 28[th] plenary session of the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the historic site of Angkor. As every year, ADF team presented its activity and perspectives reports for ICC-Angkor at the 36th technical session on the 15th of December 2022.

Prior to this intervention, on 12th of December 2022, ADF led the UNESCO Adhoc Development experts from the ICC-Angkor to Phnom Kulen. ADF team presented the progresses made on the Agro-ecology /alternative livelihoods project, implemented in partnership with AGRISUD International since 2019 (IADA project, animal raising, spices and fruit tree farmers, group of transformers and commercialisation of the products). ADF also presented the Community-based Tourism centres (CBTC) of Anlong Thom and Popel, set up by ADF. ADF joined the visit on the 13th of December where representatives from the APSARA National Authority and the Ministry of Environment respectively presented the progress report on the Phnom Kulen road construction and the Ecotourism Infrastructures and Facility Improvement Projects in Preah Ang Thom and in Phnom Hop area. The UNESCO Adhoc Development experts made 4 important recommendations concerning the above projects, following this visit.

For the 30 years anniversary of Angkor registration on the World Heritage list by UNESCO, ADF has produced a short report for APSARA in May 2022 and a large signboard summarizing “15 years of achievements in Phnom Kulen” in November 2022. It was exposed for several weeks in front of Angkor Wat.

On the 3rd of June 2022, ADF Director presented to Cambodian Leadership Learning Community, initiated by the South East Asian Foundation a presentation entitled “Adapt to the situation of a community and design a corresponding and needed project”.

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On the 24th of June 2022, ADF Director presented at the Royal University of Fine Arts (RUFA), faculty of archaeology in Phnom Penh, a communication entitled "Phnom Kulen and its ancient occupations throughout previous and recent researches”.

On the 25th of November 2022, ADF Director presented a half day lecture for the APSARA vocational training program 2022 – 2024 (Module 3), organised by GIZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, German international development cooperation agency).

For the celebration of the 30 years reopening of the EFEO Centre in Siem Reap (1992-2022) and the associated workshop ("research and training”) on the 12th and 13th of December 2022, Ms. HOEUNG Hourapich, ADF Administrative, finance and communication Officer presented a communication entitled “ADF archaeological activities in Phnom Kulen, 2008-2022: Research, Conservation and Training”.

ADF team regularly update our website (www.adfkulen.org) and our Facebook page where the last pictures and summarised texts of our main activities are shared (www.facebook.com/adfkulen).

Documentaries

From the 27th to 29th April, ADF Director participated together with Ms. Chloé Chollet (PhD candidate at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE)-PSL/EFEO and member of the DHARMA project, and the Corpus des Inscriptions Khmères {CIK} project), to a documentary, produced by Bright Button Productions Ltd. (UK), a 60' documentary for Channel 4 to be broadcasted in late 2023.

In November 2022, ADF Director participated to the shooting of a promotional documentary about the IADA project, implemented in partnership with AGRISUD International since 2019, which will be shared on social media in 2023.

Training of Cambodian archaeologists

There is a close collaboration between the APSARA Authority and ADF archaeologists. It provides a platform for field training to the APSARA local staff (archaeologist and local workers) during all activities (excavations, surveys, APA surveys and management, site management…).

The 2022 field activities associated the APSARA archaeologist (Mr. Ngin Sarun) to the photogrammetric surveys and excavations in Poeng Ta Roet (see above). He has been closely associated to this campaign for the excavation strategy, the workers supervision and the data recording and analysis, enhancing his technical knowledge. Additionally, Mr. Nhem Sarith, a graduate student from the RUFA in 2019, faculty of archaeology, has benefitted from an internship during the in Poeng Ta Roet excavations.

DEVELOPMENT: FIELD OPERATIONS

Overview :

Since its conception, ADF has closely linked the two main components of its action, archaeology and development. The population of Phnom Kulen, beneficiaries of the development activities, particularly suffered from the darkest chapter in Cambodia history and civil war, since this area was a Khmer Rouge stronghold in the early 1970’s and until 1997. The side effects are still tangible today with little public infrastructures, difficult access to education, healthcare, nutrition and sanitation facilities, difficulties to bring products to market, low resources from the governmental bodies (Health dpt, Education dpt, Police, Ministry of Environment…).

Some of the schools are facing an important turn over as qualified teachers are reluctant to work in Khnong Phnom commune, and facilities are poor as compared to other communes in Siem Reap province. This results in inadequate education for the children rendering yet another generation that is very likely to fall into the poverty. There is only one secondary school and one health centre for nine villages of the commune (Khnong Phnom, 4,926 inhabitants in December 2022).

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For a significant percentage of this population, peace and stability is enough and they don't see the need for further change and development. Breaking the poverty cycle in any context is challenging. For this population located on a plateau with a difficult access to some of the villages, it is even more problematic. A proportion of the population in Khnong Phnom commune live in extreme poverty or poverty, surviving on ‘day to day’ bases. Others are now wealthier thanks to the illegal cultivation of cashew nuts.

Seasonal food shortages continually affect some of the population of Phnom Kulen. The ramifications of food shortages are numerous, the most notable being family health and wellbeing. Sickness exacerbates the multitude of issues that poor families have to endure, further interning them into the poverty cycle. A proportion of the poorest population is suffering from the lack of liquid assets. They are subsistent farmers and have little to no money to buy the necessities: soap for hygiene, fundamental household materials, or material to build or fix their dwellings...

However, the new road being built from Svay Leu to the checkpoint on the west side of Kulen is now changing this general dynamic. The southern villages of Anlong Thom, Thma Chruogn and Ta Penh are now accessible by car. Tourist (national or foreigners) can now visit these villages and the archaeological sites nearby. The C-19 pandemic halted all international tourism in Cambodia but international tourism slowly started again in 2022 and many Cambodians are now able to travel to national parks and sites in their country. In December 2022, the section of this new road from Svay Leu to Preah Ang Thom was achieved but not the western section, controlled by a private company who benefits from a tourism concession. This second section, from Preah Ang Thom to the western checkpoint of the park will start in a second phase. The northern villages (Popel, Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak) remain isolated with very difficult access road.

Other government bodies, for example the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and the police, have limited resource. The result is a lack of law enforcement, illegal logging, poaching, illegal building, a general depletion of the environmental natural resources; which are having serious consequences for the water of Angkor Park and Siem Reap town, as Phnom Kulen is the natural water tank of the region.

For the last 30 years, Phnom Kulen National Park faced a very important deforestation mostly due to the slash and burnt practice, combined with the illegal cultivation of cashew nut. Illegal logging of large trees and hunting are still observed. However, and for the last few years, ranger patrols have been more active and these practices have reduced, at least in the southern part of the plateau, where the population is concentrated.

Under the development program, ADF has set up four main components to address these issues: 1) Income Generation/alternative livelihoods, 2) Hygiene and sanitation/Emergency Relief, 3) Educational support, and 4) Environmental component.

They are all tailored-made to the Kulen problematic and are implemented in coordination with the Khnong Phnom Commune Development plan, the Ministry of Environment and the APSARA Authority.

The 2022 activities are presented below.

c. INCOME GENERATION (IG)/ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM

This component falls under the IADA 2 project, implemented since 2019 in partnership with AgrisudInternational NGO, in the Khnong Phnom commune. The donor for ADF’s contribution was Terre Cambodge travel agency until April 2022. While the IADA 2 project was extended for 3 more years from May 2022 (with the IADA 3 project) by Agrisud, ADF secured funds from the South East Asia Foundation for the extension of our contribution, with a project entitled ALIVE (“Alternative Livelihood for villagers in PKNP”). The following reports presents the results from May 2022 to May 2023.

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The new Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between ADF and Agrisud international was signed on the 15th of July 2022 for the length of this 3 years project.

Animal raising alternative livelihood project

The objective remains the same as the previous years: to enhance and develop alternative income generation activities, with the purpose of encouraging the Phnom Kulen population to move away from their current unsustainable, illegal and destructive practices (mono-culture of cashew nuts and slash-and-burn) to sustainable and environmentally friendly income generation activities. Even though this practice in forbidden by the MoE since 2019, this activity represents the main alternative option on Kulen plateau. As behaviour change is a process taking time, this component has to aim towards positive examples and repetition. It is therefore one the most challenging component of ADF within the development component.

Reminder: As for the previous years (since 2010), ADF continued in 2022 the support to local communities and villagers from Khnong Phnom commune. ADF propose technical assistance and materials for the families to undertake animal raising (chicken and pig). This was completed by families reached by the other related project started in 2019 (ADF/ AGRISUD project; see 2021 report and below).

In 2022, ADF IG team continued to monitor these animal raisers and their incomes, and provided material if needed (piglets and chicks, nets, nails, cement, bricks, water tanks and feeding tanks). ADF also invited veterinarians (From the Agriculture Dpt, Svay Leu District) to monitor pig farmers and to vaccinate the animals 3 times for each farmer.

With the objective to transform these producers into independent local entrepreneurs, ADF encouraged them to contribute with their incomes to the costs. This allows taking ownership for their business, ensuring sustainable alternative incomes. Beneficiaries were previously asked to repay back to ADF’s IG accounts 50% of the amount spent for the materials and equipment they received from ADF. From January 2019 to December 2020, ADF applied the 75% rate for the reimbursements, to encourage the beneficiaries to be responsible. As in 2021, ADF collected in 2022 these reimbursements on a 50% rate again as most of farmers had difficulties to pay back a higher rate. They were collected from pig farmers, rice bank and mushroom producers. This last activity was stopped being supported by ADF in 2018, but some of the previous beneficiaries still had to reimburse ADF. In 2022, they cleared their debt entirely, and it was reused for the IG program.

Pig Raising Activity:

This activity has been ongoing for a few years now, as part as ADF’s core alternative livelihood component. Due to its popularity, and additional funds from UNDP in 2019, we have now 2 groups. The ADF team is following up their raising activity, making sure the conditions are favourable (hygiene, health, food…). When budget is available, additional households is being proposed this activity, such as with the SEAF 3P funding (piglet package) of 2500 US$, received on the 12th of January 2022, for 10 new families from various village (see below). This project was achieved in December 2022.

As in May 2023, the first group of pig raisers had 17 families over 4 villages: 3 in Sangle Lak, 5 in Popel, 1 in Ta Penh and 8 in Khlah Khmum village. As in May 2023, the second group (initially funded by UNDP and of 29 pig raisers (23 in Khlah Khmum village and 6 in Anlong Thom village), has dropped progressively from 29 in 2021, 23 in February 2022, 18 in May 2022, 19 in August 2022, 17 in October 2022, to 15 in February 2023, and to 13 families in May 2023 (11 in Khlah Khmum village and 2 in Anlong Thom village). This was mostly due to an epidemy in the villages, the lack vision on the long term, and the lack of financial resources from these villagers (cf. below). The total of pig raisers from both groups in May 2023 is therefore 30 families.

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Among these groups, there were the following issues in May 2023: one farmer has let without notice (Mr. Soeum Ya from Sangke Lak), another one wanted to stop (Mr. Deb Tim from Sangke Lak), or had issue with a pig dying (Mr. Reth Reach from Ta Penh and Ms. Norn Heal in Popel).

On June 15th 2022, the team recruited 14 more pig raisers, including 3 families in Sangke Lak village, 6 families in Khlah Khmum, 5 families in Popel. Each family received 1 piglet and material to build the shelter and take care of the pig (4 bags of cement, 500 bricks, 1 water tank, water equipment for pig, 2 meters hose). In October 2022, this figure dropped to 12 families (1 in Ta Penh, 1 in Phum Thmey, 6 in Khlah Khmum, 1 in Popel, 3 in Sangke Lak). The 10 last ones were supported by the SEAF 3P 2500 US$ piglet packages. In November 22nd and 29th 2022, ADF team trained 25 farmers (including 17 females) to raise pigs (5 from Anlong Thom /2 females, 15 from Khlah Khmum /11 females, 5 from Popel/4 females).

To mitigate the risk of disease and death, ADF is cooperating regularly with the Dpt of Agriculture, from the Svay Leu District with one veterinary visiting and spraying disinfectants on the pig shelters. When family moved and/or did not built cage yet, this activity is on hold. This was implemented from April 4th to the 6th of April and the 27th and 28th of April 2023 for 23 families.

In the cases of pig dying and when ADF can ensure that it was not due the neglect of the raiser, a second pig was bought (Sangke Lak, oct 22, and should be reimbursed). In other cases, pig raisers are neglecting their pigs and the pigs died. Another general issue is to ensure that the owner of the female pig can have piglets by mating, before it is sold by its owners. Often, pig raisers in need of quick incomes tends to sell it before having piglets.

To ensure that the existing pig raisers are not giving up, the ADF team will continue in 2023 to encourage families to build cages, to organise the vet’s visit and will record pig raisers expenses. It will also encourage the pig owners to have them fecundated by organising a rotation of pig male. In 2023, the team will recruit additional farmers to raise pigs. As there was and additional budget of 10 pig packages (the SEAF 3P project) on the top of 10 new expected families for the year 1 of the ALIVE project, the ADF team could only develop 12 new farmers during this first year (10 with new pig packages and 2 with original budget).

Chicken Raising Activity:

In January 2022, there were a total of 8 families who raised chicken in 3 Villages (1 in Ta Penh, 5 in Anlong Thom and 3 in Phum Thmey) and 2 additional ones with the UNDP funds (in Khlah Khmum village). ADF monitored them and bought some material for them.

However, and over the year 2022, the chicken raisers tend to give up on this animal raising activity (1 less in Phum Thmey and in Khlah Khmum in August 2022, then none in Khlah Khmum in October 2022).

In October 2022, there was still 8 families who raised chicken in 3 Village (1 in Ta Penh, 5 in Anlong Thom and 2 in Phum Thmey) but in January 2023, no more chicken raisers were continuing this activity. In Khlah Khmum it is mostly due to the neglect and lack of long-term vision of the villagers, despite the efforts of ADF team.

However, in the 3 other villages, the chicken raisers continue to raise and feed chicken by themselves. ADF only intervene when the chicken raisers ask to buy additional material and baby chicken with their own funds. It means this is a successful result as these families are financially and technically independent. ADF will keep the possibility to fund chicken raiser in 2023.

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- - AGRISUD and ADF joint project in Khnong Phnom Commune (IADA 2), agriculture alternative livelihood project

Reminder: The partnership between ADF and AGRISUD International started in May 2019 with a signature of a Memorandum of Understanding and the beginning of the field activities. AGRISUD International is active in Cambodia since 1995 on supporting family farms to improve their activities for a better and sustainable livelihood. The project “Agroecological and diversification family farming in peri-urban of Siem Reap Province” (IADA-2) is ongoing since May 2016 supporting 820 small agricultural family enterprises to help them increase their income and living conditions.

The concept developed with ADF and AGRISUD is to expend this project to more beneficiaries offering various alternatives to the population, adapting it to the commune of Khnong Phnom specificities, and including ADF existing direct beneficiaries.

The partnership of both organizations commenced in June 2019 with a joint rapid assessment, closely followed by an introduction and dissemination meeting in the 5 legal villages of Anlong Thom, Thma Chrougn, Ta Penh, Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum. The main purpose of the village meetings was to explain to the existing beneficiaries and the potential new beneficiaries the partnership of ADF and AGRISUD, the benefit of the new synergy of the combined experience of both organizations, and finally the strategy for new agriculture / IG activities. The agreement between ADF and AGRISUD consists in a partnership where both organisations join their funds in the same project. ADF continues to pay for the costs of ADF IG component (salaries of both Ms. Mien Mout and Ms. Bis Cheung, their operational cost: transportation costs, monitoring / reporting costs, stationery, material for ADF beneficiaries, etc…). AGRISUD covers their staff operational costs, all material for the new 120 families, and AGRISUD staff salaries. AGRISUD benefits from ADF’s extensive knowledge of Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), its population and their local agricultural habits, the local network of influential people and local authorities (village chief, Commune chief), the provincial authorities and the national authorities (Ministry of Environment, Provincial Department of Environment and APSARA National Authority). ADF staff gains in professionalism, learning from AGRISUD long experience in this field of agro-ecology, from the producers, to the group then to the market linkage. The beneficiaries will benefit with AGRISUD approach of organizing the farm families into groups / cooperatives, with prospective new products: black ginger, premium fruit trees and pepper. These new products have a higher value per kilogram, and markets in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh are willing to purchase them. The project aims to set up a marketing chain, from the family to the market.

From 2022, the agricultural production of family farms was strengthened and diversified. 130 new beneficiary farmers from Khnong Phnom and Banteay Srey communes were trained and supported to intensify and diversify their agroecological production system in pig raising, market gardening, spices and fruit crops. 202 farmers from Khnong Phnom commune supported in the previous phase (IADA 2) were supported, diversified and strengthened through master farmers and socioprofessional organization. 332 farms in total are effectively in agroecological transition.

Black Ginger and ginger growing Activity

In February 2022, there was a total of 32 families who started growing black ginger in 2020, from 4 villages (5 families from Sangke Lak, 3 from Ta Penh, 22 from Anlong Thom and 2 from Thma Chruogn).

Additionally, there was 70 families from 5 villages who started this activity in 2019: 8 families from Sangke Lak, 9 from Ta Penh, 27 from Anlong Thom, 10 from Thma Chruogn and 16 from Khlah Khmum. The total was therefore 102 families.

The team and trainers have cooperated to monitor the farmers who grow black ginger. The results were not satisfying as the black ginger was not growing well and rotted continuously. As a result, 51 families of the 102 did not plant black ginger in 2022.

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This is mostly due to the fact that the growing of black ginger is problematic as it presents rotting problems. Since 2022, the lack of market to sell the product is adding on this production problem. Soil and black ginger tests were made and alternatives sought (see below).

From October 2022, it was decided to proceed to some test by planting the black ginger in bags, to avoid contaminations (see below).

On 11th of February 2022, ADF team participated to a meeting with black ginger transformer group to discuss about how to find funds to buy black ginger from the black ginger producer group. For the 2021-2022 season, the team bought black ginger from farmers a total 1162 Kg for $ 4125.10. In February 2022, ADF team collected black ginger from 30 farmers who owe seeds from Agrisud team.

ADF team collected 120 Kg of black ginger from farmers who owed the group in 2021. ADF team collected 40.6 Kg of black ginger from farmers who owed ADF and Agrisud from 2020.

ADF team organized a meeting to select new farmers who want to plant black ginger and introduce additional techniques to MFs and trainers and farmers who participated, a total of 10 participants, 6 females. ADF team organized and prepared black ginger seeds for farmers to plant in 2022.

In April 2022, black gingers seeds bought by Agrisud from Thailand with Templation company funds was distribute to villagers (for a total of 1367.55 Kg). The results were not good as they all got rotten in December 2022.

In May 2022, the team distributed black ginger seeds to 9 families, for a total of 225 Kg. In May 2022, the team distributed ginger seeds to 11 families (from the Kulen Dry Species group), for a total of 73.5 Kg. Overall, 42 farmers have combined activities and varieties (black ginger, ginger, and fruit trees).

Overall, in 2022, only 51 farmers were able to harvest a total of 1697 Kg of black ginger. For the ginger producers (11 families), only one family was able to produce 5 Kg and all the others had their production rotten.

ADF team facilitated a truck to bring soil to Phnom Kulen, for the experimentation of planting black ginger into plastic bags, to avoid contamination and water issues. They were planted in October 2022 in 665 bags and stored at ADF house in Phnom Kulen. The results of this experimentation are looking promising, however the next harvest season in December 2023 will bring the final results.

In April and May 2022, samples of black ginger were sent to the Royal University of Agriculture in Phnom Penh for analysis to determine the lasting problem of rotting black ginger. It was found that there was a fungal disease. It was recommended to remove infected plants when detected, to improve the drainage systems to reduce water and to treat with chemical pesticide. This last solution was not selected, so these products can be classified as organics.

2 soil samples were also sent for analysis at the same university to determine their quality. Results indicates they are “strongly” to “extremely acidic”.

In 2023, the working group has not yet collected the data from the farmers who grow black ginger because some farmers did not yet plant the seeds.

The ADF /Agrisud team has recruited 3 families who volunteered to grow black ginger (Mr. Sambo Vanna from Sangke Lak, 20 Kg; Ms. Hear Mao from Ta Penh, 10 Kg; and Mr. Rem Oun from Anlong Thom, 20 Kg) and to experiment some planting techniques from Thailand. The team facilitated the preparation of land for planting black ginger with 3 these families. On the 23 March 2023, ADF facilitated the purchase of fresh black ginger (300 Kg) from farmers from Phnom Kulen to sell to other dealers in Siem Reap through the Green Framers association.

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From the year 2023, ADF team will encourage the 102 farmers to be more active for growing black ginger.

Pepper/Long pepper/Vanilla growing Activity

From 2020-2023, the team is now supervising 13 families growing pepper and long pepper. In 2023, the ADF team will encourage them to extend their production with additional plants. In February 2022, ADF has selected 2 families (from the group of 70 families growing black ginger) to join the group of pepper producers, with 20 poles for each of them. In February 2022, ADF has selected 3 families (from the 50 families growing fruit trees) to join the group of pepper producers, with 20 poles for each of them. In February 2022, the ADF team purchased 9 ring wells for 9 farmers who plant pepper.

In May 2022, ADF has selected 4 families (from the group of 32 families growing black ginger) to join the group of pepper producers, and 2 families (from the group of 70 black ginger producers), with 20 poles for each of them. In May 2022, the project purchased 200 pepper seedlings to distribute to farmers for planting to 5 of the 13 families. In August 2022, the ADF team distributed pepper seedlings to 9 families already growing pepper and to another new family. In October 2022, the group of pepper and long pepper producers reached 11 families. In October 2022, the ADF team facilitated to collect pepper from farmers to sell to the spice drying group. On the 9th of October 2022 the ADF team start the processing of Kulen pepper, into a semi-finished product to supply to an enterprise in Battambang. The forward-thinking mindset is that the Green Farmers Association will become a consistent supplier for the enterprise.

On April 5th 2023, ADF team facilitated the training course on pepper growing techniques and natural pesticides, with a total of 10 participants/4 females. The issues encountered in 2022 were the termites, the lack of water during dry season and the lack of care from some of the beneficiaries. In June 2023, the team plan to visit with the 13 pepper producers the Farmers' Home Association, to improve techniques of pepper growing. In 2023, the team will encourage farmers to grow more pepper and will distribute fertilizer. After planting vanilla vines in 2022 as an experiment at 1 MF house (Mr Ann Ravuth, Anlong Thom), vanilla flowers appeared in February 2023. The Agrisud and ADF teams shared vanilla breeding and caring techniques. Unfortunately, the flowers did not survive the 2023 dry and very hot season. It will be tried again in 2023 with the same MF.

Fruit Tree Growing Activity

From May 2019 until May 2023, the team has encouraged and trained 126 families to plant and grow orchards with fruit trees from 5 villages: 27 families in Sangke Lak, 24 families in Ta Penh, 22 families in Thmar Chruogn, 48 families in Anlong Thom, 5 families in Khlah Khmum.

50 families from 5 villages started in 2019 (16 from Sangke Lak, 8 from Ta Penh, 10 from Thma Chruogn, 13 from Anlong Thom, 3 from Khlah Khmum), and 6 families started in 2020 (2 from Ta Penh, 4 from Anlong Thom). In February 2022, the team and trainers observed that many fruit trees are growing well, and have asked all trainers to record all fruit trees that we have distribute in 2021. The distribution of new trees was done in two times to new fruit tree farmers, as well as to previous one who had trees to replace. Some of them were already implementing other activity (ex. black ginger) previously with the project.

On August 4th 2022, 2640 seedlings of fruit trees were distributed for replacement and start activity to 81 families, with 4 types of organic fertilizer from Agrisud office (50 bags).

From May to August 2022 took place the identification of new beneficiaries. Some of new farmers were recommended by MFs. 100 new farmers were selected in Khnong Phnom commune (70 families) and Banteay Srei commune (30 families). Farmers were exclusively interested in growing fruit trees. For Khnong Phnom commune, they are divided as follow: 11 farmers in Sangke Lak village (including 8 females), 14 families in Ta Penh (including 8 females), 12 families in Thma Chruogn (including 10 females), 31 families in Anlong Thom (including 19 females), 2 families from Khlah Khmum (including 1 female). On September 8th 2022, fruit trees seedlings and equipment

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(hoes, digging tools, pruning scissors and organic fertilizer) were distributed to 70 new families identified and selected to grow fruit trees. This represents 768 coconut trees, 779 orange Pursat trees, 705 grapefruit trees, 315 lime trees, 223 lemon trees, 351 Khmer gourd trees, 112 orange trees, 10 Burmese grape trees, 4 durian trees.

From April 2022 to May 2023, the numbers of tree growers raised from 56 to 126. Generally, fruit trees distributed to farmers were coconut, orange, grapefruit, lemon, sapodilla, longan, dwarf coconut, Burmese grape and durian. As in the previous years, the new farmers were trained on planting (digging pits), weeding, fertilizing and pruning techniques. The farmers were also trained about the production costs (income, outcome, revenue and unit price calculation) and marketing (market trend, supply, demand, structuring and information). However, this will need to be reinforced as the farmers are not confident and independent yet.

From the 9th to the 12th of August 2022, ADF and Agrisud teams organised this training on fruit tree planting techniques for 31 farmers in Anlong Thom village, including 19 females. From the 16th to the 19th of August 2022, ADF and Agrisud teams organised this training on fruit trees planting techniques for 12 farmers (including 10 females) from Thma Chruogn village, and 14 farmers (including 8 females) from Ta Penh village. From the 23rd to the 26th of August 2022, ADF and Agrisud teams organised this training on fruit trees planting techniques for 11 farmers in Sangke Lak village (including 8 females), 2 farmers in Khlah Khmum village, (including 1 female).

The challenges observed during the training are that the farmers have in some case a very poor knowledge on handwriting and general knowledges of these concepts. Some farmers also joined the training late. It was therefore advised to spend time for farmers to practice with exercises and practice at home.

In October 2022, ADF team arranged more seedlings of nimtree to the 2022 new farmers. Most of the fruit trees producers are having good results with trees growing well. However, the latest recent issue during the 2023 dry season is the shortage of water for 4 Ta Penh farmers to irrigate fruits trees. Setting up a piped system from a source was too costly so the team borrowed one pump (on April 5th 2023). However, this solution was not satisfying as there was not enough water to pump. The team will have to anticipate this issue for the next dry season.

Over the entire project length, the ADF team is monitoring and providing techniques to farmers who are growing fruit trees. In 2023, the team will monitor and promote additional techniques for fruit farmers and will distribute fertilizer for fruit trees. For this activity of fruit tree growing, ADF and Agrisud will continue to follow and support these 126 farmers.

Overall and for the beneficiary in the Khnong Phnom Commune: are 30 pig raisers, 8 independent chicken raisers, 51 active black ginger farmers, 51 black ginger and ginger farmers to reactivate in 2023, 126 fruit tree farmers, 13 pepper and long pepper farmers. 42 farmers have combined activities and varieties (black ginger, ginger, and fruit trees). Numerous training sessions and weekly follow up of the farmers and animal raisers (see below).

Master Farmers (MFs) and Socio-professional organisation (SPO)

Income from agricultural activities were improved and secured for the small farmers in Khnong Phnom Commune and Banteay Srey Commune / Phnom Kulen National Park

The support for Master Farmers (MFs) and Socio-professional organisation (SPO) was provided through meetings, training technical and educational, networking workshops and visits exchanges. The number of farms monitored by MFs and SPO, among those already supported in previous projects is below target. Restrictions have indeed limited the ability to intervene. Furthermore, requests of support and follow-up have been reduced, due in part to the gradual acquisition autonomy by farms.

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Data from the technical and economic monitoring of the 300 new farms make it possible to estimate the average annual income per supported production workshop. The average annual income of farms supported by the commune of Khnong Phnom (except pigs and chicken raisers): value reached= $100 / target value=$325. Khnong Phnom, market gardening workshop value reached =$0 / target value=$400/year, fruit value reached= $100 / target value=$125/year. The average annual income target for farms in Khnong commune Phnom was not achieved ($100/$325) due to poor crop results for black ginger and an overly optimistic initial estimate of potential outcomes in fruit production due to the duration of entry into production of the majority species planted.

