2022-12-31-accounts

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The Linnean Society of London

ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS

For the Year Ended 31 December 2022

Charity No. 220509

Company No. RC000313 (Royal Charter Company)

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

	Page
LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS
• Principal Officers and Trustees	3–4
ABBREVIATIONS	5
ANNUAL REPORT
• President’s Review 2022	6
• Overview 2022	7
• Research and Sponsorship	8
• Our Fellowship	12
• Recognising Excellence	13
• A Wealth of Knowledge	13
• A Global Impact	15
• Sharing our Expertise	17
• Inspiring Others	19
• Feedback	20
• Public Benefit	21
• Core Values and Strategic Plan	22
• Looking Forward: 2023	22
• People: Staff and Committees	23
• Financial Review	27
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT	33
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES (SOFA)	36
BALANCE SHEET	37
CASH FLOW STATEMENT	38
NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS	39
Appendix	54
Full listing of Linnean Society Events & Meetings for 2022

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

1. LEGAL STATUS

The Linnean Society was founded in 1788, received a Royal Charter in 1802 and Additional Charters in 1904 and 2005. The Society is a registered charity, No. 220509.

2. ADDRESS

The Linnean Society of London New Burlington House Piccadilly London W1J 0BF

3. PRINCIPAL ADVISERS

Bankers:

Barclays Bank Plc PO Box 13555 Acorn House 36–38 Park Royal Road London NW10 7WJ

Auditors: Knox Cropper LLP 65 Leadenhall Street London EC3A 2AD Investment Managers: Tilney Asset Management Services Ltd 17th Floor 6 New Street Square New Fetter Lane London EC4A 3BF

4. PRINCIPAL OFFICERS

YEAR OF APPOINTMENT

Dr Sandra Knapp President (2018–May 2022) Professor Anjali Goswami President (May 2022) Edward Banks Treasurer (2020) Professor Simon Hiscock Scientific Secretary (2013–May 2022) Professor Jonathan Drori CBE Scientific Secretary (May 2022) Professor Alan Hildrew Scientific Secretary (2020) Professor Mark Chase FRS Editorial Secretary (2012–May 2022) Professor Paul Barrett Editorial Secretary (May 2022–Sept 2022) Dr John David Collections Secretary (2012–May 2022) Dr Mark Watson Collections Secretary (May 2022) Professor Gail Cardew CEO (2021) Robbie Blackhall-Miles Vice President Dr Blanca Huertas Vice President Dr Howard Nelson Vice President

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

TRUSTEES

Council, composed of the Trustees of the Linnean Society, provides strategic direction for the Society. It consists of 20 Fellows, five of whom step down each year and are replaced by five elected by the Fellowship at the Anniversary Meeting held annually on the 24 May (or the nearest working day).

Following their election to Council, all Trustees are provided with copies of key documents setting out the governance of the Society. These include essential Charity Commission documents (CC3: The Essential Trustee) and the Linnean Society’s Charters and Bye-laws. Council members receive a full induction into the Society, including a briefing on their duties as Trustees and meetings with staff, and they are required to sign up to the Trustee Code of Conduct.

Governance improvements in 2022 included an overhaul of the Society’s Bye-Laws. The Fellowship were encouraged to provide feedback on a draft circulated in November, and there will be an Extraordinary General Meeting in March 2023 to vote on the new Charter and Bye-Laws. Work continued on updating the Society’s policies, with a new policy register created to monitor the review schedule. A working group was established by Council to review the committee structure; and new terms of reference were in place for all the committees by the autumn. Trustees continued to monitor the major and strategic risks facing the Society.

The elected members of Council are the Trustees of the Charity and, in addition to the Officers listed above , those who served during the year are listed below:

	DUE TO RETIRE
Professor Paul Barrett	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Robbie Blackhall-Miles	24 May 2024
Dr Rich Boden	24 May 2024
Professor Brycchan Carey	24 May 2024
Kevin Coutinho	24 May 2023
Julia Day	24 May 2025 (Resigned 19 January 2022)
Dr Natasha de Vere	Retired 24 May 2022
Mathew Frith	Retired 24 May 2022
Dr Charlotte Grezo	24 May 2023
Andrea Hart	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Professor Alistair Hetherington	Retired 24 May 2022
Dr Blanca Huertas	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Dr Isabel Larridon	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Angus McCullough	24 May 2023
Dr Howard Nelson	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Professor Michael J. Reiss	24 May 2025 (from May 2022)
Philip Sadler	24 May 2024
Elaine Shaughnessy	24 May 2023

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

ABBREVIATIONS

AGM	Annual General Meeting	Annual General Meeting
BMM	BioMedia Meltdown
BSBI	Botanical Society of Britain & Ireland
COVID-19	The disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
CPD	Continuous Professional Development
DBE	Dame of the	British Empire
E&PE	Education &	Public Engagement
e.o.	Ex officio
FLS	Fellow of the Linnean Society of London
FMLS	Foreign Member of the Linnean Society of London
FRS	Fellow of the Royal Society
FRS 102	Financial Reporting Standard 102
HonFLS	Fellow_honoris causa_
HonMLS	Honorary Member of the Linnean Society of London
ISAs	International Standards on Auditing
L: 50	L: 50 Objects, Stories and Discoveries from the Linnean Society of London
LSL	Linnean Society of London
MHCLG	Ministry for Housing, Communities and Local Government
NatSCA	Natural Sciences Collections Association
NBH	New Burlington House
OA	Open Access
OUP	Oxford University Press
PPLS	Past-President of the Linnean Society of London
PRISM	Preservation	of Industrial and Scientific Material
SI	Special Issue
SOFA	Statement of Financial Activities
SORP	Statements of Recommended Practice
UCL	University College London
VI	Virtual Issue

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

ANNUAL REPORT

PRESIDENT’S REVIEW 2022

2022 has been an exciting year for the Linnean Society! Let me start by applauding Dr Sandra Knapp’s magnificent leadership through the pandemic, the implementation of immense changes to our Society’s governance, and her battle with breast cancer. Thank you, Sandy!

We happily reopened Burlington House to visitors, and, with a mix of in-person, hybrid, and online events, we’ve been able to engage our global membership with record online audiences while also enjoying our beloved post-lecture receptions in the library. We have also developed new partnerships to nurture a passion for the natural world in diverse communities, and we will continue to grow these efforts in the coming years. Thanks to our wonderful staff for overcoming many challenges to achieve these ambitious goals!

Fittingly for the Society that published Darwin and Wallace’s first description of the theory of evolution by natural selection, we launched the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society , our new fully openaccess journal, and we hope to receive many submissions from our Fellows. The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society also published its 200th volume—a remarkable accomplishment! We thank all our editors and editorial staff for their continued dedication and effort.

