**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

Annual report and Financial statements 

For the year ended 31 December 2024 

Charity Number: 298375 (England and Wales) 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Annual Report and 

## Financial Statements 

For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**CONTENTS**|**PAGE**|
|---|---|
|Reference and Administrative details|1|
|Trustees’ Annual Report|2 – 8|
|Independent Auditor’s Report|9 – 11|
|Statement of Financial Activities|12|
|Balance Sheet|13|
|Statement of cash flows|14|
|Notes to the financial statements|15 - 27|





## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Reference and Administrative Details 

Chairman Trustees 

Governors 

Senior Management Team 

Principal Office 

Charity Registration Number Independent Auditor 

Bassem Ziade 

Bassem Ziade, Chairman Dalia Salaam Rishani Edward Asseily James Watt 

Andrew Arsan Bassem Ziade Dalia Salaam Rishani Edward Asseily Ghias El Yafi Gilbert Doumit Haneen Sayed Izzat Darwazeh James Watt Peter El Hajj 

Dr. Maha Shuayb, Director Prof. Cathrine Brun, Deputy Director for Research Rachel Saliba, Director of Operations 

Faculty of Education 184 Hills Road Cambridge CB2 8PQ 

298375 Wenn Townsend 30 St Giles Oxford OX1 3LE 

Page | 1 



**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

The Trustees present their report and the audited financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 December 2024. The Trustees have adopted the provisions of the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) “Accounting and Reporting by Charities” in preparing the annual report and financial statements of the charity. 

## **OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES** 

## _**Objects and aims**_ 

The Centre for Lebanese Studies is an independent academic research institution, which seeks to promote international understanding of Lebanon and the issues facing it, by undertaking high-quality independent research and encouraging discussion and learning through lectures, conferences, workshops, and publications. The Centre also seeks to inform policymakers and make recommendations based on research findings in connection with issues facing Lebanon. 

## **PUBLIC BENEFIT** 

In setting objectives and planning for activities, the Trustees have given due consideration to general guidance published by the Charity Commission relating to public benefit and in particular to its two key principles, that there must be identifiable benefit and that the benefit must be to the public or a section of the public. The Trustees are satisfied that the activities and purpose of the Centre, as described above and in the accompanying financial statements, fully meet the public benefit requirements. 

## **FUND-RAISING STANDARDS INFORMATION** 

The Centre for Lebanese Studies does not have significant fundraising activities. Its funding is mainly generated from research grants. However, in 2024, for its 40th anniversary, the Centre held a fundraiser in November. The fundraising activities included the sale of seats to attend the fundraiser, contributions through donations, and proceeds from a silent auction. 

## **ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE** 

The Centre for Lebanese Studies continues to focus on four main research themes: education, refugees, disability, and social movements. On the theme of **education** , CLS has produced and published various reports and publications related to the Education Research in Conflict and Protracted Crisis (ERICC) funded by the FCDO (UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office) and led by the International Rescue Committee. The CLS team also presented at various conferences, such as BAICE (British Association for International and Comparative Education). The duration of this project has been extended until May 2027. 

The British Academy Bi-Lateral Chair project aims to engage with issues related to refugee education globally. It aims to decenter theorizing about refugee education and education in emergencies, ensuring that the 

Page | 2 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

experiences of teachers, students, and communities in the Global South set the agenda for their education planning and implementation. Various events, such as summer schools in Lebanon and Cambridge, as well as webinars and workshops, were conducted. Additionally, articles were published in academic journals, and various reports were published on the CLS website. The CLS Knowledge Collective was established as a result of this project, aiming to bring together academics and researchers at various stages of their careers who are interested in education, migration, disability, and social movements in the SWANA region. A no-cost extension was granted until July 2025. 

On the theme of **refugees** , CLS continued its work on the AlGhurair Foundation consultancy. A report was presented, and the project was finalised. Similarly, our work on the IDRC project on decolonising knowledge systems, funded by IDRC, continued, and the CLS team presented their findings at various international conferences, such as CIES (Comparative and International Education Society) and BAICE. The project was completed in December 2024. 

On the theme of **disability** , the Disability Research and Advocacy Hub continued its work to advocate for the rights of persons with disabilities. A one-year cost extension was granted for the project, which is funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). Various outputs, including videos, social media campaigns, reports, and policy briefs, were produced. The project was completed in March 2024. Moreover, a task force was established that brings together various disability organisations, aiming to gather and assess the main disability issues that need to be advocated for. 

Within the **social movements** theme, interviews were conducted with disability experts and activists, and the archive continued. A website was being developed to disseminate and showcase the research results. 

## _**Grant-raising**_ 

The Centre’s main income is from grants received from charities, academic institutions, think-tanks, and national and international development agencies. In addition, the Centre separately received donations for scholarships and bursaries from CLS trustees. 

The Director of the Centre identifies suitable funding opportunities and works with a potential grantee to explore and develop a funding proposal. The trustees are informed of such proposals as well as new grants at regular intervals. 

Based on the Centre’s strategy that is formulated with the trustees, the CLS currently focuses on four major themes: education, migration/refugees, social movements, and disability. Proposals for grants are aligned to these themes and include activities such as research, publications, seminars, and policy briefs, among others. 