The objectives of generating income from market gardening production in the area of Khnong Phnom have not been reached due to the technical difficulties encountered in the production of black ginger. The margins were negative for black ginger producers in or almost zero campaign in the first phase of the project. This new phase is working on adapting techniques.

Income from fruit production in Khnong Phnom commune, the support consisted of supporting the establishment of orchards that haven't really come into production given the fruiting time of many of the species planted. Only the coconut palms have started their production in year 3 of the first phase.

The master farmers (MF) implemented their training and agricultural advisory activities with the previously supported farmers and deploy them to the new farms. The Socio-professional organisations (SPO) consolidate their governance and adapt their operating methods to develop their capacity to provide services to family farms. The Socio-professional organizations (SPO’s), networks of master farmers and technical advisers are service providers to farmers.

The interprofessional workshops are biannual and bring together all the players in the sector concerned: farms, collectors, input sellers. They aim to share information about market demands based on figures and trends of the last season. Meeting restrictions made it impossible to organize only 3 interprofessional workshops out of the 6 planned.

The support for the development of the activity of the Green Farmers Siem Reap Association involves advising its managers, networking actions and the organization of exchange visits. The Green Farmers Association adapted to changes in demand for agricultural products to secure marketing on the markets. The marketing of agricultural products is improved by a better integration of producers into local sectors. Stable relationships are established between producers and buyers and new outlets were identified for local products. Local products were promoted to local consumers and tourists.

The multi-actor dynamics initiated at the provincial and commune level lead to the implementation of concrete actions allowing the development of territorialized food systems. The actors are equipped to promote and support the agro-ecological transition of the territories. These last activities were mostly implemented by Agrisud International team.

332 families (32% of the population practicing unsustainable agriculture in Khnong Phnom commune) are now following agroecological principles to generate incomes, reducing their pressure on the natural resources of Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP). This is combined with other ADF projects (support to law enforcement, zoning and demarcation of forested areas, environmental education and reforestation), and allows a better protected PKNP. There is an increase knowledge of the importance of a protected bio-diversity for the local population of PKNP.

The IADA/ALIVE project provides a concrete response to environmental issues by having developed agricultural systems to preserve and sustain resources productive farms while intensifying cropping systems. Agroecological practices disseminated contribute to improving the resilience of systems and to their adaptation to climate change. Soil and resource protection activities of water supplying crops and villages makes it possible to respond to the problems of hazards rainfall, particularly related to climate change. The project has also promoted systems that

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enable carbon sequestration in the aerial and underground biomass (perennial plantations: orchards, hedgerows and windbreaks) and by increasing soil organic matter (fertility management with organic inputs). The project provides alternative options to generate income to population from PKNP, options that does not require deforestation.

Trainings, coordination, visits

On the 13th of January 2022, H.E Mom Thany, State Secretary of the Ministry of Environment and H.E Pin Prak, Deputy Governor of Siem Reap Province and members visited farmers in Kulen Mountain and the Dry Spices Producer group Khnong Phnom.

From the 15th of February to the 21st of February 2022, ADF team participated in the training with Agrisud team about the organization and implementation of Territorial Project for Sustainable Agriculture (“Design and lead territorial projects for sustainable agriculture”). There was a total of 26 participants, 9 females, all of people were present from Commune / Sangkat, Department of Environment, Department of Rural Affairs, Department of Agriculture, Department of Commerce, APSARA Authority, and GRET NGO, Sre Khmer and CIRD NGOs.

On the 3rd of March 2022, ADF team participated in the visit of H.E. Chan Somaly, Under Secretary of State, Ministry of Environment, H.E Meng Monireak, Deputy Director General of the Ministry of Environment, Ms. Alissar Charker, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Representative in Cambodia, to the Dried Spices Producer group of Khnong Phnom commune.

On the 9th of March 2022, Mr. Hasika and Ms. Sok Neang, consultants from Harvest II (USAid) project trained about 5S to the producer at Dried spice producer group, Khnong Phnom Kulen. On the 5th of April 2022, ADF team participated in a meeting at Agrisud office to evaluate the project in 2019.

On the 23rd of April 2022, ADF team accompany SEAF (ADF donor for this project in Phnom Kulen) to farms and drying facilities.

From the 24th of April 2022 and for 5 days, the 2 ADF technicians (Ms Mout and Chheung) joined the incentive trip with Agrisud team to Sihanoukville.

On the 12th of May and the 16th of November 2022, ADF team participated to the visit of AGRISUD donor, Haut de Seine Department in France (CG 92).

On the 23rd of August 2022, ADF team participated to the visit of Planète Urgence NGO.

On the 22nd of October 2022, the ADF and Agrisud team welcomed the SE Asia Foundation representatives (Mr. Bill Taylor and Mr. David Brotherson) for a one-day visit in Phnom Kulen, visiting beneficiaries and the dry spices group of Khnong Phnom commune.

On the 12th and 13th of December 2022, ADF led the visit of the 3 UNESCO-ICC experts for sustainable development. A part of this 2-day visit was to evaluate the ALIVE project; together with the presence of the Agrisud team. The official recommendations (n.21.1.1) are the following: “The experts congratulate the ADF and Agrisud International teams for the excellent quality of the work carried out, which, for them, is exemplary in terms of sustainable development and linking conservation with development. The experts recommend ADF-Agrisud international team continuing the exploration to obtain a SIQO (Official sign of quality or origin), rather "of origin" in this case, with a trademark brand "Kulen" allowing to identify products from the 10 villages recognized in the PNPK and give them some potential added value on the market outside the site itself”.

On 16th and 17th of March 2023, ADF team joined the workshop with the Green Farmer Association to exchange on marketing.

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On the 20th of March 2023, ADF team participated to the visit of AGRISUD donor, the Agence Française de Developpement (AFD).

Regularly over the year, ADF team is doing the following activities: technical advising and follow-up on fruit trees and spices production (see below), technical advising and follow-up on Dry Spice Producer group, Khnong Phnom Kulen (15 members, see below), take photos of every new farmers and take GPS point for archiving data, check the record of incomes and expenditures data in the book for farmers, arrange the seedlings and materials from the Agrisud office to farmers in Phnom Kulen, collect reimbursements from farmers (pig and chicken raisers). All these reimbursements (corresponding to 50% to ADF support) are in cash and reinvested in the project. During the ALIVE project, the team collected 346.16$ from previous activities which were inserted into the funds. In May 2023, the ADF team had the 70 new families growing fruit trees signed contract with rules to follow. Among these 126 families growing fruit trees, 20 will be selected as model farmers (MFs).

For each beneficiary of the project, contracts were signed between ADF-AGRISUD and each farmer. They present the roles and responsibilities of each parties (ADF/AGRISUD and the beneficiary), in order to engage the beneficiary to take responsibilities. The organisations commit to provide trainings on strengthening agricultural techniques (production of vegetable crops and fruit trees) and marketing to farmers; to facilitate planning, implementation, revenue recording, production costs, and marketing; to provide assistance, technical advices and regular monitoring; to provide materials to farmers according to the project possibilities and upon request. The beneficiaries must comply with the status of the organization and group of farmers, must collaborate with agri-businesses and agricultural extension officers, have to participate in training programs and follow the instructions from the NGO technicians on agriculture, must follow the best instructions from the technicians and share good techniques with other farmers, must commit to grow crops and fruit trees on their farms regularly and until the end of the project, must record their amount of products borrowed and produced and must allow the visit of international and national guests and provide brief explanations. It is agreed that if a beneficiary does not comply with this agreement, he should pay back the cash equivalents of the investment with equipment.

Follow up of the Dry Spice Group

From January 2022 to May 2023, the ADF and the Agrisud teams continue the follow up of the Dry Spice group from Phnom Kulen (15 members, 11 women).

In January 2022, the stock of raw material was 501 Kg of fresh black ginger and the products sold to GFS were 53.5 Kg of black ginger tea, 58.8 Kg of dried roselle. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 0 kg of Black ginger tea. The problems identified this month is the lack of capital for the new production in 2022, problem of packaging and absence of label.

In February 2022, the stock of raw material was 700 Kg of fresh black ginger. No products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 60 Kg of dried Black ginger tea. The safeguard principles (5S) needed to be set up, problem of packaging and absence of label. The accounts were closed and the dividend were distributed to the Dried Spices Producer Group.

In March 2022, the stock of raw material was 425 Kg of fresh black ginger. No products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 134 Kg of Black ginger tea.

In May and June 2022, the stock of raw material was 100 Kg of fresh black ginger. No products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 138.5 Kg of Black ginger tea. In July and August 2022, the stock of raw material was 200 Kg of fresh black ginger. No products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 216 Kg (220 Kg in August) of Black ginger tea. A problem of groundwater occurred in the storage area.

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From September to November 2022, there was no stock of raw material and no products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle and 98 Kg of dried black ginger tea (processing group) and 168 Kg of dried black ginger tea (Growing group). The problem of groundwater continues.

From December 2022 to February 2023, there was no stock of raw material and no products were sold to GFS. There was a stock of 212.6 Kg of dried roselle, 94 Kg of dried black ginger tea (processing group), 168 Kg of dried black ginger tea (growing group). The accounts were closed on February 09 2023, and the dividend were distributed to the Dried Spices Producer Group. The products sold to GFS 2022-2023 were the following: dried black ginger = 21.95 Kg, black ginger powder = 8.50 Kg, fresh black ginger = 747 Kg, dried roselle = 68.4 Kg, roselle seeds = 81 Kg; dried long pepper = 0.4 Kg, special young green pepper = 10 Kg, young green pepper = 40 Kg. The total group's expenses were 5,280.75 US$ and the total group's income were 4,860.21 US$.

On the 9th of December 2022, Agrisud and ADF technical Monitoring and Evaluation team and marketing staff went to meet with farmers to collect data on black ginger beneficiaries. The purpose was to focus on farmer’s incomes and expenditures, observation on technical performance of crop cultivation techniques, methods of harvesting and post harvesting.

MF and vegetables producers follow up:

On the 21st of January 2022 and in February 2022, the ADF and the Agrisud teams continued to remind to the master farmers (MFs) on the principle of organic and safe veggies production with a training: 10 farmers (4 females).

On the 20th of February 2022, 32 cement nursery beds were provided to 6 MFs in Khnang Phnom (contribution: 40% from farmers): Anlong Thom village: Ann Ravuth =4 units, Throeung Sokei = 4 units, Heng Channak = 4 units, Khlah Khmum village: Toch Yun = 6 units, Sangke Lak village: Sros Saru = 4 units, Sambo Vanna = 10 units.

On the 20th of August 2022, the team also provided 2 concrete ring wells for water storage to 1 MF, Mr. Tol Kreum in Ta Penh village.

In 2022-2023 the team continued to follow up and advices to existing demonstration sites such as the one from Mr. Tol Kreum (in Ta Penh, growing Chinese watercress, jackfruit, coconut, pineapple, papaya, pomelo, passion fruit, king banana, durian, Burmese grape) and the one from Mrs. Peat Loeum (Anlong Thom, growing coconut, lime, papaya, pomelo, orange, custard apple, soursop, chili, black/long pepper, sponge gourd, pumpkin, and black ginger.) Both MFs were trained in producing and using their own solid and liquid compost.

Follow up by MF with KoBo tool for vegetables and fruit trees farmers

The Agrisud project paid indemnities to the MFs according to the number of visits to the farmers. In January 2022: 8 MFs visited 130 times to 130 farmers: Anlong Thom: 2MFs = 56 times = 56 beneficiaries; Sangke Lak: 2MFs = 25 times = 25 beneficiaries; Thma Chruogn: 2MFs = 21 times = 21 beneficiaries; Ta Penh: 1MF = 14 times = 14 beneficiaries; Khlah Khmum: 1MF = 14 times = 14 beneficiaries.

In March 2022: 8 MFs visited 117 times to 117 farmers: Anlong Thom: 2MFs = 56 times = 56 beneficiaries; Sangke Lak: 2MFs = 21 times = 21 beneficiaries; Thma Chruogn: 2MFs = 16 times = 16 beneficiaries; Ta Penh: 1MF = 11 times = 11 beneficiaries; Khlah Khmum: 1MF = 13 times = 13 beneficiaries.

In September 2022, 5 MFs visited 134 times to 67 farmers: Anlong Thom: 1 MF = 62 times = 31 beneficiaries; Sangke Lak: 1 MF = 22 times = 11 beneficiaries; Thma Chruogn: 1 MF = 24 times = 12 beneficiaries; Ta Penh: 1 MF = 22 times = 11 beneficiaries; Khlah Khmum: 1 MF = 4 times = 2 beneficiaries.

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Infrastructures

In February 2022, the ADF and Agrisud team fixed a water tank at Sangke Lak (repainting and put the metallic fence around). This water tank provides water to 60 households in Sangke Lak village. This water reservoir was built with Agrisud funds and ADF facilitation in 2021 but needed renovation (stop the leaks) and completion (proof paints and fencing).

Retailing shop next to Orchid garden, at the western entrance of Phnom Kulen National Park

Initially planned at Preah Ang Thom village in Phnom Kulen, where most of the tourism is concentrated, the Ministry of Environment recommended on the 15th of August 2022, to build it at the western entrance of the park.

On the 23rd of November 2022, ADF requested to redirect some part of the funds from SEAF first year to be used for the construction of a shop to sell the Green Farmers products. It was approved and funds were shared with Agrisud who had a contract with a contractor.

The total cost of the construction was 27,664.00 US$, divided as followed: total from Agrisud: 18,078.80 US$, total from ADF: 8,350.00 US$, total from Green Farmer: 1.234.20 US$.

On March 13th 2023, ADF team joined the meeting with Agrisud team to discuss about the opening of the shop, near the orchid garden. The shop was built, after the authorization from the Ministry of Environment (MoE) was granted, just to the north of the Orchid coffee shop, north of the Orchid Garden. The shop will be located at the entrance of the park, at a strategic location.

The construction started on the 11th of December 2022 and was achieved on the 31st of January 2023. The construction was interrupted a few weeks due to administrative challenges. The shop could not be opened before Khmer New Year 2023, just before the celebration. It has been open since. However, it is still not formally opened has the name is still under discussion with the MoE. Once agreed, the signage will be done and installed.

Communication and participation to fairs

ADF team selected farmers for photo documentation and sent the photos to the Ministry of Environment.

On 8th of April and 24th and 28th of April 2022, ADF gathered farmers who grow black ginger for a media team from the Ministry of Environment, to record video and produce a documentary. On 16th of June 2022, ADF and Agrisud participated to an exhibition in Siem Reap, about selling veggie and fruit tree from communities.

From the 24th to the 27th of February 2023, ADF and Agrisud participated to the 16th Cambodian Products Fruit and Vegetable Exhibition on the central garden by the river, selling locally grown and transformed spices from Phnom Kulen, in collaboration with Agrisud. 30 farmers from Phnom Kulen were invited.

In September and October 2022, ADF team participated in the documentary with interviews for the project’s video, in coordination with Agrisud team. It was released on social media on the 12th of May 2023.

Schools and agro-ecology activities

In 2022, the Agrisud team follow up cultivation techniques in Sangke Lak and Ta Penh primary schools.

On 21st February 2023, ADF team facilitated the teaching by Agrisud about cultivation techniques to students of Ta Penh School, (37 students, 25 girls) and Sangke Lak School, (34 students, 18 girls) for a total of 71 students, 43 girls.

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Various

In March 2022, ADF team and director participated to the independent evaluation of the previous project (IADA II) by ARTE-FACT. It was delivered with a report in April 2022: “Évaluation finale du projet IADA – Phase II (Intensification agro-écologique et diversification de l’agriculture familiale à Siem Reap - CAMBODGE), by J.-M. Brun.

In 2022, ADF continued to be part of the “ALiSEA”, the Agroecology Learning alliance in South East Asia, a network of Agroecology practitioners and supporters (sharing and supporting common goals on agroecology) that actively engages its members into information/knowledge sharing and vibrant collective actions promoting an agroecological transition, and providing meaningful benefit for all participants.

Related websites and online publications

https://greenfarmerssiemreap.com https://thebettercambodia.com/introducing-green-farmer-siem-reap-a-sustainable-and-sociallyconscious-partner-for-a-better-cambodia/

Rice bank for the households in need in Thma Chruogn village

Reminder: The ADF input and support for the Rice Bank, set up in 2013 in Thma Chruogn village, is now mainly of a technical nature, guidance, monitoring and recording. The objective of this project is to alleviate food insecurity during the dry season amongst the target population. The concept is similar to a bank: beneficiaries can borrow rice when they have a shortage of supplies and have to give it back with a low interest, after the harvesting season (usually in November each year).

The beneficiaries are divided into 8 groups of household members, an equivalent to 34 families. The rice bank committee consists of 4 permanent members who are organizing in-house activities, ranging from administration to the maintenance of the rice bank. They are also responsible for lending to and collecting rice from the household members. 10 families borrowed rice in 2021, 13 families borrowed rice in 2020, 18 families in 2019, 24 families in 2018, 27 families in 2017, 39 families in 2016, 23 families in 2015 and 34 families in 2014. Less families tend to borrow over the years. This shows food security in this village is less a problem than before.

The rice bank committee and ADF team collected and distributed rice to the households in need in Thma Chruogn village, with the following data: Previously to the funding of this project, in 2021, the rice paddy collected in the bank was distributed to 10 families, for a total 2,700 Kg.

On January 19th 2022, the rice paddy stored in the rice bank was representing a total of 3141 Kg (Origin of rice paddy 2,700 Kg, Interest 441 Kg).

On April 7th 2022, the rice paddy was distributed to 19 families, in total 5,950 kg (184 people, 89 females and 99 persons able to work). The loan period is 12 months. 1 family could not reimbursement the rice paddy and owes 236 Kg.

On January 10th 2023, ADF team and Rice Bank committee have collected 7,021 Kg of rice paddy (origin of rice Paddy 5,950 Kg, interest 1,071 Kg) to store in the Rice Bank.

In that case, 13 families have paid 4138 Kg of rice paddy in cash (1241.40 US$). The total amount of rice paddy that keep in stock was 2,883 Kg.

On January 31th 2023, villagers asked to borrow rice paddy. This represents 22 families, 113 people (including 52 women, of which 64 persons able to work), for a total 7,700 Kg of rice paddy proposed. Additionally, 192 Kg of rice paddy was purchased with for 57.60 US$ from the rice bank/ALIVE budget to meet the community’s demand. The total rice paddy to be distributed in 2023 is 7,892 Kg.

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Eco-tourism alternative livelihood, patrol support and handicrafts support and promotion (HUMY 2 and 2 bis projects)

• Community based tourism centre (CBTC) in Anlong Thom and Popel villages Reminder: Summary of the HUMY 1 project (from April to June 2021)

From May to June 2021, HUMY NGO supported a first project exclusively dedicated to Popel Community-based Tourism Centers (CBTC). 1,170 US $ were received on the 22nd of April 2021. This project came as complementary project to the UNDP-BESD-PES one granted to ADF from 2019 to 2021. This UNDP funded project was built around a primary project initiated in 2018 by ADF and supported by a private donor, Mr. Deroo (Terre Cambodge visitor in Phnom Kulen), to support the enlargement of the Popel Community Protected Area (CPA).

The main objective of the HUMY 1 project was to provide the last infrastructures and material necessary for the CBTC, related to the Popel CPA. The Popel CBTC was set up by ADF with the support of the UNDP-BESD-PES project from 2019 to 2021. ADF and its long-time private partner and donor Terre Cambodge travel agency designed the CBTC offers (building, information, tours) and organized its management by the Popel CPA members.

As for the Anlong Thom CBTC, the center objective is to bring economic benefits for the villagers by offering general information and tours to local and international tourists. They also present the extraordinary values (environmental, geographical, archaeological…) of PKNP to the visitors and villagers, both centers displaying information panels and helping villagers to consider their natural environment and historical heritage. They also allow a shared knowledge and an increased protection of the Phnom Kulen bio-diversity.

The Popel CBTC was meant to open in April 2021. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has delayed the opening and additional light infrastructures and materials were necessary to have a fully operational center. It was finally open in December 2021 (see HUMY 2 project).

Within the Humy 1 project, from April to June 2021, additional facilities related to Popel CBTC and its tracks were built, complementing this UNDP funded project:

• The construction of a kitchen for Popel CBTC, used by Popel CBTC trained cooks, in order to provide lunch for visitors. It was built by a local builder and has a cement slab, brick wall up to 1,2m, metallic structure and a teen sheet roof. It is large enough to provide space and hygienic conditions to cook meals for the tours.

• The construction of 2 checkpoint booths: The first one was built by a local builder at the entrance of the CPA on the Preah Ang Thom/Popel main road with a cement slab, a metallic structure, wooden short wall and a tin sheet roof. The second one at Veal Ta Lo was built in wood buy the CPA members with a concrete basis for the 4 pillars. The wood came from the CPA (under the approval of the PKNP rangers, dead tree cut on site in pillars, boards and beams) and it is covered by a locally-made thatch roof. The objective of these 2 checkpoints is to control the access of the CPA and to facilitate the sale of the CBTC tours.

• The payments of the costs for one short video (3'), shoot by a young team of Cambodians, promoting the Popel CBTC. The Covid-19 pandemic has prevented ADF to open the Popel CBTC in April 2021 and to promote it by posting this video on the Facebook page of the Popel CBTC (https://www.facebook.com/PopelCommunityProtectedArea). The Popel CBTC was finally open officially on the 12[th] of December 2021 and the video was posted on the 22[nd] of December 2021 and on the 23[rd] of May 2022.

• A survey about the local handicrafts was implemented to localize producers and identify products. The objective is to have a few of them on display and for sale in the CBTC, in order to offer additional incomes for the producers, the center and to promote this threaten know-how and tradition, only done by the elders of the villages.

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HUMY 2 and 2 bis backgrounds and rationales

The HUMY 2 project was implemented by ADF from October 2021 to March 2022 and the HUMY 2 bis was implemented as a continuation, from April 2022 to December 2022.

CBTCs background:

Both CBTC were set up by ADF with the complementary expertise of Terre Cambodge local travel agency (TC), ADF’s long-time partner and funder.

Popel CBTC was funded through an UNDP-SIDA project (BESD) to help Popel village and its CPA members, while enlarging its CPA from 188 to 798 ha, from 2019 to 2021. During the early phase of the project (under the sole “Popel project” funded by Mr. Deroo, see above), the local community (CPA members and villagers) requested eco-tourism options as an alternative livelihood, when the demarcation of the CPA was considered. The Popel CPA (“Prey Thom”) and the 4 non-visited secondary waterfalls could be encompassed into an enlarged Prey Thom Popel CPA and were identified as sources of incomes via eco-tourism services. The combined UNDP-BESD and Popel project allowed to implement this with a clear demarcation of the CPA and capacity building of CPA members. Surveys with ADF team and CPA members to identify potential areas for eco-tourism facilities (boulders, forest, secondary waterfalls) were undertaken from April to December 2020, with complementary surveys in January and February 2021, inside the existing Prey Thom Popel CPA but also in areas encompassed into the enlarged Popel CPA.

Eco-tourism facilities were defined between CPA members, ADF and PDoE and set up: a Community-Based Tourism Centre (CBTC) at Popel village (with maps, signboards and tourism offer); rest-stop facilities near Anlong Run waterfall (wooden rest huts, toilets) associated with trekking route traced (max 1 m width) from one waterfall to the other and according to the defined tours, linked to the existing “Nature trails” established in 2015 by the PDoE and the Popel CPA. The homestays initially considered were not chosen as a viable option as villagers preferred a Community centre.

The Popel CBTC was built on a land donated by the Popel village chief, along the main road of Popel village. The construction started from August until December 2020 but was slow down by the heavy rains in October. It was completed by a water reservoir in early December 2020. In May and June 2021, ADF completed this infrastructure with the construction of kitchen and materials / labors were funded by the HUMY 1 project.

All informative material to be presented in this center were designed by ADF team from August to October 2020. They were printed and set up after the center was fully completed (January 2021). They are similar to the ones in Anlong Thom CBTC; minor modifications were made (pictures) and the texts were adapted for the Popel context.

As for the Anlong Thom CBTC, they are divided as followed: 4 signboards both in Khmer and English presenting general information about PKNP on 1) history, archaeology and heritage conservation; 2) geography, landscapes and hydrology; 3) fauna, flora and environmental protection; 4) Local life and handicrafts; Popel CPA rules for visitors; Popel CPA centre context and actors; A Large map of the Phnom Kulen area.

From January to May 2021 and together with the CPA members, ADF and TC set up the CBTC organization and define the tourism offer of the Popel CBTC, operated by the Popel CPA members. The design of the tracks, the eco-tourism facilities and the tours packages were discussed between all stakeholders (ADF team, PDoE, CPA members, village chief), taking into account the options for a viable system. The CBCT should charge visitors to ensure the maintenance of the facilities (center, rest-stop areas) and to prevent and act against the dissemination of garbage in this part of the forest.

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ADF was advised by its private sector partner, Terre Cambodge tour company (TC) to set up the Community center organization, the tracks and the services provided, with the half-time position of Ms Chhun Phirom.

A meeting to select the 2 responsible persons and to expose the different activities and positions (local guides and cook) was hold on the 13th of January 2021. The 2 responsible persons were elected by the CPA members. An important criterion is the ability to write Khmer and to use Facebook and Telegram. Unfortunately, very few people in Popel could response to these. A Telegram group was created to facilitate the communication between all actors. All CBTC members received 2 shirts with CBTC mention and logo.

The trekking routes options were studied during the previous surveys and were cleared (from 1m. to 2m. width) in January 2021 (from Poeng Gnogneat to Preah Ang Thom/Popel main road) and in February 2021 between Anlong Run waterfall to Tiep waterfall, Sman Teang and Thnous Pok waterfall. 2 large fallen trees have been cleared by CPA members at the Tiep waterfall in March 2021, with the participation of the ADF staff and the help of 2 rangers.

Anlong Thom CBTC was funded from 2018 to 2020 by E-Changeons le Monde (ECM) and TDS French travel agencies, both TC partners. It was opened in November 2020 and operational for a few months. In 2021, the C-19 pandemic has prevented to promote further these centers and to receive the expected local and international visitors. A new road is now crossing PKNP through Anlong Thom village and will, in the near future, allow more tourists to come in this part of the Phnom Kulen National park, located 80 Km by road from Siem Reap-Angkor.

The activities from both CBTC were strongly impacted by the C-19 pandemic, as very few visitors came and booked tours from the center. ADF and TC took this opportunity to reinforce the CBTC members capacities and to better organize the center management. During the year 2021, ADF reinforced the capacities of the AT CBTC with different projects. From January to June 2021 and thanks to the UNDP-BESD project and the Popel CBTC support, ADF supported the 2 centers with the salary of Ms. Chhun Phirom, two salaries of the CBTC leaders and the training of their teams by TC and ADF. The remaining funds of the CAR project (project initiated to set up the AT-CBTC; 1,312 US$, see ADF 2020 activity report) were used for the payment of ADF/TC CBTC supervisors (Ms. Chhun Phirom, from July to September 2021) as well as 2 CBTC managers (from January to June 2021).

Over the year 2021, several documents and guidelines were designed to facilitate and better organized the PP and AT-CBTC: the receipts note books, the safety check list for moto driver before taking visitors, the emergency contact numbers, the rules for CPA/CBTC members, ID Cards for each CBTC members, a signboard outside indicating the location of the center from the main road, the CBTC accounting system, a general guideline for the local guide for Anlong Thom and Popel CBTC, an archaeological summary guide for Anlong Thom CBTC and the prices of the tours offered by both CBTCs. Numerous meetings between ADF and the two CBTC teams were organized over the year 2021 to coordinate and agree on these documents.

Later in 2021, ADF secured funds with HUMY 2 project to support Anlong Thom and Popel CBTCs from October 2021 to March 2022. These funds ensured numerous trainings, forest patrols and payments to ADF/TC CBTC supervisors (Ms. Chhun Phirom) as well as 2 CBTC managers (see below for more details on HUMY 2 and 2 BIS projects).

At the beginning of this HUMY 2 project (October 2021), both CBTC were already operational and offering services such as half day or one-day trek tours to archaeological or natural sites (forests, waterfalls) led by local guides, moto taxi (if needed) and local lunch package with hygiene and ecofriendly standards.