We are also indebted to Dr Mark Watson, who led the monumental effort of revising our Bye-Laws, which will also require changes to our Royal Charter. To put this into perspective, our Royal Charter has only been amended twice since first granted in 1802, with the first additional charter in 1904 extending fellowship to women. The proposed Bye-Laws and Charter will continue this tradition of making our Society more accessible, efficient, and responsive to a changing world. Alongside the planned launch of a new strategy in 2023, these changes will be of ever-increasing importance as we draw on the vast expertise of our international membership to help combat the human-caused biodiversity crisis facing our planet. In doing so, we are led by the example of Professor Gren Lucas OBE, pioneering plant conservationist and stalwart supporter of the Linnean Society for over 60 years. Gren passed away in December 2022, and his dedication, generosity, and kindness will be sorely missed.

Despite the many challenges of recent years, including continued uncertainty in our long-term tenancy of Burlington House, 2022 was a year of great progress and we can look to the future confident in a Linnean Society that is inspiring, resilient and impactful as a global voice for the natural world.

Professor Anjali Goswami

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

OVERVIEW 2022

Happily, 2022 marked a much-welcomed return of Fellows and visitors to our wonderful building. Reassessing how the world has changed since the pandemic, the Linnean Society continues to adapt and evolve in response to external changes. Thank you to all those helping to ensure the Society continues to thrive and deliver impact.

Update on Burlington House Lease

The most significant development of 2022 was a meeting on 30 June with the Secretary of State for the Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC), the Rt Hon Michael Gove MP. The CEOs around the Courtyard collectively and clearly set out the importance of co-location for interdisciplinary scholarship, which would also help to address the huge issues facing humanity. They outlined our desire to increase public engagement and work imaginatively together, and clarified how the issues with the current leases have unfortunately been holding us back.

The Secretary of State seemed sympathetic to our cause, instructing us to work together with DLUHC officials on a business case to argue for a new, long-term and sustainable arrangement. As of the start of 2023, we are continuing discussions with the Department and by mid-January we will have welcomed a visit from the new minister assigned to this case, Baroness Scott of Bybrook.

Revision of our Bye-Laws

As previously mentioned by the President, the Bye-Laws Revision Group have continued their efforts on drafting revised Bye-Laws for the Society. By December 2022, Fellows had sight of the proposed Bye-Laws and were invited to provide comments and feedback. The feedback received has been overwhelmingly positive and constructive. During 2023, the Fellowship will have further opportunities to comment on proposed changes and to approve the resulting Bye-Laws at an Extraordinary General Meeting. Concurrent with updating the Society’s Bye-Laws, a petition will be made to the Privy Council to update our Charter. The new Charter will recognise the Society’s long and illustrious history but will also reflect that it is a modern and dynamic organisation fit for the years to come.

Committee Restructure

One of the important tasks of our Trustees is to periodically review which affairs should be reserved for the Society’s Council, and which can be delegated to senior managers, committees or individual Trustees, staff or volunteers. In this context, our Council reviewed the structure and purpose of the various committees supporting its work during 2022. Among the changes made were the renaming of the Finance Committee to the Finance & Risk Committee (reflecting its expanded role of risk management and operational policies) and the separation of the Nominations & Awards Committee into a Nominations Committee, dedicated to overseeing nominations to Council and succession planning, and a standalone Medals & Awards Committee. A new Remuneration Committee was put in place to oversee staff reward and pay, and the Programme Committee and Education & Public Engagement Committee were combined into a singular Engagement Committee. Council also agreed upon:

The dissolution of the Linnean Future Committee, with its operational and programme activities to be taken forward by the Finance & Risk Committee, and Engagement Committee, respectively.
Updated terms of reference for the Safeguarding Committee, Collections Committee and Audit Committee.

Additionally, when the revised Bye-Laws are in place, a new Fellowship Committee is slated for the purpose of ensuring all Fellowship applications are more thoroughly scrutinised for eligibility.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

GDPR Update

Throughout 2022, we have been hugely appreciative of the generous assistance from Aju Omadeli, a volunteer who has been helping us to update our GDPR policies and compliance. Thanks to Aju we now have a robust system in place for handling personal data as well as a clear, comprehensive and up-to-date privacy policy.

Staff Changes

We were sad to say goodbye to several staff in 2022: Daryl Stenvoll-Wells, BioMedia Meltdown Project Manager left to pursue other opportunities in arts education; Joe Burton, Education Manager, left to take up a new role at Manchester-based Arts Emergency; Zia Forrai, Education Officer, left to undertake a PhD in the USA; and Cathy Youthed, Governance Manager, left to pursue a career as a deputy company secretary in the corporate sector.

We were delighted to welcome Anna Perman in the new role of Head of Engagement; Ayesha Meredith-Lewis as our new Education Manager; and Andrew Swan as our new Governance Manager. Hassan Rankou also moved into a new role managing the administration of our journals in house.

Her Majesty The Queen, Elizabeth II

In September, we mourned the passing of our Royal Patron, Her Majesty The Queen, Elizabeth II. Upon ascending the throne in 1952, The Queen became a Patron of the Linnean Society, but had been an Honorary Member since 1947. In 1988, we welcomed The Queen and HRH Prince Philip to the Society to be a part of its Bicentenary celebrations, where the Royal Party signed a specially designed page in our Roll and Charter book. After Her Majesty’s passing, the Society wrote letters of condolence to His Majesty King Charles III and HRH The Princess Royal and received kind replies.

RESEARCH AND SPONSORSHIP

Since 1839, our journals have played a vital role in developing scientific knowledge, publishing important findings across biological, botanical, zoological, and now evolutionary research. The year saw a great deal of change to our journals and processes with the launch of our open access Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society and changes to our editorial structure. We offer immense thanks to our editors, authors and reviewers for their support of our scholarly publishing.

In 2021, a task-and-finish group of our Council members conducted a scoping exercise to understand how our editorial arrangements compared with similar organisations. They made recommendations to improve our impact and keep in line with best practice in the sector. One recommendation was an in-house editorial office to manage the administration of all four of our journals, so that Editors-inChief could focus on strategic and scientific issues. Dr Hassan Rankou’s role was moved into the newly formed Engagement Team, from focussing on the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society to handling editorial processes across all of our titles. A Journal Officer role was also introduced, which will start early in 2023. We successfully moved three of our journals to the editorial office, with the fourth to follow.