Page | 3 



**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **FINANCIAL REVIEW** 

## _**Review of charity’s financial position at the end of the reporting period**_ 

The Centre made a surplus for the year of $452,750 (2023 _restated_ : surplus of $50,967), in line with expectations. The Centre continues to grow and is financially stable as reflected in the balance sheet, with income received in advance available in cash, which allows current financial obligations and committed projects to be completed as planned. 

## _**Reserves**_ 

The Centre manages its cash flows very closely. A rolling 12-month forward-looking forecast is conducted and revised on a quarterly basis, and a detailed budget review is conducted once every year. With that, we ensure that all commitments to grantees, contractors, and employees are within a good level of confidence. 

At the year end the Centre had total reserves of $540,357 (2023 _restated_ : $87,607), $405,075 of which was restricted (2023 _restated:_ $66,715). Unrestricted funds were in a surplus of $135,282 (2023: $20,892). The Centre has no fixed reserve requirement, but Trustees regularly review the balance of funds. 

## _**Principal risks and uncertainties**_ 

The main risks facing the charity are: 

- Banking system and financial instability in Lebanon. Likelihood: Medium – Trustees and the Operations team keep a very close eye on new laws and decrees. Risk is substantially mitigated by grants being received in foreign currency and maintaining a maximum of one month of local expenditures in Lebanon. 

- Retention of core staff. Likelihood: Medium – Core staff are usually budgeted and hired on a project basis, and until new funding is awarded, they do not receive pay. The trustees made a decision to ensure that core staff are retained for short bridging periods in between projects, if the charity’s financial resources permit it. 

- Regional and local security risks: Medium – With the ongoing breaking of the ceasefire in Lebanon, there is a security risk. CLS has security protocols in place for all its staff, which include, but are not limited to, staff working remotely from secure and safe locations when appropriate. 

## **PLANS FOR FUTURE PERIODS** 

CLS continues its research on the themes of education, refugees, disability and social movement. The Director and Trustees will continue to review the evolving situation in Lebanon and the wider region and respond accordingly, both in terms of research and operations. 

Page | 4 



**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT** 

## _**Nature of governing document**_ 

The Centre is a registered charity, number 298375 governed by a trust deed dated 22nd December 1987. It is governed by the trustees through regular meetings. 

Trustees must be appointed by a majority vote of the governors, from the existing pool of governors. At every annual general meeting, existing trustees may either be reappointed or retire. Furthermore, the Board of Trustees elect from their number a Chairman and a Treasurer. 

Once appointed, new trustees are inducted and receive a set of the trust’s governance documents as well as guidance on the role of the trustee: 

- Trust deed of the Centre for Lebanese Studies 

- Charity Governance Code for larger charities 

- Organisational Chart of the CLS 

- Strategy, aims and objectives of CLS 

- Bi-annual report that the Operation Team at CLS prepares for the trustees. 

## _**Relation between charity and related parties**_ 

The CLS operates in Lebanon through a local NGO called “Education Development Centre in Lebanon” (EDC). EDC was established in 2019 to enable the CLS to operate legally and to hire local research and administrative staff in Lebanon. EDC and CLS operate as one organisation and have a shared governance structure and policies as well as an integrated management, research and operational team. 

## _**Organisational structure**_ 

The Centre is managed by the Director, Dr. Maha Shuayb. She has two direct reports: 1) Director of Operations, Rachel Saliba, who is responsible for managing all operational activities of the Centre in all its locations, and 2) Deputy Director, Dr. Cathrine Brun, who oversees all the research activities within the Centre. Dr. Shuayb reports directly to the Chairman, acting on behalf of the Trustees and Board of Governors. 

Each project is managed by a project manager/Senior researcher who reports to the Director of Operations for administrative, financial, and communication matters and to the Director of Research for research and academic matters. He/she leads their respective team of junior researchers, research consultants, and research assistants. 

The core operational team consists of 3 main departments: Finance, Administrative, and Communication. The Finance department consists of a part-time Finance Manager who oversees the work of the full-time Finance Officer. A Project Coordinator leads the administrative and logistical tasks with the assistance of an Administration Assistant. The Senior Media and Communications Specialist is assisted by a Graphic designer. 

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## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

Most of the researchers are contractors recruited for the term of the relevant project. They are all highly qualified academic researchers that are recruited for their domain expertise. The majority of the staff of CLS and all the researchers hired to work on the ground in Lebanon are employed or contracted by EDC, which is an affiliate of CLS registered in Lebanon, for local legal, tax, and regulatory reasons. 

## _**Decision making**_ 

Trustees have independent control over, and legal responsibility for, the charity’s management and administration.  Under UK law, they have a duty to: 

- Comply with CLS’s governing document and the law 

- Act in the charity’s best interests 

- Manage the charity’s resources responsibly 

- Act with reasonable care and skill 

- Ensure the charity is accountable 

- Ensure the charity is carrying out its purposes for the public benefit 

The Chairman of the Trustees of CLS and EDC is responsible for ensuring the proper operation of the Board of Trustees, including: 

- Convening the necessary meetings 

- Chairing them 

- Ensuring they are properly minuted 

- Overseeing compliance with reporting requirements. 

He/she is a bank signatory.  He/she will maintain direct personal contact with the Director and serve as her/his line manager. 