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The Anlong Thom CBTC and CPA consist in:

• A team of 15 members (for CBTC) including the 9 CPA members lead by 1 person, in charge of offering trekking tours to visitors to the archaeological and scenic points of Anlong Thom CPA (Poeng Tbal, Kok Chen, Prasat O Paong, Prasat Rong Chen, Poeng Eisei, Prasat O Top, Prasat Damrei Krap…), 3 cooks in charge of cooking local lunch with environmentally friendly packages (not using plastic),

• A CPA of 365 ha, demarcated by a track with additional signboards for villagers and visitors at strategic locations. Most of these 365 ha are forested,

• An information center in the western entrance of Anlong Thom village, with information signboards, facilities (water pump, toilets, showers, wash bays and water system) and a small tree nursery. There is no fully equipped kitchen for Anlong Thom CBTC but cooking materials were bought and are used by the cooks at their houses,

• A selection of local handicrafts products. The CBTC also provide an opportunity to promote and sell the traditional handicrafts, usually done by elders of the villages.

• A network of trails for treks to the archaeological and scenic points mentioned above,

• A selection of trek/packages.

• 1 short video (3') promoting the Anlong Thom CBTC (funded by HUMY 2). This video was posted on the Anlong Thom CBTC Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/PhnomKulenCommunity) as well as ADF website (20[th] of January and 15[th] of May 2022), to promote the tours.

• O’Ta Chork camping: Following the start of Covid-19 crisis in March 2020, some Cambodians from Siem Reap town camped near the river passing just north of the Anlong Thom CPA, at three distinct points (Peam Kre, O’Ta Chok, O’Chup Thnal). The Anlong Thom CPA members tried to organize these areas to take advantage of the economic benefits of these campsites. They invested in buying tents, building toilets and cleared some areas by the river to set up the tents. It was not the intention of TC or ADF to encourage the practice of camping in these conditions, but with no choice regarding this situation, ADF and TC provided their advice to improve these camping conditions. On a fourth location, the Angkorian dyke of Thnal Dac, members of the CPA had previously built picnic kiosks. ATC and ADF helped define the prices for the rental of kiosks, equipment, security and parking, and finally the prices of the meals offered.

The Popel CBTC and Popel CPA consist in:

• A team of 14 members (for CBTC) including the 9 CPA members lead by 2 persons, in charge of offering trekking tours to visitors to the scenic points of Popel CPA (Poeng Gnogneat and 4 secondary waterfalls), with guides and guards, 4 cooks in charge of cooking local lunch with environmentally friendly packages (not using plastic).

• A recently extended CPA (from 188 ha to 798 ha), demarcated by a track and 170 robust concrete posts one placed every 80 meters, each of them marked and geo-referenced, with additional signboards for villagers and visitors at strategic locations. Out of these 798 ha, 555 ha are forested and 243 ha consists in cashew nut farms.

• An information center in the middle of Popel village, with information signboards and facilities (toilets, wash bay and water system),

• A fully equipped kitchen for Popel CBTC, to be used by Popel CBTC cooks in order to provide lunch for visitors (funded by HUMY 1),

• A selection of local handicrafts products. The CBTC also provide an opportunity to promote and sell the traditional handicrafts done by elders of the villages, (funded by HUMY 1),

• A network of trails for treks to the scenic points mentioned above,

• A selection of trek/packages

• 3 rest-stop facilities (wooden kiosks built near the Anlong Run waterfall, built in August 2020,)

• 2 toilets (with 2 units, 1 septic tank and 1 water reservoir) built in December 2020 in the vicinity of these kiosk, but hidden in the forested area.

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• A wooden gate (at Veal Ta Lo, one of the entry points of the Popel CPA) to prevent motorbikes to go to Poeng Gnogneat, one of the most spectacular points of the area with giant sandstone boulders (funded by HUMY 1),

• Several small wooden stairs, a wooden footbridge (at Tiep waterfall) and handrails where necessary on the waterfall trekking path, to facilitate the walk on the tracks between the waterfalls (funded by HUMY 1),

• 2 checkpoint booths: one at the entrance of the CPA on the Preah Ang Thom/Popel main road and at one at Veal Ta Lo. They allow to control the access of the CPA and facilitate the sale of the CBTC tours, (funded by HUMY 1),

• All wood used for these facilities was taken from fallen and dead trees from the CPA,

• 1 short video (3') promoting the Popel CBTC (funded by HUMY 1). This video was posted on the ADF (the 22[nd] of December 2021 and on the 23[rd] of May 2022) and TC Facebook pages then relayed on the Facebook Popel CBTC (funded by HUMY 1).

• • A Facebook page was created to promote the center: https://www.facebook.com/PopelCommunityProtectedArea page to promote the tours, after the opening of the center in December 2021.

• Anlong Run camping: as in O’Ta Chok for Anlong Thom CBTC, the Anlong Run waterfall inside Popel CPA attracted some campers during the pandemic. As for the AT-CBTC, ADF advised the PP-CBTC to set up a system of camping fees, guards and parking, to bring additional incomes. PP-CBTC has no tent to rent.

Despite all these infrastructures and general organization, both centers CBTC and CPA members needed a longer training focusing on tourism management, environmental education and law enforcement. The C-19 pandemic in 2021 has prevented the arrival of visitors to CBTCs. However, ADF has seen this period as an opportunity to build up the capacities of the CBTC and CPA members, preparing for the coming years and the recovery of the tourism industry. Moreover, a World Bank / UNDP funded project has selected PKNP and the 2 CBTC set up by ADF and TC as basis to develop an eco-tourism project (Cambodian Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project, CSLEP).

Patrols and handicrafts background:

The CPA members should also be trained to develop local patrols to better protect their CPA from the long-term identified threats: illegal logging, poaching and hunting, encroachment and deforestation for farming. Apart from random patrols by the PKNP rangers, they were no patrols implemented in these protected areas. The management of the Anlong Thom and Popel CPA, the 2 largest of the 5 CPA in PKNP (respectively 365 and 798 ha), could be increased; environmental awareness, ownership and team spirit developed among the members.

This third main component of the HUMY 2 and 2 bis projects is to promote the handicrafts products (mats, baskets, knives…) from PKNP. These high-quality traditional objects (pandan mats, baskets, knives…) are crafted by a few elders in villages, a particular vulnerable proportion of this population, and sold only in the local villages. The know-how to make these environmentally friendly products is threatened to disappear, if it is not transmitted and supported by a larger market. ADF has identified this as a source of potential income for villagers since 2012 but, due to lack of funding, was unable to implement a dedicated project.

HUMY 2 and 2 bis objectives

The main objectives of these projects were therefore:

• to provide the necessary training for the two Community-based Tourism Centers (CBTCs) members and their related Community Protected Area (CPA) staff, in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. The project aimed to develop the capacities of these villagers by providing training sessions regarding tourism management, environmental education; protection, law enforcement and patrolling. The project also aimed to support the capacities of these villagers by providing a minimum incentive per month for the 2 CBTC leaders.

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• to organize, train and financially support mixed patrols in both Popel and Anlong Thom CPAs (rangers and CPA members), to prevent illegal activities and raise environmental awareness (from January 2022).

• to support and promote the PKNP handicrafts producers. The project aimed to transmit the knowledge of making these products by providing training from the elders to the younger generations. The project should promote the products with the setting up of a brand, selling points in Siem Reap or Phnom Penh and at the CBTCs, promotional material (video, catalogue, leaflet…). Additionally, it should provide incomes for these vulnerable villagers as well as for the CBTC.

• Finally, the project should also facilitate the administrative procedures prior and during the biodiversity’s assessment of PKNP by Vincent Romera from HUMY, assisted by Claire Zagala, from September 2022 to March 2023 (see HUMY 5 project).

HUMY 2 and 2 bis activities and outcomes

Training and management of the Popel and Anlong Thom CBTC members by ADF team and 1 TC guide.

The training of Popel and Anlong Thom CBTC and CPA members was divided between thematic and provided by various partners: TC Cambodian guide knowing PKNP, PKNP rangers and director, long-experienced and successful community-based centers in other provinces.

Hospitality training:

This first training presented the Khmer History; hospitality and tourism management. It was provided by Mr. Po Ratana, a Terre Cambodge guide very familiar with PKNP and took place over 3 days (2nd to 4th of November 2021) at the AT-CBTC to 5 persons from PP-CBTC and 5 persons from AT-CBTC.

The content of this interactive training was designed by Ms. Chhun Phirom and Mr. Po Ratana in a 15-pages document in Khmer distributed to all trainees. It should be noted that not all the beneficiaries know how to read. The introduction included basic notion about geography, history, local life, health care and health center, education, population and tourism impact. The second part was a reminder of the creation of the 2 CBTCs with their goals and benefits. The following chapter focused on the basics of being a tour guide with notions about knowledge, hospitality, responsibility, honesty and research. The last part of the theorical training focused on the key points of being a tour guide such as a friendly welcome, to give clear explanations, to notice about the guests’ reactions, to find something interesting showing to guests (beside temples for example) and to be flexible. It was concluded by the presentation of the 2 videos promoting the 2 CTBCs.

The practical part was organized so the CBTCs members from Popel were received and welcomed as guests by the Anlong Thom CBTC, and the CBTCs members from Along Thom were received and welcomed as guests by the Popel CBTC members, under the supervision of the TC guide. Following the two introductory sessions to Khmer History and archaeology, with a particular focus on Phnom Kulen archaeological sites, by JB Chevance to members of the CPA and the CBTC (June 3[rd] and November 18[th] 2020, for AT-CBTC members), a simplified archaeological guide (a bullet points list for each site) was developed in 2021-2022. Numerous training sessions by video with Mr. Heng Puthea, the AT-CBTC responsible and the only English-speaking guide, took places over the year 2022, to get familiar with these data and present them in English and Khmer to the visitors on site. This guide still needs to be translated in Khmer.

PP-CBTC opening:

The Popel CBTC grand opening was planned on the first week of April 2021 but it was cancelled due to the C-19 outbreak in February 2021. It could not be opened before the 31[st] of May (the end date of the UNDP-BESD project) and was only officially opened on the 12[th] of December 2021, once the pandemic situation got better.

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The opening took place in presence of Dr. Chhean Ratha, Acting Director for the department of the Monument outside the Angkor Park, APSARA National Authority, Mr. Chueum Tang, Khnong Phnom Commune Chief, Mr. Jérôme Humy, HUMY representative in Cambodia, Mr. Sakhoeun Sakada (ADF consultant and PKNP Director-PDOE), all CBTC and ADF team, representatives of local authorities and villagers. No representative from UNDP could join. In total, about a hundred people were present. This ceremony included the prayers and blessings of the monks from Preah Ang Thom Pagoda, a series of speeches followed by the official opening, the visit from the center and a meal. These speeches gave the occasion to present the objectives of the center to a greater number of villagers. Two sets of T-shirts / polo shirts were designed and distributed to each of the CBTC members.

Costs for the opening (renting table, food, local music band, presents for monks and elderly people from Popel) were secured by ADF financial resources for admin costs.

The previous day, on the 11[th] of December 2021, a cleaning operation was organized by ADF and the PDoE team to collect garbage on the road from Preah Ang Thom to Popel village today. Apsara National Authority guards, Park rangers, Popel Community Protected Area members, teachers and pupils from Popel primary school and ADF team participated. More than 30 large bags collected and brought to the Preah Ang Thom incinerator.

CBTC Management and training:

The continuous training of the CBTC responsible and members was ensured by Chhun Phirom with numerous meetings (1st and 17th of March 2022, April 2022) and working sessions over the period project.

The financial incentive for both CBTC responsible allowed to keep a permanent link between ADF and the CBTC and guaranteed a way to keep control over the center’s objectives. These incentives are completed by the incomes generated thanks to the tours sold by the CBTCs.

On the model of the AT CBTC, the PP CBTC rules were defined and explained to the CBTC members (safety, hygiene, environment…) for the visitor’s tours in PP CPA. ADF designed in Khmer and English the description of each tour offered by the 2 CBTCs and posted them on each CBTC Facebook page. A printed book was designed to register all incomes and expenditures per tour. The PP-CBTC booklet was also design and printed. It is designed to be presented at visitors on their arrival at the center and present pictures, maps of the tours and various information. ADF designed in Khmer and printed the PP CBTC organization chart. It is defining the responsibilities of the 14 members (cooks, guards, guides, responsible) displayed in the center. ADF designed 2 PPCBTC signboards and display them at each kiosk (Veal Ta Lo and CPA entrance), in April 2022. ADF organized the fixing of the base of pillars for 2 kiosks at Anlong Run, which appeared unstable, with additional cement.

From the 26th to the 28th of April 2022, Ms. Chhun Phirom organized and led a training for the CBTC members on 1) hygiene cooking and packaging, at the CBTC kitchen 2) Being a local guide on the CBTC tracks, 3) Being a guard for camping visitors at Anlong Run waterfall.

From August 2022, it was decided that one guard should stay on standby from each Friday to Sunday, for Popel CPA at the checkpoint n.1, to better control the arrival of visitors and campers at Anlong Run waterfall.

Promotion of the CBTCs:

One promotion video (3’) was also ordered to promote the Anlong Thom CBTC. The video for the promotion of Popel CBTC was funded with the HUMY 1 project. However, both were not posted on Facebook before the end of 2021 and early 2022 (see the dates above), as the C-19 pandemic restrained ADF to promote the center.

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The general promotion of the 2 CBTCs was done of the 2 CBTCs Facebook respective pages, relayed on TC and ADF Facebook pages, with regular publications about the CBTCs activities, prices, contacts numbers and promotional videos.

From the 23[rd] to the 27[th] of August 2022 Ms Chhun Phirom travelled to Phnom Penh to promote the CBTC to the local travel agencies specialised in treks: Solo Landscapes, Vanna Adventure and 12Go Adventure. These 3 companies showed interest but later said they need longer/ harder treks (2-3 days).

Once the road construction in Anlong Thom village were achieved, ADF designed the new and larger signboard to indicate the location of the AT-CBTC from the main road. It was paid by the CBCT incomes and installed on 6[th] of December 2022. Pictures from Humy and ADF were integrated.

On the 12[th] of December 2022, ADF hosted the UNESCO sustainable development adhoc experts from the International Coordinating Committee for the Safeguarding and Development of the historic site of Angkor and Sambor Prey Kuk (ICC-Angkor, 36[th] Technical Session and 29[th] Plenary Session, December 15 and 16, 2022) to Phnom Kulen. Among other projects, the group visited the AT-CBTC and had a presentation of the centre and its services. The recommendations are the followings: “The ad hoc experts: 1) Congratulate ADF for this initiative, its coaching Terre Cambodge and working along with it. 2) Recommend focusing on having the centre self-sustaining through cost control and better planning of its objectives.

Training sessions in PKNP by other local Community members to 10 CBTC members: Conceived prior to the inception of the project, this activity did not appear as relevant once the project was started. With the agreement of HUMY, ADF decided to combine the credit allocated to this activity to the following one (n.4).

Exposure visits and training for CBTC to other community areas:

Over the course of these 2 projects, ADF identified 3 programs involving local communities, patrolling and protecting their natural environment, as well as benefitting from visitors and tourism, to be visited and serve as examples for PP and AT CBTC/CPA teams.

The first was the Be Treed Eco-tourism center in Phnom Thnaot / Phnom Pok Wildlife Sanctuary, Preah Vihear province, run by Mr. Ben Davis and his wife Sharyn. Due to the threats on this protected area and the long and renown experience of the initiators of this project, ADF requested a training focusing on “Patrolling in Protected areas by local communities”. The agenda and planning were set up in coordination with Be Treed. A two-day exposure visit 7th and 8th of December 2021 for both AT and PP CBTC and CPA members took place: half day theory, half day practice on the field + travelling time. The program of the visit and training was divided between theoretical and practical parts.

The first part allowed the presentation of the respective projects and teams and their conservation issues, the main fauna/flora species in each area, the different methods of surveillance (camera traps for wildlife, drones and satellite imagery…), the patrolling and law enforcement (basic rules of patrolling, use of applications (Timestamp, Avanza maps, GPS test, google map, google earth, sentinel-hub), communications (Icom…), simplified knowledge of the Protected Area laws and CPA rules, protected area zoning and demarcation, the recording of illegal activities and procedures for reporting to MoE (form to fill, phone call, Telegram group…). Discussions also involved the community involvement, environmental awareness/Education, community-based tourism centres, tourism revenues, CPA members Training, NGO and Gvt support.

The practical training (day 2) focused on patrolling (divided in 2 groups) with discussions about field problematics. The emblematic figure of Ben and Sharyn, their dedication and the presence of numerous wild animals in the vicinity enhanced and highlighted the message spread to the group. Persons attending: 15 from AT, 15 from PP, 3 ADF, 1 Humy.

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ADF organized a visit on the 18th of May 2022 at Teuk Chob Khnar Po Community Forest, a forested/swampy area located to the southwest of PKNP.

The objective was to provide to the 2 CBTCs members an exposure visit to a site managed by a nearby local community, with similar practices: lunch possible on site, forested area to visit, fauna and flora to observe. The overall objective is to reinforce the capacities of the 2 CBTC by showing successful and concrete examples, explained by their actors. The group was welcome by the 4 persons, responsible of the Teuk Chob Khnar Po Community Forest followed by a presentation and a discussion. The group visited the swampy forest, the footbridges and watchtower, had lunch on site, before getting back to PKNP. Persons attending: 15 from AT, 8 from PP, 4 ADF.

On the 15th of June 2022, ADF team organized a visit at ACCB for the Popel and Along Thom Community Protected Areas and Community-Based Tourism centers. The objective was to build awareness on wildlife and bio-diversity conservation in Phnom Kulen National Park for these CPA members, patrolling in their forest.

The group had a presentation of ACCB general activities and the problematic they are facing, by Christel Griffioen, ACCB country director, and Mr. Van Sokchea, Education Manager. It was followed by the guided visit of the entire ACCB complex.

Following on, the group visited Beung Chouk Community at Banteay Srey, where members of this organization exchanged experiences with these 2 Phnom Kulen CPA and CBTC members. Exchanges were focusing on the internal organization and its economic model, based here with a private partner. Persons attending: 15 from AT, 8 from PP, 4 ADF, 1 Humy.

Training for local patrol by PDoE:

This second training was organized by ADF and given in Phnom Kulen by the Provincial Dpt of Environment (PKNP Director Mr. Sakhoeun Sakada) and 2 Park rangers about patrolling and law enforcement (theoretical and practical). It took place on the 10th and 11[th] of November 2021 for ATCPA members and on the 24th and 25[th] of November 2021 for Popel CPA members.

The 2 CPA members were trained to develop local patrols to better protect their CPA from the identified threats: illegal logging, poaching and hunting, encroachment and deforestation for farming.

A simplified knowledge of the Protected Area laws and CPA rules, the law enforcement with the recording of illegal activities and procedures for reporting to MoE (form to fill, phone call, Telegram group…). The use of the applications for patrolling: trekking application and others georeferencing pictures on smartphone: Timestamp, Avanza maps, GPS test, Google map, Google earth.

After each full day of theory, field sessions were organized to practice the use of the applications and the reporting system (half day practice).

A form to register the patrols activities incusing the numbers and names of the participants and the eventual illegal activities was designed by ADF and PDoE and proposed to the patrols. A form to record the payment of the participants to the patrols was designed by ADF, to be used systematically for each patrol. Both forms have MoE, ADF and Humy’s logo.

Support to local patrols in CPA by CBTC and CPA members:

From January 2022 to Dec 2022, regular funded patrolling allowed CPA members from Popel and Anlong Thom with PKNP rangers from MoE to visit their respective protected area on a weekly basis, to prevent illegal activities: illegal logging, poaching and hunting, encroachment and deforestation for farming.

Local patrols by CPA members were deployed and paid by the project from January 2022 to January 2023, in both Popel and Anlong Thom CPA to better protect them.

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These patrolling training sessions were organized from October to December 2021 and field patrols in PKNP only started in January 2022, with preliminary meetings between ADF, MoE rangers and CPA members for their organization, and preliminary patrols (only 1 in AT CPA) in December 2012. Patrols were organized and monitored over the project’s period. During this year of patrolling implementation, CPA members and rangers organize themselves to implement these patrols and gain in autonomy and confidence from ADF.

The reporting system was organized with patrol and attendance forms, pictures, recording treks on Avenza software with smartphones. As most of CPA/CBTC members shave smartphones, this trekking application was chosen rather than GPS, requiring a computer. It is completed by other application georeferencing pictures, particularly in case of illegal activities.

Since January 2022, patrols are organized randomly (not the same day every week and not the same area within each CPA) one to twice a week and monitored by ADF-PDoE teams, with a systematic report for each patrol (track location, time of departure and arrival, form to complete with participants, reporting form, pictures…) sent to two specially created Telegram groups (one for each CPA) and addressed to all partners involved (MoE, PDoE, Park direction, CPA and CBTC Members, ADF, TC, HUMY…).

During the year 2022, ADF has set up and organized more than 150 patrols in 2 Community Protected Areas (Popel and Anlong Thom), implemented by Phnom Kulen National Park rangers and CPA members. This allows to reduce illegal activities and raise environmental awareness for Phnom Kulen population.

To better spread the funds over the project length and more discretion during patrols, it was decided, in April 2022, in accordance with CPA members and MoE rangers to reduce the number of participants to each patrol from 5 to 4 persons, and to do patrol from once to twice a week.

Detail of 145 patrols and illegal activities: Patrols by Popel CPA members and rangers (from 06/01 to 29/12/2022), 79 patrols, an average of 6 to 7 per months: this represents 356 individual payments of 7 US$ to the Popel CPA members + 1 ranger, for a total of 2,492 US $.

Illegal activities observed: 1 large tree cut down with 35 boards found on site, brought to Preah Ang Thom ranger station (06/01/22), 1 shelter of hunter destroyed (30/03/22), 1 large tree ( Yeng/Dipterocarpus alatus ), fell down naturally (24/05/22), 2 trees cut down ( Pa ) (15/08/22), Clearing of a small forested area to enlarge a cashew farm (12/10/22), traces of bird hunted (feathers) (24/11/22), 2 wooden traps destroyed (21/12/22), 36 small trees cut ( Bos Neak / Mesua ferrea ), 4 to 5 m. long (24/12/22).

Patrols by Anlong Thom CPA members and rangers (from 08/01 to 27/12/2022), 66 patrols, average of 6 to 7 per months: this represents 287 individual payments of 7 US$ to the Anlong Thom CPA members + 1 ranger, for a total of 2,009 US $.

Illegal activities observed: 5 wood traps to catch wild rooster destroyed (04/03/22), 2 small trees cut down (diameter 10 cm) (16/03/22), People from outside come to collect fruit (25/03/22), 300m of low wooden fence with 49 snares destroyed (01/06/22), 1 large tree cut down (diameter 40 cm x 4m/ Pring ) (15/07/22), 7 small trees cut down (diameter 15 cm) (19/08/22), 1 tree cut (diameter 20 cm), ( Chan Crassna/Aquilaria Crassna Pierre ) 24/08/22), 2 wooden traps destroyed (21/09/22), 1 large tree, 10 m long, 40 cm diameter ( Bos Neak / Mesua ferrea ), fell down naturally (05/10/22), 6 small trees cut down, 15 cm diameter (5 Sambour + 1 Pring ) (20/10/22).

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Conclusions of 1-year of patrolling activities

Illegal logging is the most recurrent illegal activity: 9 occasions (5 in AT CPA, 4 in PP CPA). Poaching evidences (feathers of shot bird, wood traps, hunting hut, fence, snares) are not so common (3 occasions in AT CPA, 3 in PP CPA). However, it does not include the hunters with airguns heard on multiple occasions by V. Romera (HUMY) during his bio-diversity survey in both CPA. Patrols’ schedules should be changed accordingly. Outsiders collecting fruits during fruit season ( Kulen/ Litchi Chinensis ) is also observed (1 occasion). Burning a cavity inside the trunks of Yeng/Dipterocarpus alatus to collect resin has also been observed and should be reported as an illegal activity. Patrolling activities should be scheduled accordingly to illegal activities: at night during illegal logging and early morning for hunters. It is harder to get patrolling activities unfolding during April and May, when there are festivities and day off in Cambodia (Khmer new year, King’s birthday…). Six walkie-talkies were bought for Popel CPA and CBTC teams on the 21[st] of October 2021. 9 aluminium water bottles were bought for PKNP rangers involve in patrols. 2 First aid Kits were bought for the 2 CBTC and can also be used for the CPA members.

Training by handicrafts producers from PKNP to villagers and young students:

The third component within the HUMY 2 project aimed to support and promote the PKNP handicrafts producers. Traditional objects (mostly mats, baskets, cutlasses and knives) are crafted by vulnerable elders in Phnom Kulen villages and this know-how is threatened to disappear, if it is not transmitted and supported by a larger market.

The project aims to transmit this knowledge of making these environmentally friendly products to younger generation and to promote them at the CBTCs and other selling points in Siem Reap or Phnom Penh, offering additional incomes to the artisans.

During a first period (started before the inception of the project in October 2021, and reinforced when it started), the handicrafts producers were identified in Phnom Kulen villages by Ms. Chhun Phirom and ADF’s team and network. The surveys focused on 3 villages: Anlong Thom, Sangke Lak and Popel. However, nobody from Popel wanted to benefit from a training. The artisans were classified by activities: mat weavers, blacksmiths, baskets weavers, broom producers. A first list was developed and can be expanded.

Mat weavers, women exclusively:

Observing a difference in the quality of these products, Ms. Chhun Phirom organized the trainings of the mat’s producers from Sangke Lak and Anlong Thom villages, on a weekly basis, from October to November 2021, then from January to February 2022, by the best artisan.

A traditional mat weaver from Sangke Lak village was identified for her advanced skills (Ms. Chheun Tev) and selected as a trainer for other women willing to join the training sessions. From October to November 2021, and over 6 days (20[th] , 21[st] , 27[th] and 28[th] of October; 3[rd] and 4[th] of November 2021), 8 women from Sangke Lak village (from 33 to 68 years old) joined this training, producing 42 mats. The trainings sessions were organized as follow: a general discussion about the experiences of weaving mats, learning techniques to mix the pigments with pandan leaves and to mix the pigment to get different color, learn weaving with different patterns, and finally, exchanging on each trainee final product. Every trainee expressed the desire to continue to produce mats and to be helped to sell their products.

The training of the mat weaver from Anlong Thom village was organized from January to February 2022 (5[th] and 6[th] , 19[th] of January and 2[nd] and 17[th] of February) and led by Ms. Chheun Tev from Sangke Lak village. 5 women from Anlong Thom (from 58 to 63 years old) joined this training, producing 7 mats. The teaching steps of the training were the same as the Sangke Lak one. Every trainee but one expressed the desire to continue to produce mats and to be helped to sell their products.

The training of the young students was not developed as scheduled during the HUMY 2 and 2 bis project. It will be from February to April 2023.

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Basket weavers and blacksmiths, men exclusively:

The training of the basket weaver and blacksmiths could not happen in 2021 due to the difficulty of finding trainees willing to learn these ancestral techniques.

Over the year 2022, the 2 identified blacksmiths at Anlong Thom were supported by promoting their products. No trainee was found to learn, as this represents a hard, long, a little profitable work compared to labouring for harvesting or maintaining cashew nut farms.

The basket weaver Mr. Sao Tum, from Sangke Lak village, was identified as the best artisan but nobody wanted to be a trainee, for the same reasons as for the blacksmiths. However, and since December 2022, his permanent production answering to Kulen Craft’s orders has motivated one man from the same village (mentally handicapped), to improve their skills with him. The husband of the mat trainer, also a producer of baskets, has also seen a source of incomes and is interested in making baskets.

Additional products: bamboo straw, vine glass holder and cotton ball were also identified as possible incomes from handicrafts for PKNP villagers. However, bamboo straws are hard to clean, vine glass holder bring a very small benefit and there a market for the cotton producers was not identified. The old ladies producing cotton balls only use it to make lamp wick. Depending on ADF time and market access, these products could also be developed in the future.

Financial support: The HUMY 2 and 2 bis project supported the costs for the trainings: Per Diem at 7 US$ per day for the trainer, transportation costs for the trainer, complementary tools and equipment, and raw material (ex: pigments for mat dyeing).