Two of our Editors-in-Chief, Professor Mike Fay ( Botanical Journal ) and Dr Maarten Christenhusz ( Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ), will be stepping down in 2023 and are to be profusely thanked for taking these journals from strength to strength over recent years.

After an open recruitment process, we appointed new Editors-in-Chief: Dr Steven Dodsworth to the Botanical Journal and Dr Jeffrey Streicher to the Zoological Journal . Already at the helm of our Evolutionary Journal , Steven’s new appointment created a vacancy, and Professor Julia Day was recruited. We are excited to see Julia, Steven and Jeff take up their roles in 2023.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Research Journals

The Biological Journal of the Linnean Society ( BioJLS ), edited by Professor John Allen, achieved an increased Impact Factor in 2022 (2.28 vs 2.14), and published seven reviews and 141 original articles (not as many as in recent years, undoubtedly due to the effect of the pandemic on would-be authors). Articles that stirred great interest were on the unique feeding behaviour of a species of gecko, evolutionary change of shape in an invasive toad in Australia and the role of habitat in the evolution of the horns of vipers. Highlights for 2023 will include the delayed special issue on Evolution ‘on Purpose’: Teleonomy in living systems , based on papers presented at a 2021 Linnean Society online conference.

The Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society ( BotJLS ), edited by Professor Michael Fay, achieved a similar Impact Factor to the previous year (2.828 vs. 2.911). Highlights of the year included the largest issue to date (a major special issue on Neotropical biodiversity published in May) and the publication of volume 200, three issues of which included invited reviews (on Asteraceae, hybridisation in the Neotropics and the role of sexual selection in the origin and evolution of angiosperms).

The Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society ( ZooJLS ), edited by Dr Maarten Christenhusz, received an increased Impact Factor (3.286 vs. 3.834). We maintain a high submission rate, with 356 submitted papers in 2022. Highlights of the year included a special issue on integrative approaches to mammalian systematics, ecomorphology and biomechanics, which included 14 novel and original articles, and a virtual issue on deep-sea discoveries. An invited review emphasised the history of queer zoology in Europe before the 19th century. Special issues to look out for in 2023 will focus on tardigrades and on South American tetrapod fossils.

The Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society ( EvoJLS ) was launched in 2022. By year’s end, we had published several papers, covering topics like Cyto-nuclear incompatibilities across a bluebell hybrid zone in northern Spain and the evolution of Australian skipper butterflies—we are enthusiastic about the papers already submitted for 2023.

LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund

In support of the study of biodiversity, taxonomy, systematics and evolutionary biology, the Society was once again delighted to contribute £30,508 towards the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, a co-initiative with the Systematics Association.

In 2022 we were able to award 40 grants, ranging from £500 to £1,500. Successful applications came in from all over the globe, including Argentina, Brazil, India, Malaysia, Nairobi, Poland, Turkey, UK and US. Research covered such varied topics as the cryptic diversity of ant species on the Canary Islands, deep-sea parasite-host relationships and the diversity of freshwater algae in ‘hidden treasure’ Fruška Gora National Park, Serbia.

Awardee	Country of residence	Title ofproject
Anirban Ash	India	Diversity, distribution and novelty of_Raphidascaris_ species (Nematoda:Raphidascarididae) in West Bengal
Rafael Barbosa-Silva	Brazil	Evolution of the Pantepui flora: taxonomy, phylogenomics and biogeography of_Bonnetia_ (Bonnetiaceae)
Polet Yamaly Barragan Marin	United States	The sea anemone_Phymactis papillosa_, a three-color palette in the Pacific Ocean
Franziska Bergmeier	Germany	Solving a taxonomic Bermuda triangle: collecting mesopsammic Solenogastres(Mollusca)on Bermuda

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Melissa Betters	United States	Investigating the diversity of limpet-form gastropods at the Costa Rica Margin
Juliet Brodie	United Kingdom	Checklist of seaweeds and pioneering a seaweed herbarium of Sorsogon,Philippines
Sara Cabral	Portugal	The use of genotyping to distinguish_Cerastoderma_ spp. specimens in Portugal
Mark Chapman	United Kingdom	Taxonomic and genetic constraints and outcomes of hybridisation in the British Flora
M Carmen Cobo	United States	An integrative taxonomic approach to the order Neomeniamorpha Salvini-Plawen, 1978 (Mollusca, Aplacophora)
Valerii Darmostuk	Poland	Molecular evolution and systematics of_Xenonectriella_ (Hypocreales)in tropical forests of Bolivia
Emmanuel Delocado	Philippines	Integrative taxonomy of Hydrophilidae beetles of the Philippines
Regan Drennan	United Kingdom	From Sweden to the Antarctic: resolving long- standingissues in bamboo worm biogeography
Patricia Esquete	Portugal	Biodiversity in the deep ocean: discovering the Tanaidacea
Camilo Florez Valencia	United States	Ant-tragopine mutualism in the Colombian Lowland Rainforest and its consequence in colour variation
Tricia Goulding	United States	Systematics of the Epitoniidae: incorporating historical museum specimens into a phylogenetic framework
Jongkar Grinang	Malaysia	Species inventory of freshwater crabs in Borneo Island
Dora Hlebec	Germany	Explosive evolution of genus_Neobisium_(Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)in Dinaric Karst—when and why?
Erin Krichilsky	United States	A bilingual open-source checklist and digitisation of Taiwan’s bee fauna
Ali Budhi Kusuma	Indonesia	Genome based-taxonomy of putatively novel extremophilic Actinomycete strains isolated from various types of extreme habitats in Indonesia
John Michael Lastimoso	Philippines	Taxonomy of the red seaweed_Hypoglossum_Kützing (Delesseriaceae,Rhodophyta)in the Philippines
Sabin Liulea	Spain	Long-term shifts of intertidal seaweeds at distribution limits(Portugal)
Wagner Magalhães	Brazil	Marine annelids from intertidal regions of Bahia, Brazil
Luciana Martins	Brazil	Minding the gap on the taxonomic diversity of Crinoidea(Echinodermata)in Brazil
Katherine Montana	United States	A systematic revision of the spidergenus_Lathys_
Tanner Myers	United States	The genomic architecture of fence lizard speciation (genus_Sceloporus_)
Víctor Noguerales	Spain	Uncovering cryptic diversity and diversification of the Canarian Ants
Alexis Oetterer	United States	Green algal diversity along the Eastern Shore of Virginia
Ahmed Omotayo	Nigeria	Diversity and morphological characterization of cattle ticks from Lagos,South-West,Nigeria.
María Pía Pacheco	Argentina	A comprehensive phylogeographic study on Philisca spiders
Pantamith Rattanakrajang	Thailand	Phylogenetic relationships of_Neuropeltis_among intercontinental species and within Convolvulaceae
Jefferson Sauceda Valderrama	Brazil	Taxonomic revision and phylogeny of_Abana_ leafhoppers,a highly polymorphicgroup