The Treasurer (who is also a Trustee) is responsible for reporting to the Board on financial matters.  He/she is also a bank signatory. 

The Treasurer is responsible at Board level for leading on: 

- Making sure the charity keeps proper accounts 

- Reviewing the charity’s financial performance 

- Ensuring that the charity has robust and effective financial controls in place 

- Liaising with finance staff, the Accountant and the auditors 

The Secretary (who is also a Trustee) is responsible at Board level for matters concerning staff employment, welfare and discipline.  He/she may also be a bank signatory. 

Other Trustees may also be appointed, one of whom could serve as Vice-Chairman. 

Page | 6 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Trustees’ Annual Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

Collectively, the Trustees are responsible for Board decisions. The Trustees will normally meet with the Director taking part in the meeting, but on occasions will meet on their own. 

## **Decisions reserved for approval by the Board of Trustees:** 

- Appointment or variation in terms of the Director and Senior Managers 

- Changes and material deviations from strategy 

- Policies and material exceptions to policies 

- Creation or closing of offices, branches, legal entities 

- New and material changes to existing institutional partnerships or close collaborations 

- Financial commitments outside of approved project budgets that are greater than 10,000$ 

- Anything that could reasonably conflict with the Centre’s purpose or adversely affect its reputation 

- Appointment of auditors and legal advisors 

## **The Role of the Director of CLS and EDC** 

Subject to the decisions reserved by the Board of Trustees, the Director has full executive and operational responsibility for the charities, in both management and academic terms, reporting to the Board and seeking advance approval of major changes of activity, policy, or structure.  He/she is supported by a Director of Operations and Deputy Directors of Research. 

## **Meetings** 

The board of governors meets twice a year. 

The board of trustees meets formally one or two times a year with the Director of the Centre, the Director of Operations, and the Deputy Director of Research. These occur in addition to the board of governors meeting. A quarterly forecast is submitted to the Chairman and Treasurer, and an update on progress is submitted to the Board of Trustees every 6 months. 

## **Arrangements for setting the pay and remuneration of the charity’s key management personnel and any benchmarks in setting pay** 

A salary scale is in place, which is reviewed from time to time, and used to guide the pay of all staff at CLS. Salaries and contractor rates are benchmarked to those of academic researchers, universities and thinktanks by taking into account the position (level of seniority), years of experience, location, and educational level of employees. We also take into account length of contract, and whether it is a full time or short term contract. The Centre aims to attract among the best academic researchers in their field, and this is reflected within its competitive compensation. 

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Centre Centre for for Lebanese Studies Lebanese Studies | Statement Statement of of Trustees' Responsibilities Trustees’ Responsibilities | For For the the Year Year Ended Ended 31 31 December December 2024 2024 | ese : | The The trustees trustees are are responsible responsible for for preparing preparing the the Trustees’ Trustees' Annual Annual Report Report and and the the financial financial statements statements in in | accordance accordance with with applicable applicable law law and and United United Kingdom Kingdom Accounting Accounting Standards Standards (United (United Kingdom Kingdom Generally Generally Accepted Accepted Accounting Accounting Practice). Practice). 

: 

; The The law law applicable applicable to to charities charities in England & Wales in England & Wales requires requires the the trustees to trustees to prepare prepare financial financial statements statements for for : each each financial financial year year which which give give a a true true and and fair fair view view of of the the state state of of affairs affairs of of the the charity charity and and of the of the incoming incoming 7 resources and resources and application application of of resources of the resources of the charity charity for for that that period. period. , **:** In In preparing preparing these these financial financial statements, the statements, the trustees trustees are are required required to: to: | |e select suitable select suitable accounting accounting policies and policies and apply apply them them consistently; consistently; | 7 e observe observe the the methods methods and and principles principles in in the the Charities Charities SORP 2019 (FRS102) SORP 2019 (FRS102) | 7 e make make judgements judgements and and estimates estimates that are that are reasonable reasonable and and prudent; prudent; | e state state whether whether applicable applicable UK UK Accounting Accounting Standards Standards have have been been followed; followed; | e@ prepare prepare the the financial financial statements statements on on the going the going concern concern basis unless basis unless it it is is inappropriate inappropriate to to presume presume that that | the charity will continue in operation. ! the charity will continue in operation. | The trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records that disclose with reasonable accuracy at | The trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records that disclose with reasonable accuracy at | : any any time time the the financial financial position position of the of the charity charity and enable them and enable them to to ensure ensure that that the the financial financial statements statements comply comply with the Charities Act 2011, the applicable Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008, and the ; with the provisions provisions Charitiesof of the the constitution. Act constitution. 2011, the The trustees are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of The applicabletrustees Charitiesare also (Accountsresponsible andfor Reports) Regulations safeguarding the assets 2008,of the and the charity charity and the and { hence hence for for taking taking reasonable steps for reasonable steps for the the prevention and prevention and detection detection of fraud of fraud and and other other irregularities. irregularities. . Additionally, trustees acknowledge their responsibility to identify, assess,and manage risks. The major risks | Additionally, trustees acknowledge their responsibility to identify, assess, and manage risks. The major risks | related related to to the the Centre Centre that that include include the the current current uncertain uncertain and and unstable unstable financial financial situation situation in in Lebanon as been Lebanon as been reviewed reviewed and and assessed and assessed and the the necessary necessary internal internal processes have processes have been been set set up up to to manage manage those those risks. risks. Approved by the trustees of the chạrity and signed on its behalf by: = | Approved by the trustees ofthe charity signed on its behalf by: | — Bassem Bassem Ziade Ziade | | : Chairman and Chairman and Trustee Trustee i Date: Date: 28" 28h October October 2025 2025 