Promotion of handicrafts from PKNP

From the end of 2021 and during the year 2022, a banner, a leaflet and a catalogue (both in Khmer and English) were produced, distributed to selling points and promoted on ADF Facebook page. The catalogue was updated once and printed on a limited amount of copies (2 x 10 units), due to the high price for printing it.

Tags with Kulen Crafts logo, mentioning the price, the producers’ name and its village were also designed and printed. Their final version is still to be finalized.

One video of 5 minutes long was also produced and promoted on ADF Facebook page and on Kulen Crafts Facebook page on the 10[th] and 13[th] of February 2022. 2 photographers teams came graciously before the project inception (October 2020 and March 2021) to Phnom Kulen (Mr. Kao Kosal, Mr. Keuom Vitou) to shot pictures of the making of the handicraft’s items.

A distribution name/brand was created with its logo ( Kulen Crafts with a Facebook page: https://www.facebook.com/Kulencrafts). The item list was defined, with their corresponding prices, season availability and care instructions.

Since October 2021, contacts with potential buyers or retailers (Enso Healing shop in Phnom Penh, Beyond Retail Business, Frangipani Spa…) were developed and listed.

On the 12[th] and 13th of February 2022, Kulen Crafts team and 4 mat weavers from Phnom Kulen participated to the Khmer Products Fairs - ពិព័រណ៍ផលិតផលែខ�រ in front of Angkor Wat temple. Mats, knives and baskets were available for sale. The costs of the event (renting space, transportation and food costs for producers in Angkor Vat) were paid by the HUMY 2 bis project. The 4 mat producers were graciously invited (housing) by Ms. Chhun Phirom in her house in Siem Reap.

On the 19th of February 2022, Thmey Thmey newspaper (Ms. Rohany Isa) published an article online about Kulen Crafts: https://thmeythmey.com/?page=detail&id=112684

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Early in March 2022, ADF presented to our partner from the Ministry of Environment and UNDP Cambodia some of the current activities: 1) Training and promotion of the Phnom Kulen handicrafts products with Kulen Crafts, 2) Alternative livelihood for villagers, with the Dried Spices Producer group of Khnong Phnom Commune producing dried black ginger, implemented in partnership with Agrisud International Cambodia, 3) Setting up, training and promotion of Phnom Kulen CBTC.

From the 23rd to the 27th of August 2022 Ms Chhun Phirom travelled to Phnom Penh to promote Kulen Crafts and met with 1) Bopha Bassac Boutique, 2) Gray Boutique, 3) Ms. Chap Sopheara (Chief of Education and Publication Office, National Museum of Cambodia) about displaying and sale Kulen Crafts objects.

On the 21st of November 2022, ADF and its private sector partner, Terre Cambodge, participated to the 3rd National Ecotourism Forum, in Phnom Penh. It was the occasion to expose and sale handicrafts products.

From November 2022 and as part of every TC tours in PKNP, a visit to the handicrafts producers per group is included. Depending on the program of the groups, a training session is included or a simple visit. The handicrafts producers receive 5 US$ for a visit, or 10$ when the tourists are participating. These incomes are paid by the visitors through TC, and will be recorded with the general incomes of Kulen Crafts, from Jan 2023.

Production and incomes follow up:

The list of sold items since the start of the project was set up. It is combining the date, the item description, its size, the number of units sold, the selling price including eventual discount, the profit, the expenses, the buyers and the villager. From January 2023, this list will include the incomes made from the TC groups (see above). 356 items were sold since the inception of the project.

The capital fund defined in September 2022 (1,090 US$) was reserved for early 2023 (but accounted in the 2022 project as an expense) to purchase handicrafts items before selling them in CBTCs (AT and PP) and other retailing places (PKNP shop) and Siem Reap.

It was conceived thanks to the help of Mr. Jérôme L’Hour from HUMY, taking into consideration all aspects of the handicraft’s component.

This capital fund, provided by the HUMY 2 bis project, does not including the margins. It was calculated according to: the average number of hotels agreeing to display and sell, the average number/prices of Items displayed at each hotel, the availability of each products (rhythm and period of production).

The Humy 2 bis handicraft budget also included the reimbursement of 595 US$ personally spent by Ms. Chhun Phirom during the HUMY 2 project to purchase: 1) a first series of handicrafts items for 295 US$, 2) 2 closets to preserve items at her home in Siem Reap for 300 US$.

The transportation costs of the products from Kulen to Siem Reap or Phnom Penh was ensured by ADF car. They usually correspond to small quantity.

A stock list was also developed with the following information: item number, size, unit, unit price, total, village, producer name and remark.

2 particularly large orders were requested by Angkor Grace Residence and Wellness Resort (25 mats with natural and red color stripes, 50 natural color mats, 80 natural color table mats in Dec. 2022; 75 Flat oval baskets, small size in Jan. 2023, a total of 230 items). Transportation costs of the items are added to the price defined by Kulen Crafts. 50% of the costs were paid for both order at the inception of the order. Since December 2022, ADF team regularly check the production to ensure quality and timing.

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Incomes and profits from October 2021 to January 2023: the total buying cost of 356 items = 5,308.75 US$, the total selling price of 356 items = 7,558.75 US$, the total expenses costs = 388 US$, including 233 US$ for students in Sangke Lak (see below), the total net profit of 356 items = 1,862 US$. The large Angkor Grace order (230 items) clearly helped to increase the profits.

Redistribution of profits:

The Kulen Crafts’ profits are destinated to buy new products and to cover expenses (pigments, transportation costs…). However, in January 2023, it was decided that some portion of the Kulen Crafts benefit could be used in 2023 to promote and facilitate the education of 23 of the poorest students going to secondary school from Sangke Lak village, by purchasing material (notebooks, pens, rulers and bag pack). 256.45 US$ were spent for this.

Monitoring the HUMY 2 and 2 bis project activities:

ADF team worked and exchanged on a weekly basis on this project, to make sure the expected results were achieved on time and to solve the inevitable issues implementing such a project. During all ongoing aspects of the HUMY 2 and 2 bis projects, key stakeholders and particularly the PKNP rangers and the villagers from Sangke Lak (for handicrafts), Popel and Anlong Thom (CPA, CBTCs and handicrafts) were actively involved and consulted. Capacities were built upon and their ideas were enmeshed into the project activities, as they are the beneficiaries of the project.

For the CBTC component, pictures were sent to the 2 CPA/Patrol Telegram groups to document each step of the project, with associated dates and comments. This allowed following up the activities and facilitates the writing of this report.

For the patrol component, pictures were sent to the 2 CBTC Telegram groups to document each step of the project, with associated dates and comments. This allowed following up the activities and facilitates the writing of this report.

For the handicraft’s component, pictures were sent to ADF, HUMY 2 project/ADF and ADF/HUMY Telegram groups to document each step of the project, with associated dates and comments. This allowed following up the activities and facilitates the writing of this report. The continuous payment of a financial incentive for the 2 CBTCs leaders, for each patrolling members and for the project supervisor (Ms. Chhun Phirom) over the entire project period developed motivation for the achievement of the project’s objectives. On request, the advices from Mr. Jérôme L’Hour were asked. For special occasion (opening, training or exposure visits), Mr. Jérôme L’Hour joined the events.

Collaboration with stakeholders:

As for the HUMY 1 project, ADF worked during the HMUY 2 and 2 BIS projects in close collaboration with: the local authorities (village chiefs, commune chief), the Ministry of Environment (in charge of PKNP) and particularly with the PKNP rangers and the Provincial Department of Environment (PDoE), Be Treed, ACCB, Beung Chouk Community and Teuk Chob Khnar Po Community Forest, CSLEP team (MoE and World Bank). However, the MoE and World Bank representatives were not always involving ADF in the meetings.

ADF finalized and signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with HUMY NGO. It formalizes all responsibilities of the two parties. It was signed for a 3-years period, from March 2021 to March 2024.

Activity and financial reporting:

A final report was submitted to HUMY in February 2023. All expenses per budget lines were closely monitored and receipts are checked and recorded into the HUMY 2 and HUMY 2 bis project Xcel spreadsheets, on a weekly basis, to ensure the correct spending of the budget per activity; by ADF Finance, admin and communication officer. All invoices for these 2 projects were scanned, translated when needed, and sent into combined pdf to HUMY, every 3 months.

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Next steps, challenges and risks analysis for HUMY 2 and 2 bis projects

The HUMY 2 bis project was developed from October 2021 to December 2022, for a 15-months duration. It can be continued with a proposal of a third phase (HUMY 4), from February 2023. The details of this project are presented below.

Training and management of the Popel and Anlong Thom CBTC members

AT CBTC :

The archaeological training of Mr. Heng Puthea (AT-CBTC responsible and the only Englishspeaking guide) should continue (with videos regularly sent to follow up).

The archaeological simplified guide should be translated in Khmer and disseminated by Mr. Heng Puthea to the others AT-CBTC members. This dissemination should be completed with a guided visit on every archaeological site visited by the AT-CBTC tours, given by Mr. Heng Puthea and JB Chevance to every AT-CBTC members. A bank account should be opened for both CBTC, to facilitate the cash flow management. However, since it has no legal status, it should be opened on the name of Ms Chhun Phirom and Mr. Heng Puthea.

PP CTBT :

Popel, due to its relatively remote location and level of poverty (illiteracy, alcoholism, food security issues), is one of the most challenging village to work in PKNP. There is simply not enough food easily available in Popel village to prepare lunch package in advance for the visitors. Moreover, the PP-CBTC cooks do not have the financial reserve to buy food and they have no motorbikes to go to Preah Ang Thom village (4 Km away) where they could find ingredients. ADF is developing pig raising in this village to provide alternatives livelihoods but this is requiring time.

On a short term and to fix the issue of insufficient food supply at PP-CBTC in the next project, ADF propose to meet all stakeholders (HUMY, CPA, CBTC) to find a solution. Reminder meetings should be organized by ADF to explain to the PP-CBTC members the CBTC’s rules and CBTC emergency contact list and organize the regular maintenance of the tracks along O’Thom river (between the 4 waterfalls) and from Veal Ta Lo to Poeng Gnogneat.

Both CBTC :

The financial incentive guaranteed by the project for both responsible of the 2 CBTCs allowed to keep a permanent link between ADF and the CBTC teams, and guaranteed a way to keep control over the center’s objectives. These incentives are completed by the incomes generated thanks to the tours sold by the CBTCs. Over the time, they should fully replace these incentives. The next project should focus on “having the centre self-sustaining through cost control and better planning of its objectives”, as the December 2022 ICC-Angkor recommendations (n.21.1.2.ii). Both CBTC were conceived as alternatives and not permanent source of incomes. However, their economic model should tend toward more fix and long-term revenues, also considering their expenditures with more sustainable jobs, and the maintenance of the installations. It is necessary to take advantage of voluntary work and subsidies to check the "profitability" of the operation and prepare for its empowerment.

In some rare occasion, Cambodian visitors of the Anlong Run waterfall and O’ Ta Chok did not want to pay any fees while camping (for guarding and cleaning) to the Popel-CBTC members. The following actions should be taken: design signboards with corresponding prices for each service, to set up at O’ Ta Chok and Anlong Run; establish a clear line of communication, responsibilities and action to be taken, to deal with visitors who do not want to pay the CBTCs teams. The newly established price list of handicrafts (in Khmer and English) should be explained to the 2 CBTC leaders, printed and displayed at both CBTCs.

ADF permanent presence in Kulen allows weekly contacts, exchanges and multiples occasions of trainings. Archaeological on-site trainings should be spread over several sessions to avoid the risk of information saturation for the trainees. Both names on 1 bank account ensure a better control of the funds. Pig raising in Popel village should start to generate incomes, however, not enough

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families would benefit from it to produce/buy food to prepare lunch package for PP-CBTC visitors. Short term solution needed with meeting all stakeholders. ADF will work toward the CBTCs selfsustaining by defining with their respective teams the cost control and a better planning of their objectives.

Coordination with the CSLEP project

The World Bank / UNDP funded project selected PKNP and the 2 CBTCs set up by ADF and TC as a basis to develop an eco-tourism project (Cambodian Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project, CSLEP). The coordination should be increased and improved. In December 2022 and January 2023, contacts were made at high level at the MoE with this objective. In February 2023, meeting about existing and future tracks were discussed between the CSLEP and ADF teams to define a vision and the framework to ensure quality and sustainability.

Examples of infrastructures to build and upgrade could be integrated in this project and should be discussed: cutting 4 very big fallen trees, east of Thnou Pok waterfall, purchasing tents for PPCBTC for rent at Anlong run waterfall, kiosk construction at the O’Ta Chork camping place, requested by AT-CBTC, meeting room and kitchen construction at the AT-CBTC, requested by ATCBTC.

Private 30 hectares tourism concession at Anlong Run, Tiep and Sman Teang waterfalls: This 10-ha x 3 concession was granted by the MoE to private investors to develop eco-tourism in Popel CPA. Demarcation of the zone was done in Jan 2023. ADF has expressed to MoE its concerns about such a project, if it does include the CPA and CBTCs members (letter sent to H. E. Sao Sopheap on the 11th of March 2022). The first exchanges with MoE have revealed that the company should employ only CPA/CBTC members and could built a meeting room in the village. More regular contact with CSLEP team will be kept by ADF to guide/advice and insure (if possible) common objectives and no overlapping. Regular contact with PDOE team will be kept by ADF about this point. ADF will remain attentive to this question.

Promotion of the 2 CBTCs

Promotion to other receptive agencies in Cambodia. Terre Cambodge was the only one offering the tours to foreigners. From 2023, the CBTCs, in accordance with TC, could propose their existing services (half day and full day tours) to other agencies, as long as they do not propose homestays for foreigners. A few of them were interested and came to visit the CBTCs: Asian Diver, Kouprey Adventures, Cambodia Jeep, Angkor Grace Resort. Some agencies are only asking food, or moto services, which is not the best solution to develop. Selling the full tours should be prioritized.

Some of them already have treks in Phnom Kulen and they usually ask the rangers to guide them. This point has been discussed with the park director and it is apparently in the ranger’s duty. However, considering the need of stronger law enforcement in the CPAs, APAs and other parts of the National Park, the fact that the CBTC are designed to support alternatives incomes for villagers whereas rangers have a fix salary, ADF would like to move away from this practice and promote the CBTCs members as the only guides. Other treks were recently developed by the AT-CBTC and ADF (CBTC - Srah Damrei, CBTC - Phnom Sruoch, CBTC - Khlah Kon, CBTC - Royal Palace) and will be proposed to Terre Cambodge visitors’ and corresponds to longer treks, using AT-CBTC services. A 2 day-long trek from Kbal Spean to Popel was also developed by Terre Cambodge as a longer trek, using PP-CBTC services. For a better promotion of both CBTCs, ADF would also like to design banners, leaflets, and posters to display and distribute during fairs (Ex. National Forum on Eco-tourism) and to reach new partnering agencies and clients. Writers of widely distributed guided books (Lonely planet, Petit Futé, Guide du Routard….) should also be contacted to reference the CBTCs.

Tourism industry should only get better after such a crisis. However, this is a particular market to be developed with specialized agencies. The recent contacts made by agencies to the AT-CBTC is a good indication that there is a demand. The existing tours need to be promoted to the agencies as full products/packages. The PP-CBTC needs to be involved by ADF in this dynamic.

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Training sessions in PKNP by other local Community members to CPA/CBTC members. After the Be treed visit, ADF believes it would be positive to invite the Cambodian counter-part of Mr. Ben Davies for additional training on patrolling activities, in both Popel and Anlong Thom CPAs.

Exposure visit and training for CBTC to other community areas

Sorng Rukhavoan Wildlife Sanctuary in Oddar Meanchey, previously managed by Mr. Bun Saluth, ex-monk) could be a good example to propose as an exposure visit. Additionally, and depending on the budget, the work of Wildlife Alliance NGO in Cardamomes mountain could also be a good example to visit for law enforcement in protected areas.

Training for local patrol by PDoE

A refresher of the use of Avenza application should be done for all CPA members, particularly for the Popel ones. PKNP rangers could do it.

Patrols in CPA by CBTC and CPA members

After one year of patrols in both PP and AT CPA’s, there are a few conclusions for a better law enforcement. These should be mandatory requirements for the future patrolling project: Each patrol should be of 4 h minimum, an Avenza map with the trek, length and duration of the patrol, has to be provided, with each report through the Telegram group. The 2 forms (report and presence list), the activity pictures, and the Avenza screenshot map, have to be sent on the Patrolling Telegram group, the same day of the patrol. Patrols are possible in APA and anywhere else in PKNP, (except in other CPAs, to be confirmed), the schedules of patrols have to change, taking into consideration the observations of HUMY team, for example important and systematic poaching observed early morning (5h30-7h00) in AT- CPA by V. Romera (HUMY). Night patrols, when most of illegal activities are suspected to happen, are considered by both CPA members but they have requested additional funds for gasoline and food costs. One additional ranger is also requested by the PKNP rangers.

A system of bonuses should be set up to encourage the patrols members and increase law enforcement. They could be based on the Be Treed model, should be finalized and proved by PDoE, should be given only when perpetuators are caught in action and should be share equally between all participant of the patrol.

A draft of these bonuses and the conditions to obtain them is under reviewing between all partners (ADF, HUMY, PDoE). Once approved, it should be included in the project’s next budget. Higher payment of patrols in April and May could ensure more patrols during this festive period. With this improved system, ADF believes the CPA members will prevent more environmental illegal activities crimes, will take more ownership of their protected areas and will enhance their environmental awareness.

Over a year of patrolling collaboration between ADF, CPAs and PDoE ensures a good collaboration. Preliminary meetings between HUMY/ADF/ PDoE should ensure the basis for a new, larger and more efficient patrolling system, to be discussed and agreed with the 2 CPA, before starting. Bonus retribution conditions should be made absolutely clear between all parties to avoid any misunderstandings and given only when they correspond to the predicted cases.

Training by handicrafts producers from PKNP to villagers and young students

In order to transmit this knowledge and raise awareness among the young generation, ADF will organize trainings in 2 schools for mat production: 4 trainings per month in 2 schools for children (grade 5 and 6 in SL {23 children in 2023} and 5 to 6 in AT (# of children to confirm}), from February to April 2023 in SL then from May to July 2023 in AT.

Whereas the mat transmission of knowledge and production does not seem threaten, the 2 other training (baskets and knives) should really be implemented, otherwise this knowledge will not be transmitted and the products will not be available anymore.

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For the basket production trainings, ADF will follow up and encourage the production so the 2 trainees (including 1 handicap person) in Sangke Lak village can get more experience and produce by themselves high quality products. For the knife/cutlass production training, ADF will follow up and encourage the production and seek for trainee, to assist the producers. Other identified producers could be involved in the project such as the ones from, Popel, Khlah Khmum, Ta Penh, Thma Chruogn and Phum Thmey villages.

Difficulty to find trainees for baskets and knives trainings should be mitigated by the large order Kulen Crafts received. However, this does not solve the transmission of knowledge problem and ADF will endeavor to find persons in need and motivate them to attend trainings.

Promotion of handicrafts from PKNP

Kulen Crafts should be set up as a social enterprise, with its own bank account (with 2 names to control it: Ms. Chhun Phirom + 1 to be selected). The model of this social enterprise could be based on the Siem Reap Green Farmers Association, set up by Agrisud International to sell the products grown by the farmers they have supported. More information is required. It will ensure transparency, respectability and sustainability to Kulen Cratfs.

The price tags to update should be standardized with the Kulen Crafts logo, price of the item, size, name of producer and village.

Any large order (as the Angkor Grace one in 2022-2023) helps to increase the profits. However, and since the production is small and slow, it is recommended to get only one similar per year, carefully balancing it with other smaller orders, as the offer cannot easily meet the demand. Time should be left to the producers to create items to be bought and sell in several retailer’s places, identified in a list. This list is a work in progress and many contacts need to be (re)activated to promote Kulen Crafts on a wider scope. As the production is limited, a large stock quantity is not possible for each of these retailers. The scarcity of the objects will ensure a higher value.

Priorities has been defined between all these retailers to constitute a stock large enough for each of the most important ones. The shop funded by ADF and Agrisud International (managed by the Siem Reap Green Farmers Association including Phnom Kulen beneficiaries of Agrisud International /ADF alternative livelihood project) at the eastern entrance of PKNP (by the Orchid Garden) should be given priority for buying and exposing handicrafts items, considering ADF’s financial participation for the shop’s construction (from ADF’s alternative livelihood component).

This shop is now built and its management team and internal design for displaying items should be organized in the 2 coming months, with an expected opening before Khmer New Year, in April 2023. The Kulen Crafts stock should also be maintained accordingly to the sales. The list of rivers (where pandan grow) and places where artisans collect their raw material should be collected with GPS points. ADF and PDoE should after define small protected areas (PA) to ensure the permanent availability of the raw materials (bamboo, pandan and rattan). Cotton is rarely product in PKNP. When it is the case, it in only by a few old ladies to produce cotton balls, only use it to make lamp wick. Other use and possibly market could be thought with a further project.

Lack of items due to a low and insufficient production can be mitigated by buying items as soon as they are produced and sold, and stock them in Siem Reap and/or at retailer’s shops. Ensuring protected areas to allow raw material to row can be establish by setting up meetings with villagers, PDoE, Park direction and rangers, after identification of the areas by GPS. The identification of these areas can be asked to CBTC responsible and/or CPA members and the data collected and combined by ADF/ Park direction.

Funding, management, monitoring and reporting of the project:

The donor for this project, HUMY French NGO, has agreed to continue its support for the years 2023 and 2024.

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Since January 2023, Ms. Chhun Phirom is only available one week per month. However, due to the 15-months project period (since October 2021) and ADF long and permanent presence in PKNP, we believe this should not affect the supervision of the project, considering her strong commitment and the practices deployed already for every aspect of the project (CBTC, CPA patrols and handicrafts production).

ADF will continue to monitor the administration, the activities and the financial aspects of a further project, in close coordination with HUMY, PDoE and all other partners.

However, the objective is to get away from the villager’s dependence from ADF so they reach autonomy, in particular for the 2 CBTCs and the handicrafts. The funding of patrols is still essential to ensure motivation and results.

ADF’s permanent presence in Phnom Kulen and good relation with all partners involved was developed over the years. Some activities (CBTC tours by CBTCs and patrols by CPA) can be fully delegated once upgraded. Handicrafts processes and contacts are made (producers and retailers) and need to be motivated and re-activated. It can be partially done from Siem Reap.

- Development of eco tourism and ADF presentations to Terre Cambodge travel agency visitors

Reminder: In order to create another source of income for the villagers, ADF previously helped Terre Cambodge to select families who are willing to develop home stays in Anlong Thom and Sangke Lak villages. Terre Cambodge built toilets for the beneficiaries and they received cooking and hygiene training. The tour organiser can also buy the products farmed by the villagers (vegetable, mushrooms, fish, chicken). ADF has also advised Terre Cambodge to select motivated villagers to join the group of visitors, as a local guide. Having westerners’ visitors in their households, or being a local guide, also provide an opportunity for a unique cultural exchange, for both visitors and villagers.

From January to March 2020, this Income generation/agriculture project (IG) component was still supported by Terre Cambodge travel Agency and Frangipani Spa. Due to the C-19 pandemic, international tourism has completely stopped in Cambodia in March 2020 and these donors were no longer able to support any longer ADF. From March 2020 onward, it was no longer funded by these two donors but financial reserve of funds was made over these years of regular funding, and ADF was able to go through the years 2020 and 2021 by using them. The funding of this component was then ensured by SEAF with the ALIVE project. The regular donations from a faithful private donor (Mr. Eric Bettens and his friends) was also fully allocated to the Income Generation Component.

In return, ADF provides presentations to the visitors from these tour operators about the ADF activities. Visitors are encouraged to give private donations in cash to ADF, which are dedicated to the IG budget. In some cases, if the tours are long enough, visitors can also participate in the IG activities with the beneficiaries (ex: help the farmer to maintain his vegetable farm).

Since the C-19 pandemic stopped all tourism activities and Terre Cambodge is not sponsoring the IG component, there were no presentations done during the year 2022.

d. HYGIENE AND SANITATION PROGRAM/EMERGENCY RELIEF

Hygiene and sanitation program: the WISH 2 project

Reminder: The WISH (Water In-environmental Sanitation and Hygiene) 1 project, focusing on Hygiene and sanitation, was designed and proposed to the Almayuda Fundación (Spain) in March 2018 and started in June 2018. The WISH 1 project was based on the Karolinska Institute report from the assessment of the Start Me Up (SMU) project, but also on the activities undertaken by ADF in Sangke Lak primary school, with the KURERE project (KUlen REhabilitation and REgeneration project), from September 2016 to February 2018.

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The objective of the project was to promote and disseminate correct personal hygiene behaviour change, building and expanding on the successful KURERE project. The project aimed to promote and develop Water Sanitation and Hygiene facilities in two primary schools on the plateau of Phnom Kulen National Park (Klah Khmum, Sangke Lak). The project was combining hygiene (multiple daily hand washing and teeth brushing, regular nail-cutting, weekly training sessions) and environmental awareness practices (regular school cleaning). Both interventions will foster preventative healthy behaviour to primary school children, resulting in affirmative life skill behaviours. The third intervention was to rehabilitate or built efficient water systems and hygiene facilities in the primary school of Ta Penh, Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum.

The project started in June 2018 with an assessment or baseline survey until August 2018 (See ADF 2018 activity report). Almayuda Fundación representatives visited the Phnom Kulen schools with ADF team late February 2019. Two reports were submitted to the donors (in April 2019, covering the period from June 2018 to March 2019 and in June 2019, covering the period from April 2019 to June 2019). These project reports narrate the activities implemented during the first 12 months of the WISH project (June 2018 to June 2019), presenting every activity, challenges met and solutions found, as well as plans for the futures and expenses and were summarised in the 2019 ADF activity report for the Charity Commission.

The WISH 1 project was originally planned from June 2018 to May 2020 (24 months). Due to the C-19 crisis and the closure of all schools in Cambodia on the 17[th] of March 2020, it was decided with Almayuda Fundación to shorten it until the end of April 2020, one month prior to the original closing date. The remaining budget was used for an adapted project (C-19 WISH, see below). Before the end of the C19-WISH project, another project (WISH 2) extended to additional schools, was submitted for funding to Almayuda Fundación. The final report for the WISH 1 project was submitted to Almayuda Fundación in May 2020 and was summarised in the ADF 2020 report. The C19-WISH report was also summarised in this report and submitted to the Almayuda Fundación in January 2021 and is summarised below.

The WISH 1 external and independent evaluation started in November 2019 until February 2020. It assessed how the project performed and provided recommendations for further action. It was done by medical student Mr. Sebastian Von Shreeb and his assistant Ms. Kong Leaksmy (at no cost for the project). A mixed methods approach was applied, including research-administered surveys, semi-structured interviews, site inspection, microbiological testing and analysis of health centre admission data. The result was a high-quality report, evaluating positively the methodology and the results of the WISH 1 project. The Evaluation report encapsulated some very positive results and findings, alongside with 17 recommendations. They included a filter water campaign, a module on menstrual hygiene, a review of hygiene teaching methods, fact-checked health information for monthly teaching sessions and educational opportunities for staff-training. Some of them were piloted from February 2020 but had to stop from the 17[th ] of March 2020, as all school in Cambodia were closed due to the Covid 19 pandemic.

Others recommendations, such as the expansion of the project in the nearby schools of Ta Penh and Popel (as requested by their teachers and where ADF has an important level of Involvement for the development of the villages: agriculture alternative livelihoods, tree nursery, forest zoning and protection, CBTC, water systems), where water and sanitation facilities were missing and with numerous children registered, required a larger project and were therefore included into the WISH 2 project. Other challenges remained and should also be addressed in a future project: For instance, the evaluation found high levels of faecal contamination in the tap water the children drink from. Also, a large majority still practice open defecation, which contaminates soil and water sources. Project staff lack basic education in the concepts of water, sanitation and hygiene, as well as the principles of health behaviour change. Moreover, girls largely lack access to any information about menstrual hygiene management. Finally, there is a large risk that achieved improvements will be lost if involvement in the schools ends abruptly.