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Luana Sauthier	Brazil	_Paepalanthus_subg._Platycaulon_Mart. ex Körn. (Eriocaulaceae): taxonomy, phylogeny and biogeography
Ryan Schmidt	United States	Diversity of_Verbascum_in the Northern Mid-Atlantic United States
Sanja Sovran	Serbia	Hidden treasure of ‘Fruška Gora’ National Park— Diversityof freshwater red algae
Eva Stewart	United Kingdom	Deep-sea parasite-host relationships: A new genus of Myzostomida from the Pacific abyss
Mark Stukel	United States	Untanglinghybridisation in New Zealand cicadas
Kailin Sun	Germany	Phylogenyand taxonomyof thegenus_Myricaria_
Onur Uluar	Turkey	Genus_Poecilimon_(Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae): determining intra-generic diversity using comprehensive data
Jaqueline Vieira	Brazil	Integrated studies in_Ternstroemia_ (Pentaphylacaceae): uncovering neglected species of Neotropical flora
CraigWilding	United Kingdom	Uncovering cryptic species in the beadlet anemone Actinia equina

The John Topp Fund

(Awarded to amateur or professional botanists or entomologists, with priority for any who serve or have served in Her Majesty’s Royal Navy or the Army to undertake studies in the field.) The John Topp Fund was awarded to John Tennent to facilitate his field work on the distribution and diversity of butterfly fauna on the island of Niuafo’ou in the Pacific. Niuafo’ou is an active volcano some 8 km in circumference, which last erupted in 1985, lying between Fiji and Samoa and has a steep-sided caldera (250 m high at its highest point).

Alongside Lepidoptera, Odonata and other invertebrates will also be sampled or photographed and identified by specialists in the hope of ultimately presenting a record of the fauna of this isolated island, whose fauna is largely unknown. The results from Niuafo’ou may be published independently, though this research will also allow completion of a detailed manuscript of five months of previous fieldwork carried out on the many scattered islands of the southwest Pacific (‘Operation Wallacea’).

Looking Ahead to 2023

The upcoming year will see us support our new Editors-in-Chief as they settle into their roles. Together, we will review the scope and strategies of journals, ensuring that they continue to complement each other and meet the needs of our community. Moreover, our editorial office will work closely with our publisher, Oxford University Press, to provide the best possible author experience, including improved publication times and accuracy.

We have a close eye on publishing trends, such as open science and redefining impact, and are focussed on enhancing the impact of both our journals and grant opportunities through our engagement work.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

OUR FELLOWSHIP

The Society continues to be incredibly grateful for the support shown by our members. We are inspired by the number of individuals choosing to remain Fellows for decades and encouraged by so many people joining the Society for the first time. Sadly, we also lost several good friends of the Society in 2022, who will be greatly missed.

Expanding our Membership

We are delighted to report that 169 new Fellows joined in 2022 (32 women and 137 men), with backgrounds ranging from academics in the fields of natural sciences, the arts and humanities, the corporate world and in healthcare. Of special mention is new Fellow Will Beharrell, the Linnean Society’s Librarian—congratulations Will! We also welcomed 48 Associates and 38 Student Associates, which was fantastic. There were sadly a number of deaths, resignations and defaulters who were removed, ending the year on a total membership of 3,086.

Highlighting Your Achievements

We are proud of the achievements of all of our members in 2022, so please continue to share them with us so that we may celebrate with you.

Past President Sandra Knapp , whose work has ‘made major contributions to our understanding of plant evolution and tropical biodiversity’, was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). She was also awarded the prestigious 2022 David Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration by Hawaii’s National Tropical Botanical Garden.
Cary Woodruff , Ewan Wolff and their team published a ground-breaking paper in Nature on the first evidence of an avian-style respiratory infection in a dinosaur.
Miranda Lowe , Principal Curator of Crustacea at London’s Natural History Museum, was awarded a CBE in the Queen’s Birthday Honours List for her tireless work in championing both science and diversity in museums and heritage.
Ben Sheldon , whose work on wild bird populations has enormously advanced our understanding of their social behaviour, was also made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 2022.

In Remembrance

We said a sad goodbye to Jennifer (Jenny) Edmonds in February, a botanist whose field of research included Solanum nigrum , and who coordinated the Society’s Tercentenary celebrations in 2007. Plant taxonomist and biogeographer Ian Richardson passed in March, and in April we lost celebrated Linnaean scholar Gunnar Broberg , Professor of History of Science and Ideas at Lund University. Vernon Heywood passed in September, Chief Scientist at IUCN and a towering figure in plant taxonomy with nearly 30,000 citations. Finally, in December we were crushed by the loss of our friend Gren Lucas , a powerhouse plant conservationist and our beloved Treasurer (1995–2015)—he will be sorely missed.

Moving Forward with our Fellowship

With progress on modernising the Bye-Laws, the introduction of the Members’ Area on our website and the investment in a new Engagement Team, we are hoping that foundations are in place to enable increased engagement with our Fellows. Mindful of the fact that so many people live far from London or don’t wish to travel for various reasons, we will continue to organise stimulating online events, produce educational podcasts and videos, and feature inspiring content in The Linnean . However, we also hope to see more Fellows and members of the public visit the building, whether to attend Linnean Society events, book rooms for venue hire, carry out research in the Library or simply pop in to say hello.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

RECOGNISING EXCELLENCE

Through sponsorship and awarding medals, the Society acknowledges and encourages excellence in all aspects of the science of natural history, with particular emphasis on evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity conservation and sustainability.

Medal and Award Winners 2022

Linnean Medal (Zoology): Dr Rohan Pethiyagoda, Australian Museum

Linnean Medal (Botany): Professor Sebsebe Demissew, Addis Ababa University

Darwin-Wallace Medal: Professor David Jablonski, University of Chicago

Bicentenary Medal: Dr James Rosindell, Imperial College London

Irene Manton Prize: Dr Bruno Pok Man Ngou, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science

John C. Marsden Medal: Dr Timothy Lamont, Lancaster University

Trail-Crisp Award : Dr Frieda Christie, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh

H. H. Bloomer Award: Mr Geoffrey Kibby

Jill Smythies Prize: Dr Andrew Brown

A WEALTH OF KNOWLEDGE

After two unusual years of intermittent closures, 2022 proved to be more of a return to pre-COVID times than a ‘bumper’ year. With increased readers, enquiries, outreach, cataloguing, additional staff, and more collaborations, the Collections Team ended the year with a great sense of achievement.