: 

d j 

Page Page | | 8 8 



**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Independent Auditor’s Report For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **Independent Auditor’s Report to the Trustees of Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## **Opinion** 

We have audited the financial statements of Centre for Lebanese Studies (the ‘charity’) for the year ended 31 December 2024 which comprise the Statement of Financial Activities, the Balance Sheet, the Statement of Cash Flows, and notes to the financial statements, including significant accounting policies.  The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 _The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland_ (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice). 

In our opinion the financial statements: 

- give a true and fair view of the state of the charity’s affairs as at 31 December 2024, and of its incoming resources and application of resources, including its income and expenditure, for the year then ended; 

- have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and 

- have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011. 

## **Basis for opinion** 

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the auditor responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the charity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements.  We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion. 

## **Other matters** 

The financial statements of the charity for the period ended 31 December 2023 were unaudited. An independent examination was performed which expressed an unmodified opinion on these statements. As a result of our 2024 audit work to review opening balances a material misstatement was noted as at 31 December 2023, which has now been corrected in the current year as a prior period adjustment. Further details are provided in note 1. 

## **Conclusions relating to going concern** 

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the trustees’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate. 

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the charity's ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue. 

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the trustees with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report. 

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## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## **Independent Auditor’s Report to the Trustees of Centre for Lebanese Studies (continued)** 

## **Other information** 

The other information comprises the information included in the trustees' annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. The trustees are responsible for the other information. Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon. 

Our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the course of the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether this gives rise to a material misstatement in the financial statements themselves. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. 

We have nothing to report in this regard. 

## **Matters on which we are required to report by exception** 

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 require us to report to you if, in our opinion: 

- the information given in the trustees' report is inconsistent in any material respect with the financial statements; or 

- sufficient accounting records have not been kept; or 

- the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records; or 

- we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit. 

## **Responsibilities of trustees** 

As explained more fully in the trustees’ responsibilities statement set out on page 9, the trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the trustees determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error. 

In preparing the financial statements, the trustees are responsible for assessing the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the trustees either intend to liquidate the charity or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so. 

## **Auditor responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements** 

We have been appointed as auditor under section 144 of the Charities Act 2011 and report in accordance with the Act and relevant regulations made or having effect thereunder. 

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance, but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements. Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. 

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## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## **Independent Auditor’s Report to the Trustees of Centre for Lebanese Studies (continued)** 

The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below: 

- Enquiry of management, those charged with governance and the entity’s solicitors around actual and potential litigation and claims; 

- Enquiry of entity staff in tax and compliance functions to identify any instances of non-compliance with laws and regulations; 

- Reviewing minutes of meetings of those charged with governance; 

- Reviewing financial statement disclosures and testing to supporting documentation to assess compliance with applicable laws and regulations; 

- Performing audit work over the risk of management override of controls, including testing of journal entries and other adjustments for appropriateness, evaluating the business rationale of significant transactions outside the normal course of business and reviewing accounting estimates for bias. 

Because of the inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material misstatement in the financial statements or non-compliance with regulation.  This risk increases the more that compliance with a law or regulation is removed from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements, as we will be less likely to become aware of instances of non-compliance. The risk is also greater regarding irregularities occurring due to fraud rather than error, as fraud involves intentional concealment, forgery, collusion, omission or misrepresentation. 

A further description of our responsibilities is available on the FRC's website at: https://www.frc.org.uk/auditors/audit-assurance/auditor-s-responsibilities-for-the-audit-of-the-fi/descriptionof-the-auditor%E2%80%99s-responsibilities-for.This description forms part of our auditor’s report. 

## **Use of our report** 

This report is made solely to the charity’s trustees, as a body, in accordance with Part 4 of the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the charity’s trustees those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the charity and the charity’s trustees as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed. Wenn Town sind 

_Wenn Townsend (Statutory Auditor)_ 

_30 St Giles, Oxford, OX1 3LE_ 

_28[th] October 2025_ 

_Wenn Townsend is eligible for appointment as auditor of the charity by virtue of its eligibility for appointment as auditor of a company under section 1212 of the Companies Act 2006._ 

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**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Statement of Financial Activities 