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The COVID 19 Water In-emergency Sanitation and Hygiene ( C-19 WISH ) project was adapted from the WISH 1 project, after the C-19 global pandemic struck the world in the first quarter of 2020. It started in May 2020 and lasted until December 2020. The predominate effect on ADF’s WISH 1 project was the closing of the Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak primary schools. Like all schools in Cambodia, they were closed to contain the spread of the C-19, from 16[th] of March to 7[th] of September 2020. From 30[th] of November 2020 to 11[th] of January 2021, a second closure of all schools in Cambodia was decided by the government.

Due to these extraordinary circumstances and after communications in late April 2020 with the Almayuda Foundation, the donor supportively agreed to change the WISH 1 project into an emergency COVID 19 Awareness and Avoidance Campaign and to support the under-resourced Khnong Phnum Commune / Phnom Kulen’s Health Centre. The objective of this project was to help fighting the pandemic in the villages of Phnom Kulen with C19 preventive activities. It was combining C-19 awareness sessions with environmental education, hygiene sessions for hundreds of Khnong Phnom Commune villagers and preventative health care equipment and materials distribution (posters, disinfectant, cleaning materials and soap). Additional donations allowed to distribute more hygiene materials.

From the project inception (in partnership with the Anlong Thom Health Centre staff) to the procurement of all equipment and materials and their transportation to Phnom Kulen, ADF-WISH team has hold 57 C-19 preventative sessions, organized in 9 villages and involving 708 participants. ADF team insisted on getting the right information (from the World Health Organization and from the Cambodia Ministry of Health as opposed to rumours), on being safe by following the basic health precautions (social distancing, repeated hand washing, distribution of 180 sealed water buckets with a tap to every household in Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak village and numerous hygiene related items, all listed in ADF 2020 report.

Cambodia has been -on a sanitary point of view- very little affected by the virus, compared to other countries in the world. However, the economic consequences are very important, with a total shut down of the international tourism for example. As the general pandemic is evolving, facts and mitigation / prevention measures were also evolving and updating. Consequently, clear communications, flexibility in planning and activity implementation were essential in implementing this emergency projects. The Anlong Thom Health Centre and the Svay Leu district authorities were very supportive in working with the ADF C-19 WISH team, adjusting activities on a need’s bases.

If the C-19 pandemic in Cambodia is not as dramatic as in other countries, the C-19 WISH project in Phnom Kulen has given the opportunity to raise awareness towards villagers about the risks of a pandemic and to reinforce messages on general hygiene practices in households. Lessons learned from this project, and particularly the fact that hygiene practices at home are not always respected as in schools, should be associated, as much as ADF can, within the WISH 2 project, starting from January 2021 onward. Overall, the final incomes and expenditures are balanced and all the funds allocated for the C-19 WISH project were spent.

WISH 2, 2021 (=year 1) summary report, see ADF report 2021. Reminder

Proper personal water-based hygiene practices (washing hands and body with soap, tooth brushing) are positive habits vitally important, for both individual's health and for the community in general. It is now even more vital in stopping the development and spread of illnesses, infections or viruses such as the COVID 19 pandemic.

The purpose of the WISH 2 project (2021-2024) is the expansion of the Water In-environment Sanitation and Hygiene (WISH 1) project. It was formulated in the WISH 1 project’s 16[th ] and 17[th] recommendations, from the external independent End-Line evaluation. The WISH 1 project addressed basic hygiene practices and infrastructures in Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak primary schools. The WISH 2 project aims to develop them in Popel and Ta Penh villages and to address issues observed in the WISH 1’s external evaluation.

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Many schools still do not provide access to toilets with running water, wash bays and waste facilities in Cambodia. Open defecation is still very common in rural areas (Water, sanitation and hygiene UNICEF Country Programme 2019–2023). Providing children with clean drinking water and adequate toilets, and instilling in them the need to wash their hands are the most effective ways of reducing illness, ensuring they develop into healthy adults. Diarrhea, which often results from poor sanitation and hygiene, is a major cause of children’s illnesses. Anaemia and worm infections is impeding mental development and lead to a loss of physical and mental energy. Heavily infected children will not grow as expected for their age and in more severe cases, it leads to stunting and impaired brain development.

At the inception of the WISH 2 project, Popel primary school had no piped water, Popel and Ta Penh toilets schools were not functioning and had no rubbish bins and waste disposal. On the other hand, Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum primary schools where the WISH 1 project was implemented had functioning hygiene equipment and children had very regular hygiene practices.

In light of the Coronavirus pandemic and such as in 2020, when the WISH 1 project was modified into a C-19 WISH project, ADF expected particular circumstances challenging the WISH 2 project’s implementation. In 2021, the WISH 2 project was very disturbed by the closure of the schools. However, ADF team adapted to the pandemic situation with a clear communication with all project key stakeholders (health centre staff, teachers, parents, local authorities) and the donors, Almayuda Fundaciòn. In December 2021, as the challenges imposed by the pandemic eased in Cambodia and the schools reopened in November 2021, ADF was able to relocate the project as originally conceived in these 4 primary schools of Khnong Phnom Commune.

The main activities of the WISH 2 during the year 2021 were described in 8 paragraphs in the ADF 2021 report: arranging a meeting venue to inform all stakeholders; develop a baseline survey methodology along with questionnaires; project management, oversight and accountability; procurement of WISH 2 supplies, provisions, materials; rehabilitation, construction and maintenance of the water and sanitation (WASH) facilities in the targeted schools; preventative sanitation hygiene health care educational training; environmental education in the targeted schools and Covid 19 pandemic restrictions for the WISH 2 project and adaptation of the project.

WISH 2, 2022 (=year 2) summary report.

Project inception, introducing the project to all stakeholders

RESULTS: This objective was successfully achieved at the inception of the WISH 2 project and narrated in details in the first progress report, covering the period from January to October 2021. The WISH 2 project is conceived as a 4-year project, from 2021 to 2024.

Conduct a baseline survey

RESULTS: This objective was successfully achieved at the inception of the WISH 2 project and narrated in details in the first progress report, covering the period from January to October 2021.

WISH 2 Project management, oversight and accountability

RESULTS: This objective is being successfully achieved. The achievement of results and the progression of activities were narrated in details in the first progress report, covering the period from January to October 2021. From November to December 2022, some refinements and minor adjustments were done as results unfold and were attained during the implementation of the WISH 2 project.

Management, project oversight and especially accountability were thoroughly explicated monthly and minor adjustments to the project activities are implemented, streamlining the interventions of the project to maximize outcomes / results.

One of the main events was the departure in April 2021 of Mr. Khem Savann from the WISH/ADF team for personal reasons. A selection of candidates from Phnom Kulen villages was done by ADF. After interviewing three of them, Ms. Soeng Seath was recruited in June 2022 with a 3-month

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probation period (June to August) then proposed a contact until the end of the year 2022. She was briefed by ADF WISH team and closely monitor by ADF Hygiene and school supervisor (Mr. Seng Samry). Ms. Soeng Seath settled into her position extremely well and alongside with the rest of the WISH team. She has been very supportive in the WISH 2 Mid-Term Evaluation.

Trainings of ADF WISH Team:

From the 20th to the 22nd of September 2022, Mr. Seng Samry attended to the training in Battambang city organized by CWASH, CWAST, WaterAid, Australian Aid, on “Design and construction of latrines in normal and environmentally challenging areas”. This will be particularly helpful as ADF is planning to apply for funds for toilet building in the Kulen villages and if additional toilets are built in the WISH targeted schools.

On the 1st of November 2022, ADF WISH team (Mr. Seng Samry, Ms. Loem Nimul, Ms. Soeng Seath) attended to the workshop in Siem Reap city entitled “Household water treatment and Safe storage”, organized by the Ministry of Rural Development (MRD). A few important documents were shared such as the National Action Plan, Rural Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene, 2019–2023, MRD; the National Guideline for Household Water, Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS), Department of Rural Water Supply, MRD.

After 15 years of implementing archaeological and development projects on Phnom Kulen, ADF has adapted, and refined its project management and accountability in 3 key areas: 1) close and clear communication with all stakeholders, 2) Initiation, planning, execution, monitoring of projects; 3) working within constraints like global pandemics, limited infrastructure (tracks as opposed to roads), budgets limitations and evolving schedules. With this professional management, project oversight and transparent accountability, ADF has successfully concluded numerous projects, which have been documented in numerous reports and evaluations.

Procurement of WISH 2 supplies, provisions, materials

RESULTS: This objective was successfully achieved. The achievement of results and the progression of activities were narrated in detail in the first progress report, covering the period from January to October 2021. From November to December 2022, some refinements and minor adjustments were done as results unfold and were attained during the implementation of the WISH 2 project.

Procurement of essential hygiene products are purchased as required by ADF team, on a neededbasis. This activity has been scaled down during the school holidays and scaled up in 2023 when the schools reopened.

Rehabilitation, construction and maintenance of the WASH facilities in the targeted schools

RESULTS: The main requirement post installation of the school’s water, sanitation and hygiene facilities is maintenance, to insure they are fully functional. The WASH facilities of Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum needed to be refurbished to ensure an above minimum standard to hygiene. Water facilities needed to be overhauled; some toilets required minor repairs to prevent blockages. Broken tiles were replaced and leaking pipes and taps needed to be either resealed or replaced. Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak primary schools essentially needed the most upgrading, as their WASH facilities were the oldest, as they were constructed in the WISH 1 project. In Sangke Lak primary school, ADF proceeded to the refurbishment of the old “Halo Trust” water tank at Sangke Lak school. Some minor cracks were sealed, to ensure it was watertight and it was covered with a tin sheet roof to prevent contamination.

The common maintenance issues with all 4 targeted primary schools are blockages and leakages, from the water sources, as the water source of all 4 targeted schools comes from springs by gravity, with system of buried pipes and control points with ring wells. The recurrent causes of blockages and leakages for all 4 schools are leaves, plants root intrusion, soil accumulation. Roaming animals gathering around the springs, ring wells and pipes are another common cause of the leakages, as

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they dig-up and destroy the water pipes. This is anticipated to be an ongoing challenge as roaming animals, both domestic and wild are extremely difficult to keep away from water sources.

Preventative sanitation hygiene (WASH) health care educational training

RESULTS: From January to December 2022, the implementation of these sessions was done by the teachers of each school and ADF staff (each teacher responsible of his class), using the functioning wash bays. These training sessions are repeated on a daily basis, 6 days per week. Monitoring was undertaken on a regular basis by ADF WISH team, not only to ensure the activities were undertaken, but also to improve the training, making the activities more exciting, user-friendly and relevant.

Health prevention is far more advantageous than cure, as it strives towards student absenteeism, one WISH’s 2 objectives. This central objective is being achieved with the support of Phnom Kulen’s health center staff, who visit all 4 primary schools 1 time per month and check on the health and well-being of the students, with their medical expertise and resources.

Another important sanitation and hygiene intervention is the teaching of the very sensitive, but crucial subject of your girl’s menstruation. These teaching sessions happened 2 times per year (4 sessions each time) in all 4 primary schools: one time with the 2 WISH women's team and the second time with the WISH team, combined with the health center staff. These activities are sponsored by the South East Asia Foundation (SEAF). Presentations were designed by ADF team and presented during special classes to facilitate the 12 diseases prevention sessions and menstrual hygiene sessions.

In order to ensure sustainable behavioural change, ADF is strongly encouraging schools and their communities to adopt regular Hand Washing With Soap (HWWS) as when applied regularly will serve as a barrier for further transmission of communicable diseases including COVID 19.

This critical objective is to prevent the spread of infectious diseases and helping children to have long and healthy lives. It also prevents them from missing school, resulting in better learning outcomes. A better hygiene means avoiding illness and spending less financial resources on healthcare.

Conduct a mid-term evaluation

RESULTS: The midterm evaluation begun on Monday 28th of November 2022 for 4 weeks. Initial plans included the preparation a literary review, the midline questionnaire and methodologies, the securing of the survey resources, to prepare and mobilize human resources and to secure and organize transport, among other logistics arrangements.

The literary review of all relevant documents provided the evaluation team with an in-depth view of the core aspect of the project. This combined with internet research was helpful to gain a regional and country prospects.

The questionnaire survey designed was the main “On the Ground” tool as it was used to find out more about the views and experiences of the beneficiaries and related stakeholders. The use of a “tick the box” questionnaire (that can be answered with a yes or no response) was developed, as the evaluation team would like to survey as many beneficiaries as possible. In-depth interviews with beneficiaries who were largely involved with the project gave the evaluation team particular insight. Focus groups discussions were a useful tool to triangulate and clarify information gained from the other evaluation tools, including ground observations, ground truthing and in-depth interviews. All these tools gave the evaluation team insights and provide valuable information to formulate the evaluation report, recommendations and conclusions.

The midterm evaluation was sent to the donor in a separate report together with the 2022 second report.

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WISH 2 Mid-term evaluation report and recommendations:

Due to the nature of the WISH 2 project -- a sanitation, hygiene, and water accessibility project, targeting 4 primary schools on the Phnom Kulen plateau -- the survey tools, techniques, and methodologies were tailored specifically to the primary schools WASH project, rather than for a community WASH project.

Moreover, the midterm evaluation focuses on the value of education and awareness of personal hygiene of menstruation hygiene and education among girls and adolescents. In essence, it represents the importance of personal hygiene and the interconnectedness between family health and thriving environments.

Two important qualities of this evaluation, as with all measurement instruments, are consistency and validity. If different instruments and questions were asked and used, the consistency, accuracy and validity of the midterm evaluation would have little to no meaning significance or purpose. The main objective of this WISH 2 midterm evaluation is to compare the data of the respondents / beneficiaries over a 2 year period, since the WISH 2 Baseline Evaluation was published in 2020. The midterm evaluation paves the way for the WISH 2 project’s improvements and attainment of the objectives, stated in the WISH 2’s project proposal.

During this midterm evaluation, a total of 119 interviews were conducted, from November to December 2022: 104 students were interviewed across the 4 villages (Sangke Lak, Khlah Khmum, Popel and Ta Penh), as well as 5 parents at the Household level. The midterm evaluation team also consulted with 7 teachers (2 from Sangke Lak, 2 from Khlah Khmum, 1 from Popel and 2 from Ta Penh Primary schools). Finally, 3 of the ADF – WISH team were consulted on a daily basis.

The methodology fundamentally remains the same as in the WISH 2 baseline, using tools and techniques predominantly used in the sphere of ethnographic research with qualitative research methods which include: on-site observations (ground truthing), randomly chosen one-on-one interviews, focus groups discussions (grounded theory).

The evaluation tool was a responsive questionnaire, based on the previous baseline questionnaire from WISH 2. Questionnaires are a powerful tool for gathering quantitative data, particularly if budgets and time resources are limited. However, the evaluation team should be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of relying exclusively on a questionnaire.

The main advantage of the questionnaires is that they are highly representative, consistent in standardization, and they can be scaled up as and when necessary. The main disadvantage is that if the question and explanation are not very clear, the response can be subjective. The best way to avoid this situation is to create simple questions that are easy to answer, by a positive or a negative answer. Too many open-ended questions can produce inconsistencies in data. In order to avoid this situation, it is recommended to formulate the questions as simple and straightforward as possible.

Additional Midterm Evaluation Instruments, Key informant and parents’ interviews: These interviews were conducted to obtain dynamic information about the community. The key informant interviews were also used to correlate, cross-check, confirm or challenge the questionnaire responses. In some cases, the questionnaire responses were disproved. A primary example is the responses to question 2 “Do you have a functional toilet and shower room at your house?”. In some cases, the site inspection confirmed or disproved the response to that question. Key informant interviews can also be an effective tool to assess whether the needs of the community have changed over time. This is a particularly useful tool for the midterm survey. Parents interviews were included in the key informant interviews.

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The parent interview comprised of a group of people, who formed a representation from the WISH targeted village primary schools. A qualitative sampling methodology was applied, by asking those who had children at the respective primary schools. Their views, response and feedback were valuable source of information that contributed to this evaluation.

A visual observation checklist was used during the baseline survey, as well as a physical walk around the school compounds and surrounding areas. The school areas were also photographed from the ground using a digital camera. The combination of these observation tools determined what was there and what was not there, in terms of water, sanitation and hygiene infrastructure and materials. This also included the Information, Education and Communication materials (IEC).

The visual observation survey explored the accessibility to water, the availability of purified drinking water, the hand washing facilities and the latrine conditions amongst other sanitation and hygiene accompaniments. Please refer to the photographs in the photo gallery section of this report and the tables below.

As in previous evaluations, testing of the water quality at all targeted primary schools was analyzed by Water for Cambodia, a Siem Reap-based NGO. Water for Cambodia used the microbiological testing method which identifies total coliforms (a type of bacteria) and faecal coliforms in drinking water. The faecal coliform test (most commonly tested for thermotolerant coliforms or Escherichia coli) indicates the level of faecal contamination in the water and how safe the water is to drink. The test results for all 4 primary schools were positive, meaning that the water is safe for drinking.

One of the strongest aspects of the WISH 2 project is the daily hygiene practice, which has resulted in an increased hygienic level among schoolchildren, due to the extensive effort made by ADF team and the teachers of each school. Group sessions for hand washing with soap, toothbrushing and nail-cutting has two benefits. First, the intervention establishes a habit of hygienic behavior, second, it meets the daily needs of appropriate daily hygiene requirements.

This midterm evaluation report presents the results of the WISH project. They were presented in a similar format to the End-Line Evaluation reports of the WISH-1 and the Baseline Evaluation for the WISH-2 projects in a separate report. The achievements of results can therefore be compared more easily. The results were depicted in chart forms with justifications and explanations narrated beneath.

The evaluation recommendations are based on its findings, data analysis and verifications, together with the triangulation from the respondents of the various instruments employed in the WISH projects Mid-Term Evaluations. The proposed recommendation is designed to be clear, therefore brief, realistic, and actionable, with the purpose to enhance the project for the next two years.

Recommendation # 1

Recommendation 1, arguably the most important one, is to add chlorine into the water in the primary school’s water holding tanks. By chlorinating the water correctly, it will eradicate dangerous germs like bacteria, viruses and parasites and therefore, reduce sickness and intern student’s absenteeism in attending schools.

This will work towards attaining the WISH 2’s project objective to further promote (build upon the WISH 1 project) sanitation and hygiene behavior change, and to scale up the hygienic and sanitation practices in four rural village primary schools in order to improve the pupil’s health and wellbeing, and improve their school attendance. In order to get safe water to drink, the correct dose and timing of chlorine is to add on a weekly basis, a general ratio of around 1.5 full teaspoon of chlorine per 1,000 litres of water, to achieve 3-5 ppm of chlorine. Chlorine is a cost-effective method to eradicate E-Coli and other water pathogens that are harmful to human consumption.

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Recommendation # 2

It is recommended to investigate a new water source for Khlah Khmum primary school, as indicated from the information from the ADF team and the teachers at Khlah Khmum school. The actual water source sometimes dries up in the hot season. Domesticated and wild animals were also reported in some cases to drink there, with the risk of polluting the water with their excrement.

The evaluation team suggest to build a facility around the new source to protect it from the risks of infection. A long steel tube (of 3 to 4 meters in length) could be placed into the ground and the source could be surrounded by a fence and protected by a roof to prevent it from roaming animals. The exit pipe taking the water to Khlah Khmum school should be deeply buried, at least ½ a meter. This was already done by ADF for the Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum water sources.

Recommendation # 3

It is recommended to repaint the footprints from the toilets to the wash bay with a stronger paint, as the original ones are getting worn out.

Recommendation # 4

It is recommended that all of the key stakeholders and particularly all teachers from the 4 primary schools received a training from Water for Cambodia. This training should focus on 1) maintenance and benefits of the cement water filters provided by the WISH 2 project, 2) maintenance of the school water systems, 3) appropriate use of chorine (doses and timing) to ensure the water reaching the schools is of the best quality and as fit for human consumption as possible. This training should be taking in consideration the particular context of Phnom Kulen, with its remote and harsh environment, water system from natural sources functioning by gravity, presence of roaming animals, necessity to maintain these systems…

Recommendation # 5

It is recommended that the 2 female members of the ADF WISH team (Ms. Soeng Seath and Ms. Loem Nimul, ADF’s Hygiene Assistants) receive a training on menstruation, to disseminate the importance of menstrual hygiene to the relevant students.

Menstruation courses could be implemented in partnership with local NGO such as Build your Future Today (BFT), which has already been active in Phnom Kulen to the invitation of ADF, using the Information, Education and Communication materials available.

Recommendation # 6

The school libraries (funded by the S.E Asia Foundation) are proving to be very popular at all 4 primary schools. Therefore, it is recommended that books in Khmer on the importance of clean water, sanitation, personal hygiene and environment should be procured. This would reinforce the importance of personal and community hygiene and sanitation, thus helping to achieve the WISH 2 project goals.

Recommendation # 7

Khlah Khmum school is the only one of all the 4 targeted schools not to have an ADF supported tree nursery. If outside funds from the WISH 2 project could be acquired, the Evaluation team recommends to set up a tree nursery that would help the children to understand the importance of the natural environment, the need to live in an eco-friendly and sustainable environment and the interlinkages between a thriving environment and healthy personal wellness. It would also provide to the school a funds through tree sales to purchase some sanitation and hygiene materials and maintain their equipment. Alternatively, a partnership with the existing (but not functioning, funded by UNEP) tree nursery under the responsibility of the Khlah Khmum Community Protected Area members, involving teachers and students, could be set up.

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Recommendation # 8

Outreach visits are suggested by the Evaluation team. The rationale behind this recommendation is that a small number of school age children cannot attend school, for a variety of reasons: they have to work on the family subsistence farms, they have to guard the family house, they have to look after ageing or handicapped family members.

The Evaluation team recommends outreach visits to children that cannot attend school to promote sanitation and hygiene for these unfortunate children, promote sanitation and hygiene to their families and other practical advice, gain contact with the outside world and gain the feeling that they have not been abandoned, target the poorest of the poor.

Recommendation # 9

The Evaluation team recommends hosting a “Lessons Learned” meeting, where all teachers from the 4 targeted schools can meet together with the ADF team. The “Lessons Learned” meeting should be a structured meeting. The value of having this meeting is that there is a greater likelihood to deliver all the information necessary in an orderly fashion. This ensures all participants are wellinformed before making and discussing their responses. Minute meetings should be taken so that the achievable decisions / outcomes of the “Lessons Learned” meeting can be incorporated into the next phase of project.

The water reaching all 4 primary schools was tested by Water for Cambodia (November 2022). All water samples were taken from the tap at all 4 wash bays and at each school. They were taken according to the rigorous standard set out by Water for Cambodia. The results are better than all key stakeholders were expecting, which is a positive sign for the WISH 2 project.

Recommendations issued in this report are focusing on:

• Insuring permanent access to quality water to each of the primary schools through repetitive actions (chlorination), infrastructure building (such as the construction of a shelter over and around Khlah Khmum source) and regular maintenance of the water systems.

• Improvement of hygiene and natural environment by continuing the existing hygiene sessions and cleaning up days, with a larger dissemination for the students (books in libraries) and to children that are not attending school, with the eventual setting up of a tree nursery at Khlah Khmum primary school.

• Building capacities for the 4 primary schools’ teachers with a training provided by Water for Cambodia on the use of the cement filters and their maintenance, the advantages of chlorination, on for ADF WISH team on hygiene, water and sanitation in general.

• Continue to build capacities of ADF WISH team, focusing on water, hygiene and sanitation as well as menstrual hygiene dissemination.

• A lesson learned meeting with all main actors of the WISH 2 project (ADF team and every teacher) should be hold soon to move forward and establish clear basis for the next phase of the project (2023-2024).

WISH-2 anticipated outcomes have been significantly impacted by the Coronavirus pandemic. Its effect on the results were understandable and expected. School closures affected the dissemination of the hygiene practices as the sessions were not possible at school. If there are any lessons to learn from the COVID-19 pandemic is that hygiene and sanitation are more relevant than ever before.

This can explain the negative answer with 26.67 % percentage to the question “Do the school teachers teach you how to bush your teeth and wash your hands at school?”, as well as the negative answer with 51.78 % percentage to the question “Do wash your hands after going to the toilet? [ if they go in the forest out: NO]” to the students. ADF team is confident that these rates will evolve positively if the project is continued over the next 2 years.

The lack of toilet in many households is also a problem that keep the hygiene standards quite low in the Phnom Kulen villages. In 2024, ADF will apply for funds to build toilets to tackle this issue.

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In general, and over these 2 years of the WISH 2 project (2020-2022) and considering the global C-19 pandemic and its consequences (numerous and repetitive schools’ closures, travel restrictions, lockdowns…), the results are globally satisfying. However, they could largely be improved in the next two years (2023-2024) if funds are provided.

Environment education in the targeted schools

RESULTS: In all 4 primary schools WASH facilities and their surroundings are cleaned every day. The clean-up day happens on every Thursday, where the whole school compound is cleaned and rubbish is burnt in the WISH incinerators. Children collect rubbish, teacher burn them.

Since 2022, the MoE set up a system of garbage collection for the schools of Ta Penh and Sangke Lak, every Thursday. In these 2 schools, plastics were previously burnt in the school’s incinerators. Access road to Sangke Lak is not possible for the truck, so ADF car regularly brings the Sangke Lak garbage to Ta Penh school. For Popel and Khlah Khmum schools, wastes are burnt in the school’s incinerators.

Preventing environmental pollutants can reduce health problems like respiratory diseases and water borne diseases. A cleaner school environment can also be repeated at home by the students. The integration of the Environmental Educational objective in the WISH 2 project helps the children to understand the importance of the environment and provides them with the building blocks they need to live eco-friendly and sustainable lives.

WISH 2 project challenges and constraints

The predominant challenge of the WISH 1 and 2 projects has been the lack of infrastructure in the project area. Unlike a developed country there is no access to 24/7 water distribution and electricity. The difficulty of access to the project sites, with no proper road network, is another main challenge in particular during the rainy season. Popel and Sangke Lak villages are often not accessible by car during the rainy season. Khlah Khmum and Ta Penh are now easier to access.

Other noteworthy challenges are securing a constant supply of water to the 4 primary schools, particularly during the dry season. ADF mitigates against this constraint by adding extra water storage tanks and repositioning water pipes at Popel and Ta Penh primary schools. This requires constant coordination and discussions with local authorities (Commune and Village chiefs) and villagers. In 2022, the source providing water to Khlah Khmum school dry out and ADF team had to reposition the pipes to another one in the village.

Ensuring the quality of water that comes out of the taps all over the world is a constant challenge. It is also a challenge for the WISH 2 project. ADF recognizes this fact as a risk to a successful outcome of the project, and is constantly seeking solutions to address the challenge. During the WISH implementation period, ADF has put into place cement water filters and applying minimal and correct dose of Chlorine into the water storage tanks. Thus far, these have resulted in a fair to good results. However, there is a general belief that this product his very harmful and a strong education campaign has to be done toward teachers, students and villagers.

In the near future, ADF will experiment a UV water purification system at the Ta Penh primary school, when it will be connected to the new electrical grid system. If this system is giving good results, it could be extended to the 3 other schools with additional funding to install large solar systems.

Despite these constraints, the WISH 2 project is achieving positive results, changes and outcomes, that should be reinforced.

COVID 19 pandemic restrictions

As the world is learning to live with COVID and due to the fact that the vaccination campaign in Cambodia was one of the best in South-East Asia, the situation gradually went back to normal. As of November 2021, schools were mainly functioning normally in Cambodia. Children are now mostly

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vaccinated against COVID-19. Despite a small percentage of contamination with the Omicron variant (mostly in Phnom Penh), the governmental strategies seemed to be working and the closure of schools appears to be an event of the past.

Other interventions implemented by ADF but not funded by Almayuda Fundación are also contributing to the hygiene of the students and the environment of the schools. They are complementary to the WISH 2 project and objectives and are made possible thanks to ADF’s multiple partners and global approach to the Phnom Kulen National Park. The other institutions, partners and donors contributing to the hygiene of the students and the environment of the schools are detailed in the chapters below (Complementary projects for the Educational support and Environmental component: Tree 2 and Humy3 projects).

Emergency Relief support and collaboration with Khnong Phnom Health Centre in Anlong Thom

The Khnong Phnom Health Centre in Anlong Thom is the only public health facility for the population of this commune (4,926 inhabitants in Dec. 2022). ADF hold monthly meetings to coordinate activities. The Wish 2 project is implemented in close collaboration with the centre. As every year, a coordination meeting with the Health centre staff and ADF team was hold (in January 2022) to determine the needs of the centre (both material and financial) and to agree on following the Emergency Relief support.