Exhibitions Galore

In May 2022, Eton College launched their exhibition To Botany Bay and Back: The Worldwide Web of Sir Joseph Banks , celebrating the bicentenary of Banks’s death (postponed since 2020). The exhibition, which reassessed Banks’s global impact after his voyage on the HMS Endeavour , featured several letters from Banks, books and two specimens from the Linnean Society’s seed and nut collections. The exhibition was one of Eton Library’s most successful, attracting over 2,000 visitors. Society staff were

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

fortunate to be given a tour of the exhibition by George Fussey FLS, Curator of the Eton Natural History Museum, and Stephie Coane, Librarian.

Linnean Society items, including a drawing of the HMS Beagle and a mockup of a plate from our Transactions , also featured in the Royal Society’s exhibition Plenty More Fish? A History of Scientific Marine Expeditions , which coincided with the Royal Society’s Summer Exhibition. Louisiane Ferlier, Digital Archivist at the Royal Society, gave staff a personal tour of the exhibition.

Archive Ambitions

Archivists Liz M[c] Gow and Luke Thorne have been working hard on the Collected Archives, with two new archive collections now fully catalogued: the correspondence of botanist and physician, Richard Pulteney (MS/238); and the letters and journals of botanist and Linnean Society President, George Bentham (MS/322 and MS/328). Detailed summaries of each letter and journal entry are available on our archive catalogue.

Bentham’s accounts of his many trips abroad, by sea, road and rail, are fascinating and highlight the dangers of travel in the mid-19th century, and are not without humour. Of the Crimea he writes: ‘it is a tour much to be recommended to those who do not in the least care for any sort of comfort in eating, drinking, sleeping or moving about.’

The Society’s domestic archive also holds a wealth of knowledge on the history of the Society and this year we started an ambitious project to sort and catalogue the collection in the hopes that it can be more easily available to Fellows and researchers. Project Archivist Alex Milne has been making excellent progress with 135 boxes of new material sorted and catalogued as well as five drawers of plans, posters and paintings, nine shelves of minute books and ledgers, and a total of 1,352 new files listed so far.

Alex has been emptying cupboards and digging through drawers and shelves, rediscovering important records, like those outlining the history of our time at Burlington House with receipts for fittings and fixtures and reports of visitors, damage, thefts and renovation.

Space for Growth

We began a light-touch weed of our journals collection at Burlington House in 2021, with work continuing in 2022. The project is now nearly 75% complete and has been expertly overseen by Librarian Will Beharrell. The responsible disposal of mostly damaged and duplicated items will mean our remaining collections can be adequately and safely housed and give us much needed space for growth in the future.

Conservation of Collections

Our collections sponsorship scheme, AdoptLINN, went from strength to strength in 2022. Throughout the year, £10,500 was pledged by 26 donors in four countries; a 30% increase on the total raised in 2021 and the largest amount ever raised by the scheme. Titles included Ulisse Aldrovandi’s Quadrupedum Omnium Bisulcorum Historia (1621) and Charles Darwin’s 6th edition, presentation copy of On the Origin of Species (1872). Every penny donated will go towards supporting vulnerable items in our historic collection of books, archival papers, artefacts, specimens and artworks. We’d like to extend our thanks to everyone who has supported AdoptLINN in 2022, as we look forward to further progress in 2023.

As the result of the flood damage to the Library in 2021, a number of books were in need of repair. The first to be tackled by Conservator Janet Ashdown were those that were more seriously damaged; some of these required aqueous treatments to remove heavy water stains and had to be totally dismantled, re-sewn and re-bound. In every case the original binding was repaired and re-instated.

Future-Proofing in a Digital World

Behind the scenes, staff at the Society have been transforming how we go about managing our digital information. Overseen by Digital Assets Manager Andrea Deneau, a formal Records and Information

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Management programme was put into place—an undertaking of over 1.5 years, completed at the end of 2022. The project included an information inventory, restructuring the Society’s file plan, creating two new policies, a retention schedule and management rules, and plenty of staff training. There was also a very significant information clean-up, seeing a massive reduction in unnecessary files and folders, becoming an annual affair in our processes, across staff teams. With these official policies and procedures now in place, the Society has made great gains in future-proofing our digital records.

A Little Help from Our Friends

The Linnean Society could not function without its dedicated volunteers, some of whom were able to come back in a more regular capacity in 2022. We are immensely grateful to Sheila Meredith and David Pescod for their Library and Archives work, to John Abbott for his painstaking conservation work, and to our Honorary Curators and Archivist—Glenn Benson, Ollie Crimmen, Suzanne Ryder, Mark Spencer and Gina Douglas—who have fielded enquiries and committed their time to outreach events.

Collection Connections

In 2023, we aim to continue to make our collections as widely accessible as possible, through continued cataloguing, curation and conservation; through furthering research by collaborating with scholars, artists and students; and through engaging varied audiences via numerous avenues of outreach. We are looking forward to our staircase redecoration early in 2023, in order to showcase some of the wonderful and outstanding items in our collections, celebrating our 150 years in Burlington House. We also have exciting external loans lined up to big institutions such as Tate Modern, The Hague’s Kunstmuseum, and the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge.

A GLOBAL IMPACT

Like many across the world, this year we entered a post-pandemic ‘new normal’. We have been thrilled to return to in-person events and education programming, but we also continue to grow our international online presence. Our videos and online activities continue to gain traction as we work to benefit our expanding global membership and public audience.

Team Players

For the first time, our events, education, digital content, journals and publications have been brought together into one overall Engagement Team. Together, we will strive to help our audiences learn about the natural world, engage with our collections and be inspired by the work of our Fellows.

In May, Anna Perman joined us as Head of Engagement, having come from communications and engagement roles in the NHS and charity sector. This newly created role involves setting strategic goals across all areas of engagement. As seen in ‘Research and Sponsorship’, our Journals Editorial Manager Hassan Rankou moved into the team in September. He and our new Journals Officer will further embed our journal content in our engagement work. We also welcomed Ayesha MeredithLewis as our new Education Manager, who joins us from the London Wetlands Trust and brings a strong background in outreach to diverse young audiences. Ross Ziegelmeier (Multimedia Content Producer), Padma Ghosh (Events and Communications Manager) and Leonie Berwick (Publications Manager) round off the team.

Wide-Ranging Science for a Global Audience

From pangolin conservation in Nigeria to naked mole-rats, bats in the Himalayas to the impact of climate change on sharks, our online, in-person and hybrid events covered our magnificently diverse natural world. Padma Ghosh developed and oversaw 40 events in 2022, which included evening lectures, lunchtime talks, nature walks, debates, book launches (‘Nature Readers’) and discussions, as well as collaborations with other organisations. On average, each event saw more than 180 attendees; in total, through 2022, we delivered our programme of events to 7,215 people across the world.