## For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**Notes**<br>**Income from:**<br>Donations and legacies<br>2<br>Charitable activities<br>3<br>Investment income<br>4<br>**Total income**<br>**Expenditure on:**<br>Charitable activities<br>5, 6<br>**Total expenditure**<br>**Net income / (expenditure)**<br>Transfers between funds<br>**Net movement in funds**<br>**15**<br>**Reconciliation of funds:**<br>Total funds brought forwards<br>15<br>**Total funds carried forward**<br>**15**|**Restricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>1,533,513<br>-<br>**1,533,513**<br>1,195,153<br>**1,195,153**<br>**338,360**<br>-<br>**338,360**<br>**66,715**<br>**405,075**|**Unrestricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>189,885<br>-<br>1<br>**189,886**<br>75,496<br>**75,496**<br>**114,390**<br>-<br>**114,390**<br>**20,892**<br>**135,282**|**Total**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>**189,885**<br>**1,533,513**<br>**1**<br>**1,723,399**<br>**1,270,649**<br>**1,270,649**<br>**452,750**<br>-<br>**452,750**<br>**87,607**<br>**540,357**|Restricted<br>funds<br>2023<br>$ _restated_<br>-<br>1,191,533<br>-<br>1,191,533<br>1,156,926<br>1,156,926<br>34,607<br>(464)<br>34,143<br>32,572<br>66,715|Unrestricted<br>funds<br>2023<br>$ _restated_<br>86,905<br>5,544<br>13<br>92,462<br>76,102<br>76,102<br>16,360<br>464<br>16,824<br>4,068<br>20,892|Total<br>2023<br>$ _restated_<br>86,905<br>1,197,077<br>13|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||||1,283,995|
|||||||1,233,028|
|||||||1,233,028|
|||||||50,967<br>-|
|||||||50,967<br>36,640|
|||||||87,607|



All income and expenditure derive from continuing activities. 

The notes on pages 15 to 27 form part of these financial statements. 

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| | | \ f ; | | | { | | | | | i | 

1 { 

## Centre Centre for for LebaneseStudies Lebanese Studies Balance Balance Sheet Sheet As at 31 December 2024 As at 31 December 2024 

|||$ $|2024<br>$ 2024<br>$|$ $|2023<br>2023<br>.|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||Notes<br>Notes|||restated<br>restated|restated<br>restated||
|FIXED ASSETS<br>FIXEDASSETS||||||\|
|Intangible fixed assets<br>Intangible fixed assets|10<br>10||-||-||
|Tangible fixed assets<br>Tangiblefixed assets|11<br>11||-||-||
||||-<br>=<br>}||||
|||||||$|
|CURRENT ASSETS<br>CURRENTASSETS|||||||
|Debtors<br>Debtors|12<br>12|113,026<br>113,026||166,051<br>166,051|||
|Cash at bank<br>Cash at bank||734,013<br>734,013||264,573<br>264,573|||
|||847,039<br>847,039||430,624<br>430,624|||
|||||||f|
|CREDITORS: Amounts falling<br>due within one year<br>NET CURRENT ASSETS<br>CREDITORS:Amountsfalling<br>duewithin oneyear<br>NETCURRENTASSETS|13<br>13|(306,682)<br>(306,682)|540,357<br>540,357|(343,017)<br>(343,017)|87,607<br>87,607|;<br>||
|NET ASSETS<br>NETASSETS|||540,357<br>540,357||87,607<br>87,607||
|FUNDS<br>Restricted funds<br>Unrestricted funds<br>FUNDS<br>Restrictedfunds<br>Unrestricted funds|15<br>15<br>15<br>15||405,075<br>135,282<br>405,075<br>135,282||66,715<br>20,892<br>66,715<br>20,892|||
|TOTAL FUNDS<br>TOTALFUNDS|||540,357<br>540,357<br>=e||87,607<br>87,607<br>SSa||<br>{<br>||



These financial statements were approved by the trustees and authorised for issue and signed on their behalf These financial statements were approved by the trustees and authorised for issue and signed on their behalf by: by: “ Bdssem Ziade | Bassem Ziade — | Chairman Chairman and and Trustee Trustee ! Bs Date: Date: BO/lo/2o2 30/\o [22 The The notes notes on on pages 15 pages 15 to to 27 27 form form part part of of these these financial financial statements. statements. 

| | | | 

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## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Statement of Cash Flows For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES**<br>**Notes**<br>Net cash used in operating activities<br>**17**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES**<br>Dividends, interest, and rents from investments<br>**NET CASH FROM IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES**<br>**CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES**<br>**NET CASH PROVIDED BY FINANCING ACTIVITIES**<br>**CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS IN THE**<br>**YEAR**<br>Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year<br>**CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT THE END OF THE**<br>**YEAR**||**2024**<br>**$**<br>**469,439**<br>|2023<br>$  <br>(30,138)|
|---|---|---|---|
|||**1**<br>|13|
|||**1**<br>|<br>13|
|||-<br>|-<br> <br>-|
|||**-**<br>||
|||469,440<br>**264,573**|(30,125) <br>294,698|
|||||
|||**734,013**|264,573|



The notes on pages 15 to 26 form part of these financial statements. 

Page | 14 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **1. Accounting policies** 

## **General information and basis of preparation** 

The Centre for Lebanese Studies is a charitable trust in England / Wales. The address of the registered office is given in the charity information on page 1 of these financial statements.  The nature of the charity’s operations and principal activities are detailed in the Annual Report section. 

The charity constitutes a public benefit entity as defined by FRS 102. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the  Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland issued in October 2019, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102), the Charities Act 2011, and UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice. 

The financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis under the historical cost convention, modified to include certain items at fair value.  The financial statements are presented in US dollars which is the functional currency of the charity and rounded to the nearest dollar. 

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below.  These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented unless otherwise stated. 