In 2021, ADF continued its support to the centre by allocating the left over from SEAF 1 (from the Educational support, see below) to fund ADF’s for the Emergency Relief support (D5).

For the year 2022, the funds allowed to pay the transportation costs of the Village Health Facilitators to meetings in Anlong Thom Health Centre (for a total of 40 US$), and the transportation costs for poor people presenting severe health cases to the Health Centre or hospitals (Sotr Nikum or Siem Reap) and back (for a total of 400 US$). In most cases, these poor families have no transportation mode to travel this distance, the roads are in bad conditions, and don’t have enough financial resources to buy food while in town. In 2022, 7 persons benefited from this emergency fund to reach hospitals. They came from the villages of Anlong Thom (x2), Sangke Lak (x2), Preah Ang Thom, Khlah Khmum (x2) and were suffering from high blood pressure, injury of the eye, liver issue, amputated foot, centipede bite, surgery cleaning and high fever. They were sent to Damdek Referral hospital or Siem Reap Referral hospital, depending on the cases.

ADF’s budget was not sufficient to fund the transportation costs for nurses to the villages for the vaccination campaigns. No material support nor equipment to the Anlong Thom Health Centre was purchased in 2022.

Finally, ADF was also given on regular occasions some clothes by friends to distribute to the poorest families identified by the team, and facilitated the transportation to Siem Reap Physical Rehabilitation centre of one handicapped man (M. Pou Hiep) to change his leg prosthesis.

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e. EDUCATIONAL SUPPORT

The objective is to enhance local school facilities and resources, to provide a favourable educational environment in Khnong Phnom commune. If appropriate, facilities are built to create a conducive learning environment that entices the children to come to school and learn, as opposed to staying at home and/or working on the subsistence farms. ADF provide infrastructures according to the teacher’s needs.

Reminder: In February 2018, ADF finalised the “Kurere” (for Kulen Rehabilitation and Regeneration) project, started in late 2016, focusing one sole primary school, corresponding to the needs of the most neglected primary school of the plateau: Sangke Lak. It allowed to enhanced the school facilities and encouraged good hygiene and environmental practices. The WISH 1 project started in June 2018 and evolved into the C-19 WISH project from May until December 2020). It was a continuation of the hygiene activities in Sangke Lak, with an expansion to Khlah Khmum and Ta Penh primary school (see above: Hygiene and sanitation program). The TREE 1 project from 2018 to 2020 (funded by Kulara Cie/Eau Kulen mineral water, see below: environmental program) was also focusing in Sangke Lak primary school on the field of environmental education with a tree nursery (as well as Ta Penh and Anlong Thom schools).

To reinforce ADF actions and to answer additional and basic needs in these two primary schools (Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak), ADF approached in August 2018 the South-East Asian Foundation (SEAF), a US charity, to provide basic missing infrastructures to other primary schools. The original project proposal (funding the construction of a single storeroom in September 2018 at Sangke Lak school) was expanded to a much larger project (SEAF 1), benefiting the 2 schools of Sangke Lak (119 students (64 girls), 5 teachers) and Khlah Khmum school (86 students (40 girls), 4 teachers). This project started in September 2018 until November 2019 and had seen numerous buildings, and construction in both school (see ADF report 2020).

On the 5[th] of December 2019, several meetings were held between ADF team, the principal of Preah Ang Thom school and the principals and teachers of Anlong Thom, Ta Penh, Sangke Lak and Khlah Khmum schools. The objectives of these meetings were to evaluate the existing collaboration (TREE and WISH projects) and to assess the needs for each school in term of infrastructures and materials. A detail list was established for a further project. On the 14[th ] of January 2020, ADF team met the SEAF Director to discuss further project. It was decided to submit a project in February to SEAF, including the school’s needs identified in December 2019. This project was unfortunately not funded.

The SEAF 2 project: Phnom Kulen Primary Schools Development Project

Reminder: This project objective was to build upon the activities started by ADF by providing basic hygiene and learning infrastructures, for three primary schools (Sangke Lak, Anlong Thom and Ta Penh), located in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. It is targeting 5 primary schools (Popel, Khlah Kmum, Sangke Lak, Anlong Thom, and Ta Penh), with additional minor infrastructures in 2 others (Phum Thmey and Preah Ang Thom). English classes and hygiene sessions were also provided.

The original starting date was March 2021, for a 12-month duration. However, due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many activities were delayed (English classes, health sessions at schools) due to the school closure, and were implemented when school reopened. It was achieved in March 2023.

The project focus is the renovation of existing classrooms (roof), construction of basic sanitation and hygiene facilities (UV light purification systems, incinerator…) and construction or renovation of basic learning infrastructures (black boards, tables, playground), in combination with providing English classes (for 1 year). It has also funded the costs for the nurses of Anlong Thom Health centre to provide monthly awareness lessons about basic disease prevention and menstrual hygiene, to students of 4 schools.

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This project was designed to provide basic facilities to children in primary schools, located in five (5) primary schools (Popel, Khlah Khmum, Sangke Lak, Anlong Thom and Ta Penh villages), all located in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. These primary schools do not have the financial resources to upgrade their facilities and little support for the Cambodian Government. Basic hygiene and learning facilities are missing or broken. The project aims to correct this. These facilities correspond to a request from each principal, ADF is only relaying them here with this project.

Phnom Kulen five primary schools are often isolated and there is only one secondary school for the whole population (4728 pers., Jan 2021, Khnong Phnom commune data), providing teaching from 7th to 9th grade only (i.e. not the last three years of secondary school, from 10th to 12th grade). This secondary school is located in Anlong Thom village and kids from other villager located miles away often do not continue to study, due to the lack of transportation needs. This has been partially addressed by a personal donation of 25 bicycles to the students in January 2021, by Mrs. NGUON Rothsophal (Country Director of the S.E Asia Foundation) and her friends.

The objectives of this project were to provide basic infrastructures for these five schools, both for hygiene and learning (including English classes). This project offers a support to the teachers to disseminate better learning and hygiene practices. This proposed project is built on ADF significant experience from implementing similar projects in this same area.

This proposed project focused on young pupils and their teachers of five (5) of the poorest schools on the plateau of Phnom Kulen (Popel, Khlah Khmum, Sangke Lak, Ta Penh and Anlong Thom villages), located in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), Khnong Phnom Commune, Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. Phnom Kulen villages are often isolated and difficult to access due to the road conditions. Some villages, such as Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak are only accessible by motorbike. At the inception of the project, the population of Phnom Kulen plateau (corresponding to Khnong Phnom administrative commune) was populated by more than 4700 pers. (Jan 2021, Khnong Phnom commune data).

The pupils and teachers were the direct beneficiaries of the project. This represents at the inception of the project: 98 children (including 50 girls) and 3 teachers at Sangke Lak primary school, 107 children (including 56 girls) and 5 teachers at Ta Penh primary school, 69 children (including 31 girls) and 4 teachers at Khlah Khmum primary school, 98 children (including 42 girls) and 4 teachers at Popel primary school, 311 children (including 172 girls) and 10 teachers at Anlong Thom primary school. Additional infrastructures, such incinerators were built in 2 other primary schools: 47 children (including 23 girls) and 2 teachers at Phum Thmey primary school, 300 children (including 156 girls) and 10 teachers at Preah Ang Thom primary school.

The total number of beneficiaries, at the inception of the project was 719 children (including 358 girls) and 38 teachers (including 16 female) (Source: Preah Ang Thom school, supervisor for primary school for Khnong Phnom Commune, Svay Leu District, 2020-2021). Indirectly, the project had repercussion on basic hygiene habits and learning environment for the children and families of the 9 villages, totalling 4728 persons (data: Jan 2021, Khnong Phnom commune data).

At the end of the project, in March 2023, the pupils and teachers were the direct beneficiaries of the project were: 102 children (including 37 girls) and 4 teachers at Sangke Lak primary school, 135 children (including 71 girls) and 6 teachers at Ta Penh primary school, 55 children (including 28 girls) and 3 teachers at Khlah Khmum primary school, 99 children (including 41 girls) and 4 teachers at Popel primary school, 332 children (including 157 girls) and 11 teachers at Anlong Thom primary school. Additional infrastructures, such incinerators were built in 2 other primary schools: 49 children (including 25 girls) and 2 teachers at Phum Thmey primary school, 340 children (including 170 girls) and 11 teachers at Preah Ang Thom primary school.

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The total number of beneficiaries, at the end of the project was 1112 children (including 529 girls) and 41 teachers (including 21 female) (Source: Preah Ang Thom school, supervisor for primary school for Khnong Phnom Commune, Svay Leu District, 1st of March 2023). The five targeted villages (Sangke Lak, Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum, Popel, Anlong Thom) represent in December 2022 a total population of 700 families or 3002 persons. Including Phum Thmey and Preah Ang Thom villages (where only incinerator at schools were built), it represents a total population of 1031 families or 4310 inhabitants.

Potential benefits of the target area and the beneficiaries

Schools are the most important places for children to play, learn, and grow, acquiring essential skills, and positive behaviours / habits for their lives. Promoting healthy habits in schools with a good learning environment allows children to make the most out of their education through better health. Teachers benefiting from a good learning environment with associated facilities are happier to teach and have less chance to ask for a new assignment, insuring a low turn-over. Children and young girls benefit from school health facilities regardless of their background, so that existing disadvantages and inequalities are reduced and all have better chances for attaining healthy and productive lives. Children and young people are generally more concerned and receptive to learning and promoting behaviour changes and hygiene practises that influence the whole family. Accessibility, hygiene and education for the young people at schools, and particularly young girls, are the basics needs for them to survive and thrive even in difficult situations of living.

Project Goal, Purposes, Objectives and Results

The project aims to provide and improve basic learning facilities (class rooms and corresponding furniture, fix broken items…) and hygiene infrastructures (incinerator…) in five of the Phnom Kulen primary schools. An incentive salary was given so the teachers who speak English can teach it at selected school. The project combined upgraded hygiene and learning infrastructures to ensure schools are becoming a pleasant place to learn. It also encourages teachers to stay in these remote villages.

The project purposes are to build and expand on the previous project done by ADF with the support of the South-East Asia Foundation in Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak primary schools, from September 2028 to November 2019, to provide a healthy, hygienic and friendly environment for primary school children to excel, to reply to the needs of the children and their teachers in these primary schools. All activities and items are the result of an explicit demand from each principal, after several meeting between them and ADF team.

The project global objective is to reach higher education standards by offering basic hygiene and learning facilities in primary schools, located in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP). The project is tailored-made to each school and implemented by ADF team in coordination with the principals, teachers, school committee and parents. Parents are involved in proving food and material, or labour help. No remuneration was allocated to parents.

The project results should attain minimum education standards with the basic facilities for the overcrowded targeted schools and class rooms, provide basic hygiene, water, and sanitation facilities in the targeted primary schools, participatory cleaning of the school area by systematically deposing of the rubbish in the incinerator, students from Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum, Anlong Thom and Sangke Lak are taught the basis of English in their primary schools.

Project Inception:

A meeting was organized by ADF in march 2021 to inform all stakeholders (Health center staff, teachers, principals) of the project implantation plan and of their roles and responsibilities.

Constructions and Rehabilitations in schools:

Ta Penh primary school:

ADF organized the rehabilitation of the school’s roof (5 class rooms) by replacing the old leaking tin sheet one by new ones. The wooden framework was in good condition and kept. On the 2nd of

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March 2021, a meeting with the parents, teachers and school committee was organized to mobilize a financial participation (except for poor families with ID card and widows) so they can get ownership. There were 71 families (337 family members) who gave for a total of 1,269,000 riels (317.25 US$), from 5,000 to 20,000 riels per family. The replacement of the tin sheet was done started in April and concluded in May 2021.

ADF organized the construction of an incinerator with a storage area (2 small separated cement slabs), to the northeast corner of the school compound, far from the school and households. Since August 2021, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck collects every Thursday the wastes of this school and bring them to the incinerator at Preah Ang Thom village. Waste burnt in the school incinerator are the ones that cannot wait for this day, as in some cases, dogs are tearing the waste bags.

The replacement of the broken playgrounds item was not done as a swing was installed by another donor in this school. The budget allocated for this was added to the equivalent ones for Khlah Khmum school to upgrade the existing playground. However, ADF purchased 10 new swings in February 2023. Two were installed on the existing swing structure on the 8th of March 2023.

1 UV light purification system was purchased from WFC. However, this has been under estimated in the budget for the 4 schools as our estimation did not include the solar panel equipment, but only the UV purification system. ADF waits the setting up of the governmental electricity system to connect the school and this item, rather than using a solar system. It is planned to be done in 2024 with governmental school money or in 2023, with the sale of the trees from the tree nursery.

In June 2021, ADF organized the setting up of a library in the western room of the building (7x8 m=56m2), using the remaining funds from the furniture in Sangke Lak (see below). The old cement slab was broken, resealed on the top of a good foundation and large tiles were installed. This class room was painted. All wood shutters from each class were fixed and repainted. Metallic frames on each window were paid by the tree sales from 2020.

In March 2023, ADF team organized the building of a cement slab next to the water reservoir and kitchen in Ta Penh school, to facilitate its use and improve hygiene.

Khlah Khmum primary school:

Football cages: this item was built from the 15th of March 2023 by a local builder, with material brought by ADF.

The replacement of the broken playground items was done in March 2023, benefitting from the budget allocated for this expenditure, as well as the equivalent for other schools, to ensure a good quality construction by a local builder, based on the model of the Popel playground (see below). ADF purchased 10 new swings in February 2023 to install on the existing swing structure. Two were installed on the new swing structure on the 23rd of March 2023.

The metallic school gate was built by a local builder, with material brought by ADF, on the 15th and 16th of March 2023. This will allow a better control of the school access and prevent roaming animals to get in.

1 UV light purification system was planned to be installed at this school. However, due to the high maintenance of this system and this school conditions, ADF preferred to upgrade the water quality with cement and sand filters from Water for Cambodia and will add additional ceramic filters in each classroom (funded by the WISH 2 project).

A small cement slab (with 2 smaller separated parts) was built next to the existing incinerator, to the northwest corner of the school compound. Due to the road condition, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck does not collect the wastes in Khlah Khmum village during the rainy season.

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Popel primary school:

The existing school reservoir (6 ring wells, funded by the school itself and later raised by ADF within the WISH 2 project) was connected to reservoir opposite the school (built by ADF with UNDP funds in 2019-2020) with a pipe below the road. From April to May 2022 and within the new tree nursery project in Popel primary school (funded by HUMY), 6 x 0,5 additional ring wells were set up on a strong cement slab, forming a second row, insuring a sufficient volume of water for both hygiene and tree nursery activities.

1 UV light purification system was planned to be installed at this school. However, due to the high maintenance of this system and this school conditions, ADF preferred to upgrade the water quality with cement and sand filters from Water for Cambodia and will add additional ceramic filters in each classroom (funded by the WISH 2 project).

ADF organized the construction of an incinerator with a storage area (2 small, separated cement slabs), to the southeast corner of the school compound, far from the school and households. Due to the road condition, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck cannot collect the wastes in Popel village.

Learning materials for library were purchased such as notebooks for teachers and cleaning materials for libraries. This component was upgraded from January 2022 with the SEAF 3 project, focusing on setting up a library in Popel primary school and providing books to other schools’ libraries (see SEAF 3 below).

ADF organized the construction of playgrounds items with a local builder (1 swing with 6 sitting places and 2 bouncing items) in August 2021.

Sangke Lak village primary school:

ADF organized the construction of the extension of the tin sheet roof for 2 classrooms building (to the south only), to avoid rain during the rainy season in the building. The corresponding slab below was also built. It was done in March 2021. From the 29th to 31st of March 2023, an equivalent roof extension and slab were built to the north side of the classrooms.

A small cement slab (with 2 smaller separated parts) was built next to the existing incinerator, to the northwest corner of the school compound. Due to the road condition, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck does not collect the wastes in Popel village during the rainy season. In March 2023, ADF had the incinerator fixed by replacing the metallic iron grid.

The budget originally allocated for the furniture (tables for students, blackboard…) was not spent as originally planned, as the teachers changed their mind since the project’s inception. It was used to complete the costs of the roof extension in Sangke Lak, as well as the floor (cement and tiles and painting for the Ta Penh library (see above)). That budget line also included over spent of Anlong Thom school for upgrade infrastructure like doors, frames and windows (see below).

1 UV light purification system was planned to be installed at this school. However, due to the high maintenance of this system and this school conditions, ADF preferred to upgrade the water quality with cement and sand filters from Water for Cambodia and will add additional ceramic filters in each classroom (funded by the WISH 2 project).

The metallic school gate was built by a local builder, with material brought by ADF, in April 2021. This will allow a better control of the school access and prevent roaming animals to get in.

Anlong Thom primary school:

ADF organized the rehabilitation of the school’s roof (building of 3 class rooms, funded and built by ADF in 2010) by replacing the old leaking tin sheet by new ones. On the 9th of March 2021, a meeting with the parents, teachers and school committee was organized to mobilize a financial participation (except for poor families with ID card and widows), so they can get ownership. There

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were 96 families (457 family members) who gave for a total of 1,895,000 riels (473,75 US$), from 5,000 to 50,000 riels per family. It was replaced in April 2021.

In July 2021, ADF organized the rehabilitation of the school’s ADF wooden walls and window frames, damaged by termites, by a local carpenter.

ADF organized the construction of an incinerator with a storage area (2 small, separated cement slabs), to the northeast corner of the school compound, far from the school and households. Since August 2021, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck collects every Thursday the wastes of this school and bring them to the incinerator at Preah Ang Thom village. Waste burnt in the school incinerator are the ones that cannot wait for this day, as in some cases, dogs are tearing the waste bags.

The replacement of the broken playgrounds item was not done. The budget allocated for this was added to the equivalent ones for Khlah Khmum school, to upgrade the existing playground. However, ADF purchased 10 new swings in February 2023 to install on the existing swing structure. Two were installed on the existing swing structure on the 08th of March 2023.

Phum Thmey and Preah Ang Thom primary schools:

ADF organized the construction of two incinerators with a storage area (2 small, separated cement slabs), to the southeast corner of the school compound at Phum Thmey and to the southwest at Preah Ang Thom. Since August 2021, the Ministry of Environment garbage truck collects every Thursday the wastes of Preah Ang Thom school and bring them to the incinerator at Preah Ang Thom village. The ones from Phum Thmey will be collected from April 2023. Waste burnt in the school incinerator are the ones that cannot wait for this day, as in some cases, dogs are opening the waste bags.

Maintenance of the WASH Facilities in 4 primary schools:

This activity was not possible due to the school closure, from March to November 2021. However, in order to disseminate hygiene practices to the students during the C-19 pandemic, ADF decided to distributed soaps (from March to June 2021), to provide buckets (with taps and covers) for hygiene at a household level to the population of 2 villages. This material was purchased and prepared in July 2021 and distributed (a bucket per family + tap) on the 22nd of July in Popel and on the 4th of August 2021 in Ta Penh. This activity was resumed in December 2021 and organized on a needed basis.

For Ta Penh and Khlah Khmum schools, PVC pipes were purchased to replace broken ones. For Khlah Khmum and Popel schools, cleaning equipment were purchased. In January 2023, this budget was also used for hiring labor to fix the road, to set up a new reservoir at the Popel source, providing water to the villagers and the school.

Participatory cleaning of the school area:

This activity was not possible due to the school closure, from March to November 2021. It was resumed in December 2021 and is happening every week, particularly on Thursdays, day dedicated for community work in schools.

Kids are collecting garbage, transport them into the incinerator, sweeping the tree leaves and make their school into a clean and healthy environment, transmitting his behaviour to their household. The burning of the waste in the incinerators is done by the teachers.

Daily English classes given to children in 4 primary schools:

In March 2021, a first assessment by ADF team and teachers from the 4 primary schools (Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum, Sangke Lak and Anlong Thom) registered 142 who were interested in attending the English classes.

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Unfortunately, the C-19 pandemic forced to a general school closure in March 2021. In 2021, it only possible for 2 weeks in Ta Penh school and 1 week in Sangke Lak school. The two other schools (Anlong Thom and Khlah Khmum) planned to start this activity the day of the school closing. Schools reopened in November 2021 but needed time to reorganize after many months closed.

After the reopening of schools in Dec. 2021 and a meeting to organized this activity, English classes started from January, with salaries (50 US$ per month) provided to 1 teacher in Anlong Thom, Ta Penh and Khlah Khmum.

Unfortunately, English classes were not provided in Sangke Lak in 2022 as the teacher was not available anymore, and the ones in this school did not know enough to teach English. This situation changed from February 2023 as a new teacher was appointed to this school. Each teacher has an attendance list to register children attending the classes.

An average of 20 students attended the English classes at each school, for the year 2022. From July 2022, the Anlong Thom primary school teacher stopped giving classes because a new teacher from the Anlong Thom secondary school provided English classes to secondary school students and the primary school students joined. There were no English classes given in January 2023 because the assignation of the teachers was not clearly defined yet. As from July 2022, there were no more support for the English classes in Anlong Thom, for the same reasons. However, the English classes started in February in Sangke Lak, as a new teacher speaking English was appointed.

Monthly hygiene lessons by health centre and ADF staff in 4 primary schools: At the start of the SEAF 2 project (March 2021), the Anlong Thom Health Centre staff was busy with Covid 19 vaccination and prevention. The objective was to financially support and provide awareness health prevention and menstrual hygiene lessons to the students of the 4 primary schools (Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum, Sangke Lak and Popel), reinforcing ADF’s Hygiene and Sanitation project (WISH 2, funded by Almayuda Fundacion).

These prevention disease lessons were provided by the Anlong Thom health centre nurses, and were divided into 12 sessions corresponding to 12 disease prevention. It also gave the nurses the opportunity to check student's health. This activity occurs 1 time per month. Presentations for disease prevention were designed by ADF team and presented during these classes and banner were printed.

From December 2021 to December 2022, there were 13 sessions (13 months) in 4 schools, reaching 1,444 participants (including 850 female). The topics addressed are: influenza, intestinal worms, malaria, dengue, diarrhea, cold, dental caries, pneumonia, infected wounds, typhoid fever. All these diseases are the most common in Phnom Kulen, according to the hygiene and sanitation project’s assessment done by ADF in December 2019. One session is focusing in one issue.

The girl’s menstruation training happened 1 time per year in every primary schools. Each of the training is divided is 4 sessions, with a female nurse, assisted by the ADF women's school team. These 4 sessions run from the 23rd of August to the 15th of September 2022 in the 4 primary schools.

The first session (the first steps of menstruation) reached 76 female participants, the second session (the first days of menstruation) reached 74 female participants with 26 mothers to share their experience, the third session (menstruation health) reached 75 female participants and the fourth one reached 63 female participants (exchanging with young boys). Additionally, ADF facilitated the visit of Build Your Future Today Center (BFT Center, a member of the CLLC) on the 4th of March 2022 to provide a training on menstruation and personal care to 112 female students from the Anlong Thom secondary school in Phnom Kulen, with projections, learning material and banners. Presentations for girl’s menstruation training were provided by BFT, including a video.

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All these activities were implemented in close collaboration with the Khnong Phnom Health Centre, the only public health facility for the population of this commune (4,926 inhabitants in Dec. 2022). Additionally, the WISH 2 team accompany the nurses in their vaccination campaigns in each village. ADF team attend the monthly meetings at the Heath center to coordinate every activity.

Project Management, oversight and accountability

ADF secured conducive meetings to agree on materials and resources required. All project assets, materials and resources were transparently and professionally managed. ADF coordinated efficiently human resources, provided technical assistance as required, managed all resources in an effective, accountable and transparent manner. ADF welcomed SEAF team on the 23rd of April 2022. Schools in Popel, Khlah Khmum, Anlong Thom, Sangke Lak, Ta Penh were visited. The visit finished with the Spices Drying facility at Anlong Thom. A follow up one day visit was done by SEAF in 22nd of October 2022, focusing mostly on the alternative livelihood component and on the future toilet project. This project, with an objective of building more than 70 toilets in 2 villages, was drafted by ADF in August 2022 and could be submitted to SEAF in the 2023 or 2024.

The SEAF 3L project

Later in 2021, the SEA Foundation had the opportunity to fund a small project proposed by ADF: “Quick Impact Library Project, Phnom Kulen Primary Schools” or SEAF 3L. Building on the existing infrastructures supported by SEAF previous project, this project aims to quickly improve the existing libraries in Phnom Kulen schools (at Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum and Sangke Lak) and to set up one in Popel primary school. It corresponds to a demand from the principals of the targeted schools, and it is building upon the activities started by ADF and funded by SEAF: providing basic hygiene and learning infrastructures for the primary schools (Popel, Sangke Lak, Khlah Khmum and Ta Penh), located in Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP), Siem Reap Province, Cambodia. For this project, ADF received from SEAF 2,249 US$ on the 10[th] of December 2021 but activities started in January 2022 and the project was closed in December 2022.

The pupils and teachers were the direct beneficiaries of the project. At the inception of the project, this represented 85 children (including 35 girls) and 4 teachers at Popel primary school, 68 children (including 34 girls) and 4 teachers at Khlah Khmum primary school, 94 children (including 46 girls) and 3 teachers at Sangke Lak primary school, 116 children (including 61 girls) and 5 teachers at Ta Penh primary school. The Total number of beneficiaries was 363 children (including 176 girls) and 17 teachers (including 8 female) (data: Khnong Phnom Commune, 2021).

At the end of the project (Dec 2022-March2023), the number of beneficiaries were 99 children (including 41 girls) and 4 teachers at Popel primary school, 55 children (including 28 girls) and 3 teachers at Khlah Khmum primary school, 102 children (including 37 girls) and 4 teachers at Sangke Lak primary school, 135 children (including 71 girls) and 6 teachers at Ta Penh primary school. The Total number of beneficiaries was 391children (including 177 girls) and 17 teachers (including 7 female) (data: Khnong Phnom Commune, 2023). However, the Popel primary school was the main target of this project.

Project Inception:

A meeting was organized by ADF in January 2022 to inform all stakeholders (teachers, principals) of their roles and responsibilities and of the project implantation plan.

Popel Primary School Library Rehabilitation

In January 2022, the old wooden classroom located to the east of the main Popel classrooms was dismantled. All the boards and beams were polished on site by the carpenters. The new construction (with 3 windows) reused to wood (with additional wood purchased for walls and doors) and the cement base pillars, and new tin sheets were purchased to replace to old ones. Students and teachers were involved for the land fill of the foundation of the library. A cement slab was done to cover the entire room, surrounded by a 0.4 cm high brick wall. A roof extension and a corresponding cement slab were added to the north of the building, including 3 areas to plant flowers. The local carpenters also built 2 wooden shelves (1 single and 1 double) to store and display the books. A garbage disposal device divided in 3 requested by the principal was built to store the

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recycling waste (aluminium, plastic bottle…).

Books provided by ADF to the existing school’s libraries

Old books from Popel schools were placed in the new library. 141 additional books were bought on 28th of March 2022 for Popel library. 148 books, 16 small stools and 4 small tables were provided on the 11th of October 2022 at Popel Library. The budget for the construction of the Popel library was underestimated and books could not be bought for the other libraries.

Monitoring of the project

A meeting was organized by ADF on the 26th of January 2023 during the SIPAR NGO evaluation. Every principal provided a weekly agenda with a time dedicated to book reading in the libraries (SL, PP, KK) for each class. The teachers are sending pictures every week to the ADF school telegram group. ADF school team encourage and motivate children during these dedicated hours, if they are in these schools at this time. A new project will be proposed in the coming weeks to better follow the needs of these schools and libraries. It will integrate a more important library component, in partnership with SIPAR, and based on their evaluation from the 26th of January 2023.

Complementary projects for the Educational support

ADF - AGRISUD International project

Since 2019, the joint project with AGRISUD International (see above, AGRISUD and ADF jointproject in Khnong Phnom Commune) has been encouraging primary schools to grow vegetable gardens. In the schools of Ta Penh and Sangke Lak, this involvement was higher with distribution of equipment, seeds and a technical training. In 2 others schools (Khlah Khmum and Popel), only seeds were given. These vegetables are associated to the morning breakfast distributed by the World Food Program in rural areas, and in the case of Khnong Phnom Commune (except Khlah Khmum village), with the help of the Cambodian government, and previously Plan NGO. The school also purchase vegetables from local producers trained by AGRISUD-ADF team. These activities were very disturbed by the long school closure in 2021 and resumed from January 2022 onwards.