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We also held several special events, from coral conservation to ‘Queer Zoology Since Aristotle’ to the natural history of tea. Among event highlights, our ‘Stories from Plant Collections’ brought together curators and researchers from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Rothamsted Research and the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, and was a fantastic collaboration. We were relieved to be able to bring back in-person events after being scuppered by COVID, starting with our AGM, a terrific Nature Reader with ornithologist Tim Birkhead and our eye-opening Science Policy Lecture ‘Biodiversity and Finance: Making Space for a Common Planet’ with the Systematics Association. Our most well-attended event was the Nature Reader ‘The Mind of a Bee’ by Lars Chittka, with a whopping 520 people joining us online.

Potential in Profitable Content

Our videos investigated our unique Insch Tea Library collection, and sang the praises of our medal winners—‘What do coral reefs sound like?’ celebrated the research of Timothy Lamont (winner of the Society’s John C. Marsden Medal for the ‘best doctoral thesis in biology’) into underwater soundscapes. Ross Ziegelmeier also reached new audiences with the ‘Our Taxonomy Crises’ animation, which explained the need for more trained taxonomists in the fight against global mass extinction, and was translated into Bulgarian, Spanish and Portuguese—it has already received over 1,095 views.

The Linnean Future podcast series was published in 2022, in response to the ongoing planetary emergency, and explored global stories that outlined the wide-ranging impacts of climate change. Vivid interviews, sharp opinions, current research and field science emphasised the complex and deeply intertwined relationship between humans and our planet. In his episode ‘A Deep History of Climate Change’, Dagomar Degroot used historical records to give evidence of climate change before official records began. In another, multi-instrumentalist and composer Cosmo Sheldrake spoke about his dedication to improving humankind’s connection to nature through music.

The Society is set on generating income from its digital assets, and a complete review of these assets and our social media has been undertaken. During 2022, the Society made £371 from its YouTube channel, an increase from 2021, and we are keen to see this turnover continue to grow.

Social Skills

This year we have focussed on building up our social media audience across Twitter, Instagram, Facebook and LinkedIn. Facebook and Instagram accumulated 808 and 742 new followers respectively, but our Twitter account has seen the most growth, with 4,155 new followers! Our October tweet highlighting the Library as a warm space was most appreciated, with more than 950 retweets and almost 3,600 ‘likes’. Proportionately, the Library saw an escalated demand for readers, illustrating social media reach translating into real-world impact. And encouragingly, our Linnean News (monthly e-newsletter), increased its subscriber base from 968 to 1,500—a 55% increase!

The Linnean

This year the Society’s membership publication, The Linnean , became an interactive online title, incorporating articles looking at the current research of our members, external groups and collaborators, and new stories relating to our collections. Under editor Leonie Berwick, it saw a refreshed design, and the engagement with and feedback from members has been overwhelmingly positive: ‘It is a fine combination of information, discussion, review and sheer beauty of imagery. You have set yourselves a high example to follow!’

Treasures: A Little 19th-Century Humour

The Collections Team have continued to produce ‘Treasure of the Month’ blogs promoting some of the lesser known and more unusual ‘treasures’ from the Society’s collections. In April, Assistant Archivist Luke Thorne wrote about a scientific paper from the archives that had actually been sent to the Society as an April Fool’s joke by C. T. Druery in 1883. The paper described the uncovering of fossils

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belonging to a series of chimeric creatures—the ‘Elegator’, ‘Crocodars’ and ‘Cockerel Salmon’. Other hoax-related items from the archive were also highlighted, including a letter from Richard Murray to Edward Morell Holmes about the origins of the ‘Shapwick Monster’; a case of mistaken identity involving a group of fearful villagers and a lost crab, and another hoax paper about the murder of Cock Robin, which amused the Fellows present at that particular meeting, but sadly resulted in the resignation of then-Secretary Alexander Macleay.

Expanding Engagement

As the climate and biodiversity crises deepen, the Society’s history, publications and collective knowledge have a crucial role to play. We are working on audience and Fellow-led content across all avenues of engagement to meet public needs as they change and develop, supported by the cuttingedge research in our journals.

Meanwhile, our exciting programme of events onsite and further afield will aim to deepen understanding of the natural world and involvement in protecting it. Our shift to online events during the pandemic gained us a diverse audience, which we hope to nurture and grow. Looking forward, we will continue to serve both our in-house participants and those online, fulfilling our vision of a membership that extends beyond borders and boundaries.

Our online Members’ Area has also played a positive role in helping the Society improve its engagement with the Fellowship. Overseen by Room Hire Manager and Membership Assistant Tatiana Franco, the platform offers everyone the opportunity to engage with the Society and other members, through the newsfeed, event booking and other services, and we hope to do more in 2023.

SHARING OUR EXPERTISE

In 2022 we said farewell to our previous Education Team, Joe Burton and Zia Forrai, and welcomed a new Education Manager, Ayesha Meredith-Lewis. In the autumn she hit the ground running, taking our Special Species workshop to a local library and to Big Biology Day in Cambridge, the first time these events had been held since 2019.

Natural History GSCE

Excitingly, in April 2022, the UK government’s Department for Education confirmed that there will be a new General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) in Natural History. The news came after a decade-long campaign by naturalists, and a proposal coordinated by Oxford, Cambridge and RSA (OCR), a leading UK Awarding Body. The Linnean Society has been a key partner on the advisory board for the GCSE.

The next step of the process is a consultation on the content of the GCSE syllabus, with initial teaching of the new qualification to be in place by autumn 2025. The Society is collaborating with other partners on the advisory board to help shape the content of the syllabus, contributing topics and ideas from both historical and current research. In tandem, we are also considering how our content, including activities and lesson plans (as well as audiovisual content), can support the teachers delivering the GCSE.

Joseph Banks’s Icelandic Anniversary

At the invitation of the British Embassy in Iceland, we ran a two-hour workshop in November in Reykjavik, celebrating the 250th anniversary of Joseph Banks’s and Daniel Solander’s Icelandic expedition in 1772. The workshop saw students embark on an imaginary journey to an ‘undiscovered’ island off the coast of Iceland, finding many weird and wonderful species. To learn about Banks, botany and binomial naming, they were tasked with drawing and recording these species and

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describing their habitat. The finished species were assembled and presented in a large art display that will hang in the British Embassy in Reykjavik.