## **Going concern** 

The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis as the trustees believe that no material uncertainties exist. The trustees have considered the level of funds held and the expected level of income and expenditure for 12 months from authorising these financial statements. The budgeted income and expenditure is sufficient with the level of reserves for the charity to be able to continue as a going concern. 

## **Income recognition** 

All incoming resources are included in the Statement of Financial Activities (SoFA) when the charity is legally entitled to the income after any performance conditions have been met, the amount can be measured reliably and it is probable that the income will be received. 

For donations to be recognised the charity will have been notified of the amounts and the settlement date in writing. If there are conditions attached to the donation and this requires a level of performance before entitlement can be obtained then income is deferred until those conditions are fully met or the fulfilment of those conditions is within the control of the charity and it is probable that they will be fulfilled. 

Donated facilities and donated professional services are recognised in income at their fair value when their economic benefit is probable, it can be measured reliably and the charity has control over the item. Fair value is determined on the basis of the value of the gift to the charity. For example, the amount the charity would be willing to pay in the open market for such facilities and services. A corresponding amount is recognised in expenditure. No amount is included in the financial statements for volunteer time in line with the SORP. Further detail is given in the Trustees’ Annual Report. 

Page | 15 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **1. Accounting policies (continued)** 

For legacies, entitlement is the earlier of the charity being notified of an impending distribution or the legacy being received. At this point income is recognised.  On occasion legacies will be notified to the charity however it is not possible to measure the amount expected to be distributed. On these occasions, the legacy is treated as a contingent asset and disclosed. 

## **Expenditure** 

All expenditure is recognised once there is a legal or constructive obligation to that expenditure, it is probable settlement is required and the amount can be measured reliably. All costs are allocated to the applicable expenditure heading that aggregate similar costs to that category. Where costs cannot be directly attributed to particular headings they have been allocated on a basis consistent with the use of resources, with central staff costs allocated on the basis of time spent, and depreciation charges allocated on the portion of the asset’s use. Other support costs are allocated based on the spread of staff costs. 

## **Charitable activities** 

Charitable expenditure comprises those costs incurred by the charity in the delivery of its activities and services for its beneficiaries. It includes both costs that can be allocated directly to such activities and those costs of an indirect nature necessary to support them. 

## **Support costs** 

Support costs include central functions and have been allocated to activity cost categories on a basis consistent with the use of resources, for example, allocating property costs by floor areas, or per capita, staff costs by the time spent and other costs by their usage. 

## **Governance costs** 

These include the costs attributable to the charity’s compliance with constitutional and statutory requirements, including audit, strategic management and trustee’s meetings and reimbursed expenses. 

## **Taxation** 

The charity is considered to pass the tests set out in Paragraph 1 Schedule 6 of the Finance Act 2010 and therefore it meets the definition of a charitable company for UK corporation tax purposes. Accordingly, the charity is exempt from taxation in respect of income or capital gains received within categories covered by Chapter 3 Part 11 of the Corporation Tax Act 2010 or Section 256 of the Taxation of Chargeable Gains Act 1992, to the extent that such income or gains are applied exclusively to charitable purposes. 

## **Tangible fixed assets** 

Individual fixed assets costing £1,000 or more are initially recorded at cost. 

Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets so as to write off the cost or valuation, less any estimated residual value, over their expected useful economic life as follows: 

**Asset class Depreciation method and rate** Furniture and equipment 33% Reducing balance 

Page | 16 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **1. Accounting policies (continued)** 

## **Cash and cash equivalents** 

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash on hand and call deposits, and other short-term highly liquid investments that are readily convertible to a known amount of cash and are subject to an insignificant risk of change in value. 

## **Debtors and creditors receivable / payable within one year** 

Debtors and creditors with no stated interest rate and receivable or payable within one year are recorded at transaction price. Any losses arising from impairment are recognised in expenditure. 

## **Leases** 

Rentals payable and receivable under operating leases are charged to the SoFA on a straight line basis over the period of the lease. 

## **Foreign currency** 

Foreign currency transactions are initially recognised by applying to the foreign currency amount the spot exchange rate between the functional currency and the foreign currency at the date of the transaction. 

Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in a foreign currency at the balance sheet date are translated using the closing rate. 

## **Employee benefits** 

When employees have rendered service to the charity, short-term employee benefits to which the employees are entitled are recognised at the undiscounted amount expected to be paid in exchange for that service. 

The charity operates a defined contribution plan for the benefit of its employees.  Contributions are expensed as they become payable. 

## **Funds** 

Unrestricted income funds are general funds that are available for use at the trustee’s discretion in furtherance of the objectives of the charity. 

Restricted income funds are subject to specific conditions by the donor as to how they may be used. 

## **Prior period error** 

An error identified in the prior period accounts relating to the omission of accrued income to the amount of $66,715 was adjusted for in the current year. Prior year figures have been adjusted accordingly, with the impact being an uplift to 2023 restricted income, debtors and funds by this amount as at 31[st] December 2023. 