ADF tree nurseries: Tree 2 and HUMY 3 projects

Three primary schools are the beneficiaries of the parallel project funded by Kulara Water factory (producing Eau Kulen): Anlong Thom, Ta Penh and Sangke Lak primary schools. Implemented by ADF since 2018 (Tree 1 project) and from September 2020 to October 2022 (Tree 2 project), these projects provided thousands of forest saplings every year for reforestation operations in Phnom Kulen National Park. The water system set up by ADF in these schools are providing water to both tree nurseries and hygiene facilities.

These tree nurseries also act as environmental educational tool, as they are managed by the teachers and students. They are complementary of the WISH 2 project as they built awareness about environmental protection and regeneration. Additionally, they provide incomes to the schools. Please refer below for this project.

In the same spirit and with the similar objectives, ADF has secured funds from HUMY NGO to set up and run a tree nursery at Popel village primary school. This project, HUMY 3, was started in April 2022 until March 2024, for a 2-year period (see below, HUMY 3 project).

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f. ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAM

Environmental and social studies

During the year 2022, there was no collaboration with the School of Fields Studies (SFS) for defining and facilitating studies, as the SFS study areas were not focusing in the Phnom Kulen National Park. The research collaboration program is focusing on natural resource governance and management; livelihoods; and the environment interface. No students came to PKNP and no studies were implemented.

ADF was involved in the environmental protection of Phnom Kulen National Park by combining data to the geo-database about the environmental threats, and by disseminating them to the relevant authorities (Ministry of Environment, APSARA Authority, District and commune authorities…). ADF continued in 2022 to integrate in our GIS system all illegal-logging points and recently burned plots of forest for cultivation purposes within the Phnom Kulen National Park and has reported them to the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and APSARA.

ADF continued to support the Provincial Department of Environment (PDoE) with mapping for specific projects, or the PKNP general zoning. ADF team has continued to be one of the main actors to provide information from the field for the implementation of the Phnom Kulen Management Plan, and the Phnom Kulen action plan both under the supervision of the MoE.

Meetings, workshops and events

In 2022, ADF management team met representatives from the Ministry in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, and attended to various meetings at national level, organised by the PDoE or the MoE. - On the 8th of February 2022, ADF director attended in Phnom Penh to the consultation workshop on the preparation of ecotourism designation vision and investment plan, for the Cambodia Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project (CSLEP), funded by the World Bank and UNDP. - On the 28th of June 2022, ADF team made a presentation entitled “Conservation, tourism and community development” for the Cambodia Sustainable Landscape and Ecotourism Project (CSLEP) visit in Phnom Kulen, at Preah Ang Thom ranger station.

• On the 31st October and 1st of November 2022, ADF Director participated to the meeting organise in Phnom Penh for the review of the Ministry of Environment activities, over the year 2022. - On the 21st and 22nd of November 2022, ADF Director and Ms Chhun Phirom participated to the 3rd National Ecotourism Forum together with members of the Anlong Thom CBTC. Products from Kulen Crafts were also shown for sale.

TREE 1 project

Reminder: From June 2018 to August 2020 (27 months), ADF implemented the TREE 1 environmental project, supported by Kulara Water company producing the only mineral water in Cambodia (Eau Kulen), based at the bottom Phnom Kulen. The project’s goal was to provide young indigenous trees from tree nurseries to the Kulara Water company facilities, and for other areas within the Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP) selected for reforestation by the Ministry of Environment, the Provincial Department of Environment and the PKNP management team. The project’s other goal was to implement a practical environment awareness program for the students and the teachers of Sangke Lak, Anlong Thom and Ta Penh, village primary schools (584 children and 20 teachers), where the tree nurseries are located. This participatory tree-growing project allowed the involvement of the teachers and students from each school including regular maintenance, manual weeding, transplanting of very small saplings to plastic bags, mixing components for the plastic bags and planting activities on the plateau. The tree nurseries acted as educational tools to promote environmental awareness and conservation. Trainings about tree growing and tree nursery maintenance were given by forestry expert to all the teachers of the 3 schools. Each tree nurseries were built and upgraded on a needed basis with proper tools, equipment and gravity-fed water systems (also used for water and sanitation facilities in schools), tree seeds were purchased or collected regularly in forested areas of the park, according to the biodiversity assessment of PKNP (2013, Hayes and al.), allowing to grow up to 22 different indigenous

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tree species. ADF team set up a table to follow up the quantity of trees species grown up in each tree nursery over the project length.

During this project, more than 45,700 saplings were grown in the 3 tree nurseries (about 9,000 tree saplings were grown in 2018, 13,036 in 2019 and 23,666 in 2020). It has contributed to reforest 63.3 hectares in PKNP. This equates to 2.3 hectares per every month of the project. In most occasions, the trees produced by ADF tree nurseries were added to additional saplings from other tree nurseries, brought to Kulen, for the reforestation projects sponsored by MoE/PDoE, UNEP or UNDP. Other smaller reforestations operations were also organized by ADF (archaeological sites, sources, watershed…). In some cases, other saplings were sold to other beneficiaries (1,800 trees were provided and planted in the grounds of the Kulen water factory).

Trees were sold by the schools to the reforestation project and the incomes is given back by ADF to each school principal and is divided as following: 20% for the maintenance costs of the tree nurseries, 40% for the maintenance and upgrading of the school facilities and material, 40 % shared by the teachers as personal income and incentive). In 2019 and 2020, a total of 5,660 US$ was earned by these 3 schools.

It was a participatory project, including stakeholders from the private sector (Kulara Water company), through governmental institutions (Ministry of Environment), implemented by ADF, a non-profit and non-governmental organization with the pupils and teachers of the three public schools. During the reforestation process, every rainy season, a broader array of partners was associated.

The TREE 1 project was the first long term project addressing environmental awareness and reforestation in PKNP. It has created a strong dynamic, reinforced by stronger law enforcement from the MoE and the PDoE, in charge of the park. The availability of trees has pushed the authorities to take actions and to take over illegally burned plots for reforestation.

With these numerous successes, an extension of the TREE project was submitted to the Kulara Water company at the end of August 2020. The company agreed to support the TREE 2, a twoyear project, to consolidate the successes of the first TREE project.

TREE 2 Project

The fundamentals of this TREE 2 project, implemented from September 2020 to October 2022, were very similar to the initial TREE 1 project and therefore, the goal, objectives and activities matrix were similar. However, it includes the main constraints encountered during the implementation of the TREE 1 project and the recommendations stated in the final report:

• To introduce a field maintenance component employing members of the community to cut the weeds around the tree saplings planted enabling them to grow and thrive. This activity can also be done in the previously planted areas. It will help defining the loss rate for each reforested plots and replanting, if necessary.

• To maintain and upgrade (where necessary) the water systems to the three tree nurseries.

• To continue the environmental education and awareness of stakeholders, especially pupils and teachers, building upon the education component of the TREE 1 project.

• To better monitor the revenue of each school, to insure their proper maintenance.

• To introduce a better monitoring system where trees from ADF tree nurseries can be counted and localized within each reforestation activity, to monitor the survival rate of the trees and replace the dead ones in reforested area.

• To diversify as much as possible the tree species but only with trees represented and identified within the 2013 PKNP bio-diversity survey.

• To increase as much as possible, depending on the number of saplings produced, the number of reforested areas within PKNP, focusing on the water catchment areas within PKNP. This depends on the PDoE capacity of re-taking illegally deforested plots for reforestation. Additional saplings will also be allocated on demand and according to their species to Kulara company compound.

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The objectives of the TREE 2 project remained the same:

• To grow and nurture indigenous trees that can be planted in priority areas in and around Phnom Kulen National Park (PKNP).

• To promote the regeneration of the natural forest with indigenous trees of PKNP, restoring the environment and the resources that a thriving environment provides, increasing the amount of surface water.

• To increase environmental awareness and conservation to the pupils and teachers of the three targeted village primary schools (Anlong Thom, Ta Penh and Sangke Lak). The pupils and teachers will be the direct beneficiaries. The pupil’s families and the village communities and the MoE Park Rangers will be the successive beneficiaries.

The TREE 2 project started on the 1[st] of September 2020, for a two-years duration.

Activities and results:

• 1) Orientate the village school teachers in all aspects of the project outlining roles and responsibilities and purchase project resources (tree seeds and other tree nursery tools).

The accounting system for the project was set up by ADF accounting officer and expenses were updated on a weekly basis for a better financial monitoring of the project. An introduction meeting was hold between all teachers involved and ADF team at Anlong Thom school on the 4[th] of November 2020 to introduce the TREE 2 project to all stakeholders. Teachers active during the previous project shared their experiences and talked about the benefits of having tree nurseries with the new ones and ADF team, exchanging about water issues, benefits, prices. A new system of percentage for the benefits of the tree sales was established: 20% for the tree nursery maintenance, 40% for the school maintenance, 40 % for the teachers as an incentive. Previously the system was divided as such: 30 % of the income was devoted to the tree nursery maintenance, 30% for the school’s general maintenance, and 40% is an incentive for the teachers. The sale of sapling represents a substantial income for each school. For example, Ta Penh primary school was able to build in the school compound a meeting shelter. It was also decided that the cash generated by the sales of saplings and destinated to the tree nursery maintenance would be managed by ADF (third recommendations from the TREE 1 final report).

From July 2021 to October 2022, 794.99 US$ of income was given back to the maintenance of the tree nurseries and related costs. This corresponds to 20 % of the total sales of trees. This is including Popel new tree nursery (see below).

ADF team has set up a planning over the calendar year, from January to December, to visualize and monitor the main tasks to be implemented by all stakeholders. All project resources were purchased and tree nurseries are now part of the daily life of the 3 schools.

In 2022, a new tree nursery project, reinforcing the TREE 2 project’s dynamic, was funded by HUMY French NGO through ADF (see below, HUMY 3 project). This school was selected as the teachers were interested of having this infrastructure as an educational tool and a source of income. ADF is also working intensively since 2018 in this village, with the enlargement and demarcation of the Community Protected Area (CPA, from 188 to 798 ha), the setting up of a water system for the village and the primary school, the construction of a Community-based Tourism Centre with a tourism offer, the hygiene and sanitation project in the primary school, and the construction of other infrastructure in the school (library, playground, incinerator…).

• 2) Continue collecting indigenous tree seeds; Upgrade the tree nurseries at Sangke Lak, Ta Penh and Anlong Thom primary schools, ensuring they are efficiently and effectively producing strong healthy saplings; plant the tree seeds and nurture the tree saplings until they are ready to be planted into designated areas.

The tree nurseries were upgraded on a needed basis with proper tools, equipment and gravity-fed water systems. The previous signboards at each tree nursery were changed in 2020, during the first

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TREE project, with Eau Kulen and ADF logos. Anlong Thom, Ta Penh and Sangke Lak water system were designed and set up during the first TREE project, requiring several hundred-meterlong buried and connected PVC pipes; collecting, intermediary and storage reservoirs, providing water all year long for these tree nurseries. Students and teachers were strongly involved in their constructions, so they can take ownership of these water systems.

These water systems also serve the hygiene facilities (toilets, wash bays) built or renovated by ADF in these 3 schools and allow the implementation of a complementary Hygiene project (WISH 2 project, funded by Almayuda Fundaciòn) in 4 primary schools (Sangke Lak, Ta Penh, Khlah Khmum and Popel).

Ta Penh water system from the source to the school was originally included in the first TREE project proposal. However, the WISH project was able to fund it, and it was decided that funds from Kulara Cie for this water system would be used for the setting up of the Anlong Thom tree nursery water system.

From September 2020 and during the year 2021, only minor fixings were done to these water systems and more generally, to the tree nurseries: fixing broken pipes for the Sangke Lak Water system; arranging the 3 collecting pipes at the Ta Penh source, so they are all at the same level.

ADF team paid a particular attention, so each tree nursery and school could have a permanent access to water. During the dry season, this becomes more and more critical due to climate change and deforestation. However, the tree nursery water systems are conceived so they can capture and hold just enough water reserve until the end of the hottest season. Future upgrades could enlarge the storage capacities as this situation becomes harder to sustain every year, particularly in Ta Penh and Anlong Thom.

Other upgrades were the replacement of a wooden door by a metallic one at Sangke Lak tree nursery, on the 4[th] of April 2021, the covering of the vertical upper part of the 3 tree nurseries with green shade nets, allowing a better protection from the sun and from football games, often played closed to the tree nurseries.

From April to June 2021, a complementary UNDP funding (UNDP-BESD-PES, see below) allowed ADF to upgrade the tree nurseries:

1) low brick enclosures sealed with cement to place the saplings. This facilitate the counting of the trees per species as they are in rows and lines, maintaining them in a vertical position. Species can now be easily separated and identified.

2) Smaller similar spaces were reserved for seeds to be planted in the ground before their transplant to the bags.

3) additional equipment purchased: wooden posts (8 per tree nursery), green-shade material (1 roll per tree nursery), metallic fence (30 Kg per tree nursery), water pipes (5 per tree nursery), irrigation tank (2 per tree nursery), black plastic bag for young trees (10 Kg per tree nursery), and tree seeds.

Later in 2021, other upgrades were implemented. The sprinklers were lowered to facilitate the water distribution at Anlong Thom tree nursery. The Sangke Lak tree nursery was slightly extended to the west until the school fence. This tree nursery is the smallest and an additional space was needed to store trees once they are big enough to be planted, before the rainy season. The leaking water reservoir at Ta Penh was fixed in October 2021. White reusable bags given by Fauna in Focus NGO, as well as about 500 saplings, were introduced in each tree nursery (November 2020) as an alternative to the black plastic bags. The larger bags were cut and sewed to obtain several bags out of them.

In February 2022, ADF team and teachers organized the fixing of the broken pipes for the Sangke Lak Water system, involving 12 villagers with 8 pipes and other materials.

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In June 2022, Sangke Lak water system was checked and particularly the ring wells between the sources and the school were cleaned from grass roots. Ta Penh water system was checked, and no problems were observed. Ring wells at the source were cleaned in November 2022.

The water system for the Anlong Thom tree nursery was fixed in October 2022: pipes were broken due to water pressure and broken fallen trees. They were replaced in October 2022. In October 2022, the green shade nets used to cover Anlong Thom tree nursery was replaced. A metallic door was set up at Anlong Thom tree nursery in October 2022 to replace the broken wooden one. ADF also used the TREE 2 budget to replace the 6 old signboards of the Archaeological Protected Areas (APA), dating from 2014, and located at Anlong Thom pagoda’s entrance in May 2022.

From April to June 2022, a new tree nursery was built in Popel primary school. It was funded by HUMY French NGO (see Humy 3 project below), on the model of the successful tree nurseries developed by ADF and funded by Kulara Water Cie in Ta Penh, Sangke Lak and Anlong Thom schools. An additional water reservoir was also built in the school.

• 3) Village schoolteachers and children are taught in fundamental aspects of tree planting and tree growing, nurturing and raising trees.

The trainings organized by ADF and provided by a forestry expert from the Ministry of Forest and Fisheries in Along Thom (January 2019) and Ta Penh (January 2020) were designed for all the teachers of the 3 schools, with a technical then a practical session where kids participated. The seed preparation and the composition of the soil for the plastic bags were greatly improved thanks to this training. These recent trainings did not need to be repeated in 2021. Only advices were asked by phone to this trainer on a needed-basis.

ADF has set up two Community-based tourism centres (CBTC) in Anlong Thom and Popel villages. They are managed by the Community Protected areas (CPA) members and offer tourism products (daily trips with local tour guide and food). The Anlong Thom CBTC members have requested to ADF to set up a forest tree nursery and a vegetable garden. The forest trees can be sold to Cambodian visitors and allow the centre to increase its income (1 US$ per tree). The CBTC team received training from the ADF team on seed collection, pre-treatment, bag preparation for seedlings and nursery maintenance (October 1[st] , 2020). In addition, the ADF has made its tree species registration system available to the centre.

In 2022, the regular involvement of children and teachers for the tree nurseries in primary schools continued as in 2021 for this activity. There was no training provided by the forestry expert from the Ministry of Forest and Fisheries as in January 2019 and 2020 as he was not available. ADF team (Mr. Seng Samry and Mr. Yon Sokchea) trained again the teachers on the 25th of May 2022 in Popel primary school about the general tree growing and tree nursery maintenance. All teachers from the 4 schools joined (Ta Penh, Anlong Thom, Sangke Lak and Popel). With the help of Agrisud International team member (Mr. Keo Sopheak), partnering with ADF for agriculture alternatives in Phnom Kulen National Park to more than 250 families, an additional topic was introduced: the use of water compost for tree nurseries.

• 4) Village school children have practical lessons in tree cultivation, incorporating it as part of their regular school activities.

The 3 targeted schools have operational tree nurseries growing trees and all children from grade 1 to 6 are participating to the activities: planting seeds in plastic bags and transplanting of very small saplings to bags, mixing components and filling the plastic bags, regular water system maintenance, manual weeding, manual watering with watering can, when necessary, planting activities on the plateau. In 2021, the project was raising environmental awareness for 516 children and 18 teachers from the 3 primary schools (2021 Commune data), divided as follows: 107 children and 5 teachers in Ta Penh, 98 children and 3 teachers in Sangke Lak and 311 children and 10 teachers in Anlong Thom.

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In 2022, the project was raising environmental awareness for 558 children (incl. 289 girls) and 18 teachers from the 3 primary schools (2022 Commune data), divided as follows: 138 children and 5 teachers in Ta Penh, 102 children and 4 teachers in Sangke Lak and 318 children and 9 teachers in Anlong Thom. Teachers are leading the activities, with the collaboration of ADF staff. One ADF staff is fully dedicated to this project (Mr. Yon Sokchea).

However, 2020 and 2021 were particularly difficult as the C-19 pandemic imposed the closure of all schools in Cambodia. ADF staff were more solicited for this task, as teachers and students were less present at schools during these long closing periods (see dates below). However, some motivated school teachers and students kept coming for the regular work to do in the tree nurseries, demonstrating their involvement in the process of growing trees for reforestation.

The closure of schools in Phnom Kuken happened during the following periods: in 2020, from 16[th] of March to 7[th] of September 2020, then from 30[th] of November 2020 to 11[th ] of January 2021; and from 20[th] of March to 1[st] November 2021.

To follow up the quantity of trees grown up in each tree nursery over the project, the ADF team continued to use the table summarizing important information used during the first TREE project. This table includes the number of saplings per tree nursery, per species, the English name, the Khmer name and the scientific name (in Latin) for each species, the seedling period for each species, the average price of seeds per Kg per species, the processing time for each tree seeds species, the average number of seeds per Kg. Thanks to this project, the villagers were aware of the existence of the tree nurseries and a network of seed collectors was developed.

This activity was visited by several partners in numerous occasions during recent years; 2 noticeable examples are the visit of Mr Chheng Nimith in December 2021 and the School of Field Studies (SFS) visit on the 17th of September 2022.

• 5) Indigenous tree saplings are transported to designated target areas: Kulara Water company land, PKNP protected areas (APA’s, CPA’s) or other designated areas of PKNP and trees are planted appropriately, reforesting the target areas.

Tree seeds were purchased or collected in 2020 to 2022 and grown in the 3 tree nurseries. In 2020, 23,660 trees were grown from January to June. An additional 16,175 were grown after the planting season. They correspond to seeds that are only available later during the year. From June to October 2020, 5 institutions/clients/projects bought almost 13,300 trees from the 3 tree nurseries. The Kulara Water company required 200 trees (Sental wood/Chan Crassna) in 2020, to be planted on the factory land. 1020 saplings were sold to 2 clients in Siem Reap and Svay Leu.

For the 2020 rainy season, the trees produced by ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries were planted, jointly with other trees bought outside PKNP in 24 locations within PKNP corresponding to a total of 32.47 ha reforested with 33.100 trees. Among these reforestations, the PDoE bought 10,100 trees to reforest 4 areas: to the south of Ta Penh village (2 areas in July), near the Preah Ang Thom ranger station and inside Anlong Thom CPA. Mrs. NGUON Rothsophal from Panasatra University and friends bought 1,260 trees to be planted to the west of Spien Halo, on the 26[th] of September 2020.

By the end of 2020, the trees produced by ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries were still too young and could not be planted within the UNDP/C-19 project (see below), implemented by ADF. This large reforestation project started in October 2020, allowing tree plantation on a much larger scale than the average per year: 54,43 ha with 36,000 trees planted. Numerous operations of reforestation and maintenance took place from October to November 2020 then again in May 2021, benefitting 1899 persons with “cash for work”. Cumulated to the other reforestation activities in 2020, the total reforested areas for this year was 90.86 ha (with 87,100 trees) within PKNP and Chankran Roy Community Forestry.

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In 2021, 13,221 trees were grown from January to June. An additional 18,360 were grown after the planting season. They correspond to seeds that are only available later during the year. From June to August 2021, 3 institutions/clients/projects bought 11,100 trees from the 3 tree nurseries. The Kulara Water company did not require any trees in 2021.

For the year 2021, the trees produced by ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries were mostly planted, jointly with other trees bought outside PKNP within the UNDP-BESD-PES project, implemented by ADF, with a total of 20.9 ha (13,525 trees) planted. The tree plantations at Spien Pring were done from the 5[th] to the 7[th] of June and from the 8[th] to 10[th] of June 2021 (6 days) and the tree plantations at O’Srae was done from the 5[th] to the 7[th] of June, 8[th] to 10[th] of June and on the 11[th] of June 2021 (6 days) at O’Srae, involving 322 villagers from both villages. Trees were purchased from the ADF/Eau Kulen Sangke Lak tree nursery and from the UNEP/CPA Chup Ta Sok tree nursery in Khlah Khmum for the reforestation of O’Srea areas. For the reforestation of Spien Pring areas, trees were purchased from the Ta Penh and the Anlong Thom ADF/Eau Kulen Sangke Lak tree nurseries (with additional trees bought in Siem Reap).

Details of the total number of trees, species and hectares reforested are the following: 13,525 trees were planted in the 2 areas (6575 for Spien Pring and 6950 for O Srae). Summing the 2 areas, the total of the tree planted per species are the following: 6735 Beng , 45 Kronhoung , 43 Thnong , 2548 Koki , 354 Yeang , 1807 Kulen , 777 Kor Koh , 171 Pring , 774 Phnav , 135 Neang Nuon , 45 Chres and 100 Khnol Prey .

The objective of this pilot project was to secure consent from villagers to change their behaviour and depart from their traditional old cashew nut plantation. 13 families accepted to give their land located in 2 sensitive watershed areas back for reforestation (O’Srea area north of Khlah Khmum village and Spien Pring, south of Anlong Thom village), as long as they can harvest the existing crops (almost exclusively young cashew nut farms). It was signed between each family and the commune chief. As these 13 families (7 from Khlah Khmum villahe and 6 from Anlong Thom village) give their lands back for reforestation, they have benefited from alternative livelihood options proposed and implemented by ADF. They all selected pig raising. Two other locations within PKNP were planted with trees brought from outside the ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries: behind the Orchid Ranger station (3,2 ha; 1500 trees) and O Pring Soutnikom (1,1 ha; 1100 trees).

AGRISUD International and CIRD NGO, both partners of ADF for their project in PKNP, bought trees from the ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries. They respectively bought 1600 trees ( Beng,Yeng, Koki, Kulen, Kronhoung, Neang Nuon, Chan Crassna, Phneav ) and 3000 trees ( Beng, Koki, Kulen, Kor Koh, Kronhoung, Trobek Prey, Chres ). Agrisud distributed them to families who received fruit trees from the joint project AGRISUD-ADF in Khnong Phnom commune and CIRD trees were planted inside Popel CPA on 2.5ha (see below CIRD Trees project).

The total of reforested areas within PKNP for 2021 is 27.70 ha with 20,725 trees (19,125 planted during reforestation activities + 1,600 distributed).

From September to December 2021, 21,109 trees were grown. An additional 23,044 trees were grown from March to October 2022. This second figure includes the trees from the Popel tree nursery, accounted from June 2022. The total from September 2021 to October 2022 is therefore 44,153 trees.

The total number of trees grown since the beginning of the TREE 1 project in 2018 is therefore 121,430.

From February to September 2022, several institutions/clients/projects bought 7,523 trees from the 3 tree nurseries: 2,405 sold from AT; 1,833 sold from TP 3,285 sold from SL. The Kulara Cie did not required any trees in 2022.

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The sales of trees were used to plant trees within Phnom Kulen National Park: 3,320 trees. However, in order to respond to some demand and to promote ADF/Eau Kulen tree nurseries, some trees were sold to clients for plantation outside PKNP: 4,203 trees.

The following details indicate the location of the tree planted: INSIDE PKNP: a total area of 15.4 ha.

Agrisud International bought 520 trees on the 11th of February 2022, to plant opposite the Orchid garden (1 ha); ADF / TREE 2 Sangke Lak bought 880 trees on the 7th of July (4,2ha); ADF / TREE 2 Anlong Thom bought 810 trees on the 13th of July (3,8ha); ADF / TREE 2 Spien Halo bought 100 trees on the 29th of July (1,3ha); ADF / TREE 2 Spien Pring bought 500 trees on the 8th of September (2,3 ha); ADF/TREE 2 Antenna bought 210 trees on the 4th of Nov 2022 (1,3 ha); HUMY for O Ta Chork CBTC bought 100 trees on the 8th of September (0,2 ha); ADF / TREE 2 Spien Halo bought 200 trees on the 8th of September 2022 (1,3 ha), same location as above.

OUTSIDE PKNP

Miss Chhun Phirom bought 106 trees on the 8th of April 2022; Aquation / Tree Lion park in Phnom Penh bought 534 trees on the 5th of May; Miss Chhun Phirom bought 150 trees on the 29th of July; Mr JB Chevance bought 200 trees on the 30th of July; Mr Sakhoeun Sakada and friend bought 3000 trees on the 8th of September; Mr JB Chevance bought 200 trees on the 8th of September; Ms Fabienne Luco bought 13 trees on the 4th of Nov 2022.

The general system to monitor the number of trees grown, the sales and incomes and the hectares reforested/maintained was improved with 3 documents used regularly by ADF’s team and shared with PDoE: 1 Xcel document to monitor every 2 months the number of trees per species in each of the 4 tree nurseries, including the sales and the available stock (16,262 on 26th Aug 22), a total spreadsheet is summarizing the trees grown; 1 Xcel document to monitor each buyer and the number of trees bought per species and per tree nurseries, a total spreadsheet is summarizing this data; 1 Xcel document to monitor each area reforested within PKNP with the date, the location, surface, number of trees per species, and the total of trees per area. This document can include area(s) reforested with tree coming from other tree nurseries.

General incomes for the schools:

2020: 12.094.400 riels=3,023.6 US$ (941.2 US$ for Anlong Thom school, 1,021.2 US$ for Ta Penh, 1,061.2 US$ for Sangke Lak).

2021: 8.877.600 riels=2,219.4 US$ (531.4 US$ for Anlong Thom school, 1021.2 US$ for Ta Penh, 1061.2 US$ for Sangke Lak) (these 2 last figures were updated from last report).

2022: 7.768.800 riels=1,942.2 US$ (621 US$ for Anlong Thom school, 520 US$ for Ta Penh, 801 US$ for Sangke Lak, 0$ for Popel school, trees not sold yet).

• 6) Tree site maintenance, employing local villagers to cut the weeds around the newly planted young tree saplings in the degraded areas, enabling them to get the moisture and sunlight they need to grow and thrive.

As recommended in the final report of the TREE 1 project (recommendations n.5), the maintenance of the reforested areas was introduced during this second project. This requires the employment of local villagers as day labour, to cut the weeds around the small tree saplings planted in the target areas. This allows the trees the light and moisture they need, giving them a “fighting” chance to grow and develop into mature forest. It also allows for better monitoring of the reforested areas, assessing the survival rate of the trees, and eventually to replace the dead ones.

In October 2021, 3.3 ha were maintained (2 sites) by 30 workers for 5 days of work. These areas were planted to the south of Ta Penh village in July 2020. The maintenance has shown that the tree

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survival rate is very good, and some trees are now between 1,5 to 2 meters high. Other recently reforested areas will be maintained in 2022.