Engaging with Nature at a Local Level

The Our Local Nature grant scheme is designed to provide young people with the opportunity to lead on projects that involve their local nature and natural spaces, and to have their voices heard. The scheme funds innovative projects designed and led by young people in the UK, increasing access to natural spaces and improving understanding of the local biodiversity.

During the 2022 round we received over 65 fantastic applications, and our four dedicated Youth Panel members combed through every single one. They awarded nine grants in total, with the £6,000 fund going towards projects including a coastal clear up in the Shetland Islands, and the building of sensory nature gardens.

Celebrating ‘Nature Heroes’

This year our annual portrait competition asked 8–13-year-olds to create a portrait of their nature hero—someone who had had an impact on their understanding of the natural world. Sixty entrants from across the world entered their artwork, from the UK to India, Sweden, Canada and Ukraine.

Heartfelt congratulations to winner Sigge Lovevind (13) from Sweden, whose amazing graffiti portrait of Carl Linnaeus and Greta Thunberg wowed our judging panel with its creativity and message for the future. Congratulations also go to our runners-up, Jasmine (11, UK) and Leya (8, Ukraine).

A Team Effort

Our Collections Team was delighted to resume its outreach activities, delivering five Linnean Lens events highlighting items in our collections, nine lectures and talks at conferences, and 42 guided tours of the Society and its collections.

Talks allowed the team to share their expertise: Archivists Alex Milne and Liz M[c] Gow outlined archival materials in Linnean Lens talks; Librarian Will Beharrell outlined the Linnean Lens series to the Historic Libraries Forum conference; and Head of Collections Isabelle Charmantier expanded upon our collections and place in the history of science for a meeting in Uppsala, Sweden, and other online conferences.

The Linnean Lens series, which originally began in 2021 as a means of virtually connecting people with our collections during the pandemic, is now a firm and successful fixture in the Society’s calendar. These interactive, online events pair an item from our collections with an expert curator, who guides us through its unique and sometimes surprising history. Highlights this year included an investigation of Charles Darwin’s vasculum, used to collect plant specimens whilst on board the HMS Beagle ; an 18th-century manuscript damaged during the Blitz; and a whistle-stop tour of Alexander Garden’s remarkable fish specimens. Over 519 people attended the five Linnean Lens lectures in 2022, with well over a thousand more more catching up with the recordings on YouTube—a fantastic turnout. We look forward to revealing more of our treasures throughout the coming year.

Guided tours were split between our monthly Treasures Tours for the general public, private tours (for Friends of Imperial College in coordination with the Royal Astronomical Society, Friends of St Nicholas Church in Chiswick, and the Worshipful Company of Gardeners), and recurring yearly tours for history, art and biology university students. Amongst the newcomers this year were the School of Science and Acting and the London Rare Books School.

Connecting Through Collections

Linnaeus Link, the online catalogue of Linnaean materials, sprang back into life in 2022. The international collaboration, which now boasts 20 contributing partners spanning three continents, saw its first in-person meeting in over three years, hosted as part of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries (EBHL) conference at the Meise Botanic Garden in Brussels. We were incredibly

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delighted to welcome our first contributing partner from South America, the Instituto de Botánica Darwinion in Argentina. The catalogue itself now hosts over 18,300 records of works by or about Carl Linnaeus and provides a vital resource for scholars around the world.

The Year to Come

Going forward, we intend to build on the progress we’ve made with our outreach, and are keen to partner with other organisations in order to engage with new audiences. From an education standpoint, in spring 2023 we will be working with Grow2Know, a North Kensington Community Interest Company (CIC) established after the Grenfell Tower fire in London, where we will run an Art Fund-supported nature club at a local school, culminating in a visit to the Society. We will also be working with The Wave Project on workshops for young people with mental health needs, and our trial run for family ‘Cabinets of Curiosity’ tours in 2023 will show a different side to our history.

INSPIRING OTHERS

Through our collections, the knowledge of our Fellows, staff and other stakeholders, we are keen to foster collaborations, conceive innovative ideas and cultivate interdisciplinary projects. In 2022 we saw many projects born, while others came to fruition.

Progress Through Partnerships

Inspiring new research topics and fruitful collaborations through access to our collections is one of the most rewarding aspects of running a Library and Archives. Such collaborations are a rewarding way of furthering knowledge of our own collections and within a larger discipline.

In 2022, we were partners in four such projects, including Christina Welch’s project on the Alexander Anderson botanical manuscripts. Funded by the AHRC-NERC ‘Hidden Histories’ programme, the project resulted in these manuscripts being reordered, fully digitised and partly transcribed. The Society has also been participating in the bid, led by the University of Cambridge Library, to have Charles Darwin’s manuscripts inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register. Finally, in October, two other projects began: Fellows Edwin Rose and Staffan Müller-Wille’s AHRC-funded ‘Nature in the Age of Revolutions’, and the Linnean Society’s first ever Collaborative Doctoral Award student, Jonn Gale. With Emily Senior, Sarah Thomas (both Birkbeck University) and Isabelle Charmantier as co-supervisors, Jonn will be researching ‘Black and Indigenous Collectors in the Linnean Society’s Archives’.

Our collections have always been an inspiration for artists, and in 2022 Lena Granefelt photographed hundreds of Linnaean herbarium specimens for her show A Linnean Collection , opening in Gallery Glas in Stockholm in February 2023.

Biodiversity and Finance: Comfortable Bedfellows?

The 2022 Science Policy Event, in collaboration with the Systematics Association, was a slight departure from the norm. Instead of a straightforward lecture, we hosted a debate on whether the worlds of biodiversity and finance were making space for a common planet. With Elree Winnett Seelig (Global Head of Environmental, Social and Governance for Citi’s Markets franchise), Mike Maunder (Executive Director of the Cambridge Conservation Initiative), and Lucy Fitzgeorge-Parker (Editor of Responsible Investor ), this in-person event attracted 85 engaged audience members, with further views of the recording online. Several attendees expressed interest in more events of this nature.

Elree Winnett-Seelig was also interviewed for one of our podcast episodes (#53: ‘What's being done about the energy crisis?’). We were very encouraged by the enthusiasm and participation of the audience at this event, and we hope to be able to continue these relevant and dynamic discussions at the Society.

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Bristol Natural History Consortium

The Bristol Natural History Consortium is a natural partner for the Linnean Society, with both groups providing a meeting place for those working in natural history and focussing on organisations and individuals respectively.

In August, we collaborated on a podcast about Overstory, an artwork in Bristol produced using microscopic imagery of trees. The podcast, promoted amongst BNHC networks, was one of our most popular of the year.

Later in November, Anna Perman and Isabelle Charmantier led a roundtable on collections and the natural world at the Consortium’s Communicate Conference, helping to raise the Society’s profile within this professional audience.

Ties That Bind

As the year started to feel like the world was truly ‘getting back into the swing of things’, we were able to connect with more groups in person, including those in book conservation. In February, Janet Ashdown gave a presentation on the history of paper to members of the Florilegium Society at London’s Chelsea Physic Garden, where participants could handle many samples made from a variety of raw materials; they later visited our home at Burlington House in October and were given a demonstration of book and paper repairs. We also welcomed The Worshipful Company of Gardeners for a display on bookbinding and book repair in our Discovery Room.

Step by Step

In 2021, Isabelle Charmantier proposed a bold refresh of the Society’s main staircase. The idea was to respectfully relocate the portraits that have long adorned the staircase and use the space to showcase images from our wonderful, but sometimes unseen, collections. The aim was to more clearly outline our work as a natural history society and provide a welcoming space to visitors. Leonie Berwick and Andrea Deneau spent much of 2022 choosing the themes and images, photographing and preparing them for print, and writing the accompanying narratives. Under the supervision of Janet Ashdown, the portraits were relocated at the end of the year and 51 new framed prints went up in their place. When you are next at the Society, we hope you enjoy the new display, peppered with treasures from our collections.

FEEDBACK

Tours

‘Thank you for the wonderful afternoon you gave us. When we asked students on the last day what aspect they had enjoyed most, two said the Linnean afternoon—both the material in the library (and the library itself) and also Isabelle’s tour and the privilege of seeing the Linnaean archive. It was so very good of you to help as you did (especially with the difficulties posed by the strikes) and hugely appreciated. Thank you very much!’

‘This tour was an amazing opportunity to see the precious collections of Carl Linné and to understand his invaluable contribution to the study and knowledge of all living creatures. Thanks to you both we understood Linné’s intellectual progress during this great age of classification and taxonomy, we saw precious specimens which are nearly 300 years old, and we explored this incredible purpose-built building where so many biologists and naturalists met and shared their knowledge. It has been an immense privilege to discover such an institution in a building that is part of the cultural heritage of this country and that is still a hub for today's scientists: we will never forget our visit!’

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On Twitter

‘As a Fellow of that wonderful society, I highly encourage you take a tour. In addition to fantastic life scientists, several of the fellows are botanical artists and historians of science. It is a very inclusive place.’

Events

‘I have enjoyed your online lectures so much! I watched the lepidopterist discussion this morning and it inspired me to make a Lepidopterist tea blend! I also enjoyed your seminar regarding tea and history. Thank you so much for what you provide to the world.’

‘Yesterday’s [Linnean Lens] presentation was fascinating—a great idea to have archivist and conservator talking about the botanical [manuscript] together.’

‘One of the best climate change lectures I have ever listened to. I deeply congratulate [Professor Rebecca Willis] for a super-articulated speech and insightful engagement. Many thanks @FBMH_SR and @LinneanSociety for organising this Irene Manton Lecture 2022!’

The Linnean

‘I just wanted to say how impressed I am by the ‘The Linnean’—I had never seen it before, but I’ve really enjoyed reading it. What a huge effort to produce that!’

‘Delighted to be receiving the new issues of ‘The Linnean’, the online format is very pleasing. I always look forward to its arrival.’

PUBLIC BENEFIT

The Linnean Society contributes to scientific, cultural, economic and social well-being nationally and internationally through a broad programme of activities. Our unique ACE-designated biological collections and historical resources—and our strong focus on biodiversity conservation, sustainability and science outreach—support the care and understanding of our planet. The Society’s key contributions to public benefit are:

Safeguarding and promoting the Society’s heritage collections, through cataloguing, conservation and digitisation, improving access to primary information, making collections freely available to view online.
Advancing and disseminating knowledge through three world-class research journals and providing support and recognition through grant schemes and awards to emerging scientists and naturalists.
Engaging the public through regular tours of the collections, conferences and free monthly public lectures, while our educational programme, which fuses science, history and art, reaches out to students of all ages and backgrounds, providing free resources in schools, in Burlington House and online.

The Society’s activities contribute to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) through support for the natural world, and through unique resources that illuminate environmental and social change. The Society connects academia with a diverse public, informing UK Government policy and promoting the international profile of the UK as a pre-eminent international hub for expertise about the natural world.

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CORE VALUES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING

The Society’s vision, mission and values are:

Vision: A world where nature is understood, valued and protected Mission: To inform, involve and inspire people of all ages and backgrounds about nature and its significance through our collections, programmes and publications Values:

We are a diverse community of people united by an active interest in nature, its management and conservation.
We aim for excellence and integrity in all areas of our activity.
We use our income and other finances to fulfil our charitable function and declared mission.
We promote our science to all sectors of society.
We value diversity and seek to broaden the inclusion of currently under-represented groups.
We are an expert voice concerning relevant major issues and challenges of our time.

The Society will re-start its strategy process in early 2023 at a combined Council and staff meeting, with continued expert assistance from the Worshipful Company of Management Consultants (WCoMC). We had hoped to commence strategic planning in earnest during 2022, but competing priorities and a change in personnel at WCoMC somewhat stymied our progress. The Society remains extremely grateful for the generous ongoing support from WCoMC.

LOOKING FORWARD 2023

‘ The way the Linnean Society draws people together is one of its strengths .’ Mark Fox FLS on Twitter

This was the response to an online event during which attendees introduced themselves from places as far away as Italy, Puerto Rico, Mexico City, Punjab North India, Bulgaria, Argentina and Brazil. It’s also fantastic to see the rooms busy once more with people attending our activities, tours of our wonderful collections and venue hire clients organising a range of stimulating meetings. Watch out for further developments, including ‘Cabinets of Curiosities’ (a set of family tours of the Society), the stunning display of artwork from our collections adorning the walls of the staircase, and news of school children visiting the building to celebrate their own nature-based activities.

Ensuring the Society remains a welcoming and inspiring organisation for people across disciplines, backgrounds and ages globally, is key to the organisation’s future. We must remain ‘tuned into’ the changing needs of both people and the planet. Staff and Council will work together in 2023 on a strategy to address this, and we will need help from our membership and stakeholders. Whether it’s through contributing expertise, helping to grow our Fellowship, supporting the modernisation of our governance, submitting papers to our journals, venue hire, donating to the care of our precious collections, or simply spreading the word about our wonderful organisation, all your help is appreciated.

Our strategy will also focus on income diversification in order to continue (and hopefully expand!) our activity and impact. Despite the creativity and hard work of everyone