Page | 17 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **2. INCOME FROM DONATIONS AND LEGACIES** 

|Donations and gifts|**Restricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-|**Unrestricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>189,885<br>189,885|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>189,885<br>189,885|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ 86,905|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||86,905|



## **3. INCOME FROM CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES** 

|Research grants<br>Other charitable activities|**Restricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1,533,513<br>-<br>1,533,513|**Unrestricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-<br>-|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1,533,513<br>-<br>1,533,513|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ _restated_<br>1,191,533<br>5,544|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||1,197,077|



## **4. INVESTMENT INCOME** 

|Investment income|**Restricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-|**Unrestricted**<br>**funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1<br>1|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1<br>1|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ 13|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||13|



Page | 18 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **5. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE ON CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES – BY FUND** 

|Research<br>Total 2023|**Restricted**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1,195,153<br>1,195,153<br>1,156,926|**Unrestricted**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>75,496<br>75,496<br>76,102|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1,270,649<br>1,270,649<br>1,233,028|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ 1,233,028|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||1,233,028|
||||||



## **6. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE BY ACTIVITIES** 

|Research<br>Total 2023|**Grant funding**<br>**(note 7)**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>8,778<br>8,778<br>42,627|**Direct costs**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>1,226,412<br>1,226,412<br>1,174,629|**Support**<br>**costs**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>35,459<br>35,459<br>15,772|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$** <br>1,270,649<br>1,270,649<br>1,233,028|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ 1,233,028|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
||||||1,233,028|
|||||||



Page | 19 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **6. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE BY ACTIVITIES (continued)** 

## **ANALYSIS OF DIRECT COSTS** 

|Staff costs (Note 9)<br>Research fees<br>Project costs<br>Translation and editing<br>Travel<br>Other direct costs<br>Foreign exchange (gain) / loss<br>**ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT COSTS**<br>Other miscellaneous expenses<br>Subscriptions, advertising and website<br>Travel and accommodation<br>Accountancy and audit<br>Bank charges|**2024**<br>**$**<br>318,368<br>265,926<br>553,383<br>9,072<br>37,173<br>29,632<br>12,858<br>1,226,412<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>5,491<br>50<br>22,985<br>5,286<br>1,647<br>35,459|**2023**<br>**$**<br>296,919<br>281,554<br>585,952<br>6,000<br>7,172<br>13,158<br>(16,126)|
|---|---|---|
|||1,174,629|
|||**2023**<br>**$**<br>60<br>1,772<br>11,551<br>676<br>1,763|
|||15,822|



Included in support costs are governance costs of $5,286 (2023: $676), which represent fees payable to the Charity’s auditor (2023: independent examiner) for the audit (2023: independent examination) and preparation of the annual accounts. 

Page | 20 



**Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts 

## For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **7. GRANTS PAYABLE** 

|Scholarships<br>Bursaries<br>Total 2023|**Grants to**<br>**institutions**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-<br>-<br>-|**Grants to**<br>**individuals**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>2,382<br>6,396<br>8,778<br>42,627|**Total**<br>**Funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>2,382<br>6,396<br>8,778<br>42,627|Total<br>Funds<br>2023<br>$ 42,627<br>-|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||42,627|
||||||



Grants to individuals consists of scholarship grants and bursaries paid out to two (2023: four) individuals. 

Grants to institutions consist of scholarship grants and living expenses paid to individuals via their academic institution. No grants to institutions were made in the current or prior year. 

## **8. TRUSTEES REMUNERATION AND EXPENSES** 

No trustees, nor any persons connected with them, have received any remuneration from the charity during the year (2023: $Nil). 

One trustee received $248 for reimbursed expenses in the current year (2023: $Nil). No trustees received any other benefits from the charity during the year (2023: $Nil). 

Page | 21 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts 

For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **9. EMPLOYEES** 

The payroll costs were as follows: 

|Wages and salaries<br>Social security costs<br>Pension costs|**2024**<br>**$**<br>275,090<br>33,171<br>10,107<br>318,368|**2023**<br>**$**<br>256,057<br>30,924<br>9,938<br>296,919|
|---|---|---|



The average monthly number of full time and part time employees during the year was: 

||**2024**|**2023**|
|---|---|---|
||**No.**|**No.**|
|UK staff|3|3|



The number of employees whose employee benefits (excluding employer’s pension costs) were £60,000 or more was: 

|was:|||
|---|---|---|
||**2024**|**2023**|
||**No.**|**No.**|
|$87,958 / $100,521 / £70,001 to £80,000|1|1|
|$125,652 - $138,216 / £100,001 - £110,000|-|1|
|$122,814 - $135,094 / £100,001 to £110,000|1||



Key management personnel are defined as the Senior Management Team, incorporating the Managing Director, Director of Operations, and Deputy Director for Research. 

The total employment benefits paid to key management personnel (including pension contributions) during the year were $314,147 (2023: $257,055). 

Page | 22 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**10. INTANGIBLE ASSETS**||
|---|---|
||**2024**|
||**$**|
||_Archives_|
|**Cost**||
|At 1 January 2024|17,307|
|Additions|**-**|
|Disposals|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|**17,307**|
|**Accumulated amortisation**||
|At 1 January 2024|17,307|
|Charge for the year|**-**|
|Disposals|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|**17,307**|
|**Net Book Value**||
|At 1 January 2024|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|-|
|**11. TANGIBLE ASSETS**||
||**2024**|
||**$**|
||_Furniture &_|
||_equipment_|
|**Cost**||
|At 1 January 2024|63,079|
|Additions|-|
|Disposals|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|**63,079**|
|**Accumulated depreciation**||
|At 1 January 2024|63,079|
|Charge for the year|-|
|Disposals|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|**63,079**|
|**Net Book Value**||
|At 1 January 2024|-|
|**At 31 December 2024**|**-**|



Page | 23 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**12. DEBTORS**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>Other debtors<br>811<br>Prepayments and accrued income<br>112,215<br>**Total debtors**<br>**113,026**<br>**13. CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>Accruals<br>26,985<br>Other creditors<br>93<br>Deferred income (note 14)<br>279,604<br>**Total creditors**<br>**306,682**|**2023**<br> **$**<br>_restated_<br>37,463<br>128,588|
|---|---|
||**166,051**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-<br>343,017|
||**343,017**|



|**14. DEFERRED INCOME**<br>At 1 January 2024<br>Deferred in the year<br>Amounts used<br>**At 31 December 2024**|**$**<br>343,170<br>259,162<br>(322,728)<br>**279,604**|
|---|---|



Deferred income represents restricted grant income received in advance. 

Page | 24 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

|**15. FUNDS AND RESERVES**<br>CURRENT YEAR<br>**Balance at 1**<br>**January 2024**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>Restricted funds<br>Research projects<br>66,715<br>Unrestricted funds<br>20,892<br>**87,607**<br>PRIOR YEAR<br>**Balance at 1**<br>**January 2023**<br>**$**<br>Restricted funds<br>Research projects<br>32,572<br>Unrestricted funds<br>4,068<br>**36,640**|**Incoming**<br>**resources**<br>**$**<br>1,533,513<br>189,886<br>**1,723,399**<br>**Incoming**<br>**resources**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>1,191,533<br>92,462<br>**1,283,995**|**Resources**<br>**expended**<br>**$**<br>(1,195,153)<br>(75,496)<br>**(1,270,649)**<br>**Resources**<br>**expended**<br>**$**<br>(1,156,926)<br>(76,102)<br>**(1,233,028)**|**Transfers**<br>**$**<br>-<br>-<br>**-**<br>**Transfers**<br>**$**<br>(464)<br>464<br>**-**|**Balance at 31**<br>**December 2024**<br>**$**<br>405,075<br>135,282|
|---|---|---|---|---|
|||||**540,357**|
|||||**Balance at 31**<br>**December 2023**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>66,715<br>20,892|
|||||**87,607**|



**Restricted funds** – Research projects represent individual grants received for restricted projects. Amounts unspent on these grants are carried forward to be spent in line with the restrictions in future years. 

**Transfers** – Transfers between funds represent foreign exchange differences or overspends on restricted grant funded projects met by unrestricted funds. 

Page | 25 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **16. ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS** 

|**Unrestricted funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>Tangible assets<br>-<br>Current assets<br>135,877<br>Current liabilities<br>(595)<br>**135,282**<br>**Unrestricted funds**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>Tangible assets<br>-<br>Current assets<br>20,892<br>Current liabilities<br>**20,892**|**Restricted funds**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>711,162<br>(306,087)<br>**405,075**<br>**Restricted funds**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>-<br>409,732<br>(343,017)<br>**66,715**|**Total**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>-<br>847,039<br>(306,682)|
|---|---|---|
|||**540,357**|
|||**Total**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>-<br>430,624<br>(343,017)|
|||**87,607**|



## **17. RECONCILIATION OF NET MOVEMENTS IN FUNDS TO NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES** 

|Net income for the year<br>**ADJUSTMENTS FOR:**<br>Depreciation charges<br>Dividends, interest, and rents from investments<br>(Increase) / decrease in debtors<br>Increase / (decrease) in creditors<br>**NET CASH USED IN OPERATING ACTIVITIES**|**2024**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>**452,750**<br>**50,967**<br> <br>**-**<br>-<br>**(1)**<br>(13)<br>**53,025**<br>(144,741)<br>**(36,335)**<br>63,649<br> <br>**469,439**<br> <br>**(30,138)**<br>|**2024**<br>**2023**<br>**$**<br>**$**<br>_restated_<br>**452,750**<br>**50,967**<br> <br>**-**<br>-<br>**(1)**<br>(13)<br>**53,025**<br>(144,741)<br>**(36,335)**<br>63,649<br> <br>**469,439**<br> <br>**(30,138)**<br>|
|---|---|---|
||**-**<br>**(1)**<br>**53,025**<br>**(36,335)**<br>|-<br>(13)<br>(144,741)<br>63,649|
||**469,439**<br>|**(30,138)**<br>|



Page | 26 



## **Centre for Lebanese Studies** 

## Notes to the accounts For the Year Ended 31 December 2024 

## **18. ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET DEBT** 

|**8. ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET DEBT**||||
|---|---|---|---|
|Cash at bank and in hand|**At 1**<br>**January**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>264,573<br>**264,573**|**Cashflows**<br>**$**<br>469,440<br>469,440|**At 31**<br>**December**<br>**2024**<br>**$**<br>734,013|
||||**734,013**|



## **19. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS** 

During the year, transfers amounting to $553,383 (2023: $585,952) were paid to an affiliated NGO entity Education Dev. Center in Lebanon, established to hire local staff and enable CLS to fulfil its objectives. 

During the year, donations amounting to $65,265 were received from four trustees (2023: two trustees amounting to $86,905). 

Page | 27