On the 22[nd ] of December 2021, ADF toured a visit from the Kulara Water company team in the three tree nurseries as well as on reforested areas for a promotion video and pictures.

In 2022, other recently reforested areas were maintained and plantation of trees completed:

In October 2021, the 1.3 ha area reforested at Spien Halo were maintained and 300 trees were planted in July and September 2022. Additional visits on previously reforested areas were done by ADF and PKNP rangers in April and May 2022. In July 2022, the previously reforested area of 4.2ha (Sangke Lak Road) was maintained and 880 trees were planted. In July 2022, the previously reforested area of Anlong Thom road to Sangke Lak (3.8 ha) was maintained and 810 trees were planted within the existing cashew nut farm (UNDP-BESD-PES project 2021). In July and August 2022, the previously reforested area of Spien Pring (2.3 ha) was maintained and 500 trees were planted within the existing cashew nut farm (UNDP-BESD-PES project 2021). In November 2022, the previously reforested area of Antenna (1.3 ha) was maintained, and 210 trees were planted. In October 2022 ADF and PKNP rangers visited the previously reforested area to the south of the Preah Ang Thom ranger station (in 2019; 3.5 ha) but lack of funds prevented to maintain it. Trees see in the shrubs are now more than 2 meter high.

A large majority of the funds for these operations (maintenance and planting) was taken from the TREE 2 budget and additional smaller funds were taken by ADF from its own resources to complete them.

Recommendations of the TREE 2 project

ADF would like to submit a third project proposal to Kulara Water, for the year 2023 and 2024 (TREE 3 project). Learning for the previous years, this project should include the following points:

Tree growing:

The collect of seeds and growing of sapling should continue in every tree nursery during the coming months, so saplings can be ready to plant for the next rainy season (June-October 2023).

According to the seeds available and their confirmed presence in PKNP, ADF should look to diversify the saplings if possible, according to the recommendations n.8 of the final TREE report. New species, recorded in PKNP, were being introduced in the tree nurseries in 2021 such as Tro Yeng, Pring Phneav, Krolanh.

ADF will endeavour to use fewer plastic bags for the sapling growing as well as for the transport of saplings to the reforestation areas. The white bags provided by Fauna in Focus NGO are a solution to extend for the sapling production (the provider in Phnom Penh was contacted) and the rattan baskets for the sapling transportation.

ADF will install small durable (metallic) signboards to identify saplings in the 3 tree nurseries (with Khmer, English and Latin names).

The monitoring of each tree nursery will continue to ensure a good production and diversification. The ADF team, in collaboration with the teachers at the schools, will make sure the water systems are viable and that incomes from the sales of trees are properly used for their maintenance when needed. Some of the water system (buried pipes) tends to be broken by animals (pig, cows) during the dry season. ADF will take preventative measures to avoid this.

Reforestation

ADF will continue to better monitor the number of hectares reforested exclusively with the saplings produced by the ADF-Eau Kulen tree nurseries. The PKNP reforestation operations sometimes

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include trees that are purchased from other tree nurseries. This corresponds to the recommendation n.4 of the final TREE report.

Additional areas will be reforested during the 2023-2024 rainy seasons within PKNP involving teachers, pupils and local stakeholders and authorities, in collaboration with PDoE. This will depend, as stated in the recommendation n.9 of the final TREE report, 1) on the number of saplings produced, 2) on the available reforested areas within PKNP and 3) on the PDoE capacity of retaking illegally deforested plots for reforestation.

Since 2018, this has never been an issue. Moreover, the UNDP-BESD-PES project has introduced a new type of reforestation providing more options for reforested areas: tree planting within existing cashew nut farms (with a lower density per hectare), with an agreement from the farmer to take care of the growing trees and to give back on a long term, the land to the State (20.9 ha in 2021). This could be an option in the future project.

ADF will monitor the forest cover of the park with satellites images to identify the deforested location, so new reforestation activities could take place in rainy season. If needed, additional trees will be sold to Kulara Cie compound, to continue the reforestation of the new factory land (Preah Vihear province).

Systematic maintenance activities after reforestation should be done once every 6 months for 2 years (e.i. 4 times), on each reforested area.

Costs for reforestation activities and maintenance activities should be included in the next project.

Environmental education

ADF will organize in 2023-2024 visits of the involved teachers at Kulara Water Cie factory and tree nursery. Depending on the budget, some students could be involved.

ADF could organise environmental education sessions in schools to stress the importance of the PKNP Bio-diversity and the natural environment in general. Educational material will be sourced and disseminated with videos at each primary school. The data from the ADF/HUMY ongoing biodiversity survey could also be used to reinforce the message.

HUMY 3 - Popel Tree Nursery Project (PTNP)

As for the TREE 2 project, the core of the HUMY 3-PTNP project is to grow and plant indigenous trees from PKNP that will regenerate its natural environment. The project will provide young saplings to reforest targeted areas within PKNP by building and running a tree nursery in Popel primary school (98 children, including 42 girls and 4 teachers, including 1 woman). The practical participatory education (learning by doing) of the young generation, the pupils of this school, will further contribute to the sustainability of the project.

The project plans to deploy the activities in Popel schools during the first year of the project and increase the number of saplings grown during the second year. This will also bestow a sustainable project outcome. Based upon lessons learnt in the first year, the project can be adjusted in the second year.

Teachers will encourage the children to participate in all operations and the overall project will be supervised by ADF team. The trees will be regularly counted, with the existing monitoring system. The project will make sure there is enough water at the Popel Tree nursery, primary school, and village by building additional reservoirs. The project will also make sure that the trees are growing well after being planted, as it includes a maintenance component.

This project is based on the successes of the TREE 1 and 2 projects, supporting 3 tree nurseries in the primary schools of Sangke Lak, Ta Penh and Anlong Thom villages, and implemented by ADF for the last 4 years. This project also reinforces the dynamic to support the Popel Community-based

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Tourism Center (CBTC), set up by ADF and now funded by HUMY. This centers’ objective is to generate incomes for villagers by promoting tourism in the Popel recently enlarged Community Protected Are (CPA). Finally, the project come to reinforce the reforestation of the PKNP, initiated by ADF since 2015.

A two-year project duration is necessary to ensure that the tree saplings are resilient enough to be transported to the target areas. This duration is also necessary to transfer skills to teachers and to reinforce the promotion of tree growing and the benefits of a healthy natural environment.

Inception of the project:

Village school teachers and all stakeholders were oriented in the project with a participatory meeting (project cycle, project objectives and project goal). The tree nursery materials were procured. The accounting system for the project set up by ADF accounting person to update expenses on a weekly basis for a better financial monitoring of the project.

Construction of the tree nurseries at Popel primary school:

The tree nursery and its water system were built from April to June and inaugurated on the 14[th] of June 2022, in the presence of the students and teachers, representatives from local authorities and Mr. Jérôme L’Hour, Humy’s representative in Cambodia.

The project also implies the installation of 2 additional reservoirs. Popel village is located on a higher location compared to the nearby water sources. From 2019 to 2021, ADF set up a water system using a solar pump and distributing water to the school and 40 families (UNDP-BESD project): 30 connected to a buried pipe, with a water meter + 10 additional families living higher than this reservoir and collecting water at the reservoir, under the authority of a local water committee. To provide water to Popel school and in the framework of the Hygiene and sanitation program (WISH 2) implemented in several schools in PKNP, ADF connected this main reservoir, located in front of Popel school, to the ones in the school, which were rehabilitated.

Due to the specific topographical situation of Popel school and water sources, the project had to build an extension of the main reservoir to ensure that there will be enough water storage capacities for the school the villagers and the new tree nursery.

Tree seeds were secured ready for planting and it was operational in year 1 and will be further enhanced in the year 2.

Participation of the children and teachers

Schoolteachers (4) and children (98) have a good understanding of tree planting, growing and raising saplings at Popel primary school. With the help of Humy country representative, Mr. Jérôme L’Hour, an updated monitoring system with the number of saplings was created, useful for all 4 tree nurseries. The regular counting of the sapling per species is done by ADF team.

Village school children from Popel had practical lessons in saplings cultivation and it became part of their school activities with planting seeds in plastic bags and transplanting of very small saplings to bags, mixing components and filling the plastic bags, regular water system maintenance, manual weeding, manual watering with watering can, when necessary.

From June 2022, Popel primary school had an operational tree nursery growing saplings, educating the young generation about the importance of a preserved natural environment, bio-diversity and generating incomes for the school, the teachers and its tree nursery. However, for the year 2022, the saplings from Popel were too small to be ready on time for the rainy season and the reforestation period.

HUMY 5 PKNP biodiversity assessment

HUMY support to ADF started in 2021 (Humy 1 and 2 projects). It was reinforced in 2022 with the continuation of the Humy 2 project (with the Humy 2 bis) and the Humy 3 project (see above). This

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involvement in the preservation of PKNP biodiversity was also illustrated in 2022 by the study of the park’s bio-diversity, a project funded entirely by HUMY but with the strong involvement of ADF. In September 2022, Mr. Vincent Romera came to Cambodia for an 11 month mission, with the objective of updating the last PKNP biodiversity assessment, dating from 2013, and propose recommendations for a better conservation of key species and species in danger (IUCN classification, international and national).

ADF has assisted HUMY with its official administrative request to the MoE and has assisted Mr. Romera with all questions concerning existing data, literature, supplies and logistics for field surveys. He was assisted by Ms. Claire Zagala. On some occasions, PKNP rangers or ADF director JB Chevance joined the field surveys. The field studies will continue in 2023 and a final report will be presented to the MoE.

Reforestation activities

Reminder: Since 2015, ADF participated and facilitated several activities related to tree planting activities in PKNP: selection of the area to be planted, organisation and logistic on the field, design of signboards, plantation, mobilisation of person to plant. As an example, 23 hectares were planted with 31,200 saplings in 2019 within PKNP. ADF also combined the list of all replanted area from 2015 to 2019 in PKNP. The total of saplings planted reaches 241,500 for 97.5 hectares during this 5-year period.

In 2020, this total figure was largely expended due to the UNDP-C.19 project (see above). The total number of reforested hectares, including the ones from the UNDP-C.19 project, reached almost 90 hectares. 87,100 trees were planted in 32 different locations.

In 2021, within the UNDP-BESD, 20,9 hectares were planted within cashew nut farms (see above, UNDP-BESD project). 6,8 additional hectares were planted in 3 different locations with a total of 5,600 trees (including 3000 trees on 2,5 hectares within the Popel CPA thanks to the CIRD project). Apart from the UNDP-C-19 project (2020-2021), 27,7 hectares were therefore planted in 2021 in PKNP.

In 2022, the total amount of reforested areas in PKNP reached 14.1 hectares (see TREE 2 project above).

These combined figures include projects in which ADF was the main actor, and projects were PDoE was the main implementing partner.

Patrols by PKNP Rangers and Community Protected Areas members

At the end of the year 2021 and within the HUMY 2 project were organised trainings for PKNP rangers as well as CPA members. From January 2022, the patrols started in collaboration with PKNP rangers and the CPA members of Popel and Anlong Thom CPA, within the HUMY 2 project. Please refer to the chapter “Eco-tourism alternative livelihood, patrol support and handicrafts support and promotion (HUMY 2 and 2 bis projects)”.

Road construction project across PKNP

As per the previous years, ADF has participated and advised PDoE and APSARA about the road construction project across the national park. In particular, ADF advised the APSARA Authority and the UNESCO-ICC sustainable development experts on the 13th of December 2022, during a field visit to assess the boulders located on the section of the road which has not been rehabilitated yet. The following recommendations (n. 21.3) was issued at the 36th technical session and 29th plenary session on the 15th and 16th of December 2022: “Construction on the old road between Preah Ang Thom and the entrance to the PKNP (Phnom Kulen National Park): Rather than destroying these remarkable boulders, the ad hoc experts propose to set up three alternating one-way sections over a few hundred meters on the 11 km of this stretch of road: about 500 m around point PK9+000, about 300 m between points PK1+100 to PK1+400, about 400 m from point PK0+700, i.e. the entire

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

TRUSTEE’S REPORT (CONTINUED)

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

climb after the first bend, which in any case cannot be widened due to topographical conditions and will have continue to be used for alternate traffic”.

g. ADMINISTRATION

On the 29th of March 2022, ADF Director signed a MoU with the École Française d’Extrême-Orient (EFEO) to stimulate academic exchange and cooperation in the field of South-East Asian studies.

On the 25th of May 2022, ADF Director signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Environment, government of Cambodia, for a 3-years period, from May 2022 to April 2025. In the continuation of the previous one, it formalizes all responsibilities of the two parties to continue their partnership for “the implementation of the joint activities in the field of protection and conservation of natural resources, research, eco-tourism development, financing sustainability and activities related to the management of Phnom Kulen National Park in Siem Reap province”.

On the 15[th] of July 2022, ADF Director signed a MoU with AGRISUD International NGO for a 3- years period, from May 2022 to April 2025. It formalizes all responsibilities of the two parties to continue their partnership for the implementation of development actions in PKNP area as part of phase 3 of the project “Agro-ecological intensification and diversification of peri-urban family farming in Siem Reap, Cambodia - IADA 3”.

In preparing this report, the trustees have taken advantage of the small company exemptions provided by section 415A of the Companies Act 2006

This report was approved by the Trustees and signed on their behalf by:

Vincent Chevance Trustee

Date: 29 September 2023

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION (A Company Limited by Guarantee)

INDEPENDENT EXAMINER'S REPORT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Independent Examiner's Report to the Trustee of Archaeology and Development Foundation ('the Charity')

I report to the charity Trustee on my examination of the accounts of the Charity for the year ended 31 December 2022.

Responsibilities and Basis of Report

As the Trustee of the Charity (and its directors for the purposes of company law) you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 ('the 2006 Act').

Having satisfied myself that the accounts of the Charity are not required to be audited under Part 16 of the 2006 Act and are eligible for independent examination, I report in respect of my examination of the Charity's accounts carried out under section 145 of the Charities Act 2011 ('the 2011 Act'). In carrying out my examination I have followed the Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the 2011 Act.

Independent Examiner's Statement

I have completed my examination. I confirm that no material matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe:

1. accounting records were not kept in respect of the Charity as required by section 386 of the 2006 Act; or

2. the accounts do not accord with those records; or

3. the accounts do not comply with the accounting requirements of section 396 of the 2006 Act other than any requirement that the accounts give a 'true and fair' view which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination; or

4. the accounts have not been prepared in accordance with the methods and principles of the Statement of Recommended Practice for accounting and reporting by charities [applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102)].

I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.

This report is made solely to the Charity's Trustee in accordance with Part 4 of the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008. My work has been undertaken so that I might state to the Charity's Trustee those matters I am required to state to them in an Independent Examiner's Report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, I do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Charity and the Charity's Trustee for my work or for this report.

Signed: Dated: 29 September 2023

Hazra Patel ACA

Lubbock Fine LLP

Chartered Accountants & Statutory Auditors Paternoster House 65 St Paul's Churchyard London EC4M 8AB

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES INCORPORATING INCOME AND EXPENDITURE ACCOUNT

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Note Income from: Donations 3 Investments 4 Total income Expenditure on: Charitable activities 5 Total expenditure Net movement in funds Reconciliation of funds: Total funds brought forward Net movement in funds Total funds carried forward	Unrestricted funds 2022 $ 45,737 - 45,737 46,815 46,815 (1,078) (28,813) (1,078) (29,891)	Restricted funds 2022 $ 64,601 96 64,697 93,303 93,303 (28,606) 70,574 (28,606) 41,968	Total funds 2022 $ 110,339 96 110,434 140,118 140,118 (29,684) 41,761 (29,684) 12,077	Total funds 2021 $ 144,118 77
				144,195 171,542
				171,542 (27,347) 69,108 (27,347)
				41,761

The Statement of Financial Activities includes all gains and losses recognised in the year.

The notes on pages 84 to 94 form part of these financial statements.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee) REGISTERED NUMBER: 06429421

BALANCE SHEET

AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2022

Note Fixed assets Tangible assets 10 Current assets Cash at bank and in hand Creditors: amounts falling due within one year 11 Net current assets Total net assets Charity funds Restricted funds 12 Unrestricted funds 12 Total funds	2022 $ 16,485 16,485 (7,639)	2022 $ 3,231 8,846 12,077 41,968 (29,891) 12,077	2021 $ 42,655 42,655 (6,561)	2021 $ 5,667 36,094
				41,761 70,574 (28,813)
				41,761

The Charity was entitled to exemption from audit under section 477 of the Companies Act 2006.

The members have not required the company to obtain an audit for the year in question in accordance with section 476 of Companies Act 2006.

The Trustee acknowledge their responsibilities for complying with the requirements of the Act with respect to accounting records and preparation of financial statements.

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to entities subject to the small companies regime.

The financial statements were approved and authorised for issue by the Trustee and signed by:

Vincent Chevance

Trustee

Date: 29 September 2023

The notes on pages 84 to 94 form part of these financial statements.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

1. General information

Archaeology and Development Foundation is a charitable company limited by guarantee incorporated in England and Wales. Its registered office address and place of business is 25 Brooks Mews, London, W1K 4DZ.

2. Accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Charities SORP (FRS 102) - Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) and the Companies Act 2006.

Archaeology and Development Foundation meets the definition of a public benefit entity under FRS 102. Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy.

2.2 Going concern

The Charity is in the main reliant on donations and the support of related parties to meet its running costs. Due to the nature of its activities, the majority of the Charity's expenditure is incurred directly on charitable projects and so the Charity is able to control its direct charitable expenditure based upon the level of donation income that it has received and the anticipated ongoing support of related parties.

The Trustee considers it appropriate to prepare the financial statements on a going concern basis on the assumption that sufficient incoming resources will be generated to meet the Charity's running costs. The financial statements do not include any adjustment which would result if there were insufficient funds available in respect of the Charity's operations.

2.3 Donations and gifts

All income is recognised once the Charity has entitlement to the income, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount of income receivable can be measured reliably.

Donations and gifts are included in full in the Statement of Financial Activities when receivable.

2.4 Expenditure

Expenditure is recognised once there is a legal or constructive obligation to transfer economic benefit to a third party, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. Expenditure is classified by activity. The costs of each activity are made up of the total of direct costs and shared costs, including support costs involved in undertaking each activity. Direct costs attributable to a single activity are allocated directly to that activity. Shared costs which contribute to more than one activity and support costs which are not attributable to a single activity are apportioned between those activities on a basis consistent with the use of resources. Central staff costs are allocated on the basis of time spent, and depreciation charges allocated on the portion of the asset’s use.

Expenditure on charitable activities is incurred on directly undertaking the activities which further the Charity's objectives, as well as any associated support costs.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

2. Accounting policies (continued)

2.4 Expenditure (continued)

All expenditure is inclusive of irrecoverable VAT.

2.5 Interest receivable

Interest on funds held on deposit is included when receivable and the amount can be measured reliably by the Charity; this is normally upon notification of the interest paid or payable by the institution with whom the funds are deposited.

2.6 Foreign currencies

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US dollars at rates of exchange ruling at the reporting date.

Transactions in foreign currencies are translated into US dollars at the rate ruling on the date of the transaction.

Exchange gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Financial Activities.

2.7 Tangible fixed assets and depreciation

Tangible fixed assets costing $200 or more are capitalised and recognised when future economic benefits are probable and the cost or value of the asset can be measured reliably.

Tangible fixed assets are initially recognised at cost. After recognition, under the cost model, tangible fixed assets are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. All costs incurred to bring a tangible fixed asset into its intended working condition should be included in the measurement of cost.

Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of tangible fixed assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, using the straight-line method.

Depreciation is provided on the following bases:

• Freehold property over 10 years straight line Motor vehicles - 25% straight line - Office equipment 33.33% straight line

2.8 Debtors

Trade and other debtors are recognised at the settlement amount after any trade discount offered. Prepayments are valued at the amount prepaid net of any trade discounts due.

2.9 Cash at bank and in hand

Cash at bank and in hand includes cash and short-term highly liquid investments with a short maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition or opening of the deposit or similar account.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

2. Accounting policies (continued)

2.10 Liabilities and provisions

Liabilities are recognised when there is an obligation at the Balance Sheet date as a result of a past event, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefit will be required in settlement, and the amount of the settlement can be estimated reliably.

Liabilities are recognised at the amount that the Charity anticipates it will pay to settle the debt or the amount it has received as advanced payments for the goods or services it must provide.

2.11 Financial instruments

The Charity only has financial assets and financial liabilities of a kind that qualify as basic financial instruments. Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at transaction value and subsequently measured at their settlement value with the exception of bank loans which are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.12 Fund accounting

General funds are unrestricted funds which are available for use at the discretion of the Trustee in furtherance of the general objectives of the Charity and which have not been designated for other purposes.

Restricted funds are funds which are to be used in accordance with specific restrictions imposed by donors or which have been raised by the Charity for particular purposes. The costs of raising and administering such funds are charged against the specific fund. The aim and use of each restricted fund is set out in the notes to the financial statements.

Investment income, gains and losses are allocated to the appropriate fund.

3. Income from donations

Unrestricted funds 2022 $ Donations 45,737 Unrestricted funds 2021 $ Donations 34,035	Restricted funds 2022 $ 64,601 Restricted funds 2021 $ 110,083	Total funds 2022 $ 110,338
		Total funds 2021 $ 144,118

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

4. Investment income

Bank interest Bank interest	Restricted funds 2022 $ 96 Restricted funds 2021 $ 77	Total funds 2022 $ 96
		Total funds 2021 $ 77

5. Analysis of expenditure on charitable activities Summary by fund type

Unrestricted funds 2022 $ Charitable costs 46,815 Unrestricted funds 2021 $ Charitable costs 43,080	Restricted funds 2022 $ 93,303 Restricted funds 2021 $ 128,462	Total 2022 $ 140,118
		Total 2021 $ 171,542

6. Analysis of expenditure by activities

	Activities
	undertaken	Support	Total
	directly	costs	funds
	2022	2022	2022
	$	$	$
Charitable costs	134,759	5,359	140,118

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

6. Analysis of expenditure by activities (continued)

	Activities
	undertaken	Support	Total
	directly	costs	funds
	2021	2021	2021
	$	$	$
Charitable costs	166,632	4,910	171,542

Analysis of support costs

Accountancy fees Independent examination fees (governance) Foreign currency loss Bank charges and interest Accountancy fees Independent examination fees (governance) Foreign currency gain Bank charges and interest	Charitable costs 2022 $ 2,105 2,250 119 885 5,359 Charitable costs 2021 $ 1,784 1,500 144 1,482 4,910	Total funds 2022 $ 2,105 2,250 119 885
		5,359
		Total funds 2021 $ 1,784 1,500 144 1,482
		4,910

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

7. Staff costs

Wages and salaries	2022 $ 52,182 52,182	2021 $ 49,570
		49,570

The average number of persons employed by the Charity during the year was as follows:

	2022	2021
	No.	No.
Average number of employees	11	11

No employee received remuneration amounting to more than $60,000 in either year.

8. Trustee's remuneration and expenses

During the year, no Trustees received any remuneration or other benefits (2021 - $NIL).

During the year ended 31 December 2022, no Trustee expenses have been incurred (2021 - $NIL).

9. Taxation

The company is a registered charity with the Charity Comissioners for England and Wales. It is not liable to corporation tax on any surplus arising from its charitable activites.

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

10. Tangible fixed assets

Cost At 1 January 2022 Additions Disposals At 31 December 2022 Depreciation At 1 January 2022 Charge for the year On disposals At 31 December 2022 Net book value At 31 December 2022 At 31 December 2021	Freehold property $ 28,288 - - 28,288 25,242 2,829 - 28,071 217 3,046	Motor vehicles $ 17,090 1,160 (500) 17,750 16,020 819 (483) 16,356 1,394 1,070	Office equipment $ 22,490 1,428 - 23,918 20,939 1,359 - 22,298 1,620 1,551	Total $ 67,868 2,588 (500)
				69,956
				62,201 5,007 (483)
				66,725
				3,231
				5,667

Motor vehicles sold in the year resulted in a profit on disposal of $100 which was been included in direct costs of charitable activity.

11. Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year

Accruals and deferred income

2022	2021
$	$
7,639	6,561

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

12. Statement of funds

Statement of funds - current year

Unrestricted funds General Funds Restricted funds Education project Income Generation project Environment project UNDP Total of funds	Balance at 1 January 2022 $ (28,813) 35,555 17,483 10,980 6,556 70,574 41,761	Income $ 45,737 514 39,504 24,679 - 64,697 110,434	Expenditure $ (46,815) (29,579) (31,957) (31,767) - (93,303) (140,118)	Transfers in/out $ - - - 6,556 (6,556) - -	Balance at 31 December 2022 $ (29,891) 6,490 25,030 10,448 -
					41,968
					12,077

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ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

12. Statement of funds (continued)

Statement of funds - prior year

Unrestricted funds General Funds Restricted funds Education project Income Generation project Environment project UNDP Total of funds	Balance at 1 January 2021 $ (19,768) 2,616 26,663 20,345 39,252 88,876 69,108	Income $ 34,035 73,932 2,535 7,963 25,730 110,160 144,195	Expenditure $ (43,080) (40,993) (11,715) (17,328) (58,426) (128,462) (171,542)	Balance at 31 December 2021 $ (28,813) 35,555 17,483 10,980 6,556
				70,574
				41,761

Page 92

ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

. Statement of funds (continued)

Education project - this fund contains the following projects:

• WISH 2 - Hygiene and sanitation programme in 4 primary schools. The project was set to run from January 2021 to December 2022 however has been extended into 2023 and 2024.

• Emergency relief - Funds used for emergency relief/complementary support.

• SEAF 2 - Infrastructure project in primary schools, implemented from March 2021 to Dec 2022 and was extended to March 2023.

• SEAF 3L - This is for the construction and equipment of a library at Popel village primary school.

Income generation project - this fund contains the following projects:

• Income generation - This relates to the provision of technical and other assistance to farmers to replace destructive farming practices in PKNP, the IG project, which includes the rice bank project.

• ALIVE - This is for implementing alternatives in agriculture and animal raising. The project is running from May 2022 to April 2025 with donations from SEAF.

Environment project - this fund contains the following projects:

• Tree 2 - This relates to a participatory tree growing project to be implemented in three village schools on the plateau of Phnom Kulen National Park. This project has been renewed for 2 more years from September 2020 to October 2022, and a third tree project is set to start from February 2023.

• HUMY 2 and HUMY 2 bis - This project started from Oct 2021 to March 2022 (HUMY 2) providing training for CPA members of Popel and Anlong Community-based Tourism Centers (CBTCs) and Community Protected Area (CPAs) and promoting local handicrafts. The project continued from April 2022 to December 2022 (HUMY 2bis).

• HUMY 3 - This project is the Popel tree nursery project and began in April 2022 set to run for 2 years.

• UNDP - This relates to a project to implement a project in 2 villages with forest protection (demarcation and expansion of a CPA and alternative livelihoods), from May 2019 to June 2021.

Transfers

During the current year a transfer was made from the restricted UNDP fund to the Environment project fund totalling $6,556 to represent the amalgamation of projects with concurrent aims.

Page 93

ARCHAEOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION

(A Company Limited by Guarantee)

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

13. Analysis of net assets between funds

Analysis of net assets between funds - current year

				Rou diffe
Tangible fixed assets Current assets Creditors due within one year	Unrestricted funds 2022 $ 3,231 (25,483) (7,639)	Restricted funds 2022 $ - 41,968 -	Total funds 2022 $ 3,231 16,485 (7,639)
Difference	-	-	1
Total	(29,891)	41,968	12,077
Analysis of net assets between funds - prior year Tangible fixed assets Current assets Creditors due within one year Total	Unrestricted funds 2021 $ 5,667 (27,919) (6,561) (28,813)	Restricted funds 2021 $ - 70,574 - 70,574	Total funds 2021 $ 5,667 42,655 (6,561) 41,761

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14. Members' liability

Each member of the charitable company undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of it being wound up while he/she is a member, or within one year after he/she ceases to be a member, such amount as may be required, not exceeding £10 for the debts and liabilities contracted before he/she ceases to be a member.

15. Related party transactions

Included within incoming resources is an amount of $41,334 (2021 - $9,993) which was donated by the trustee / close family member of the trustee.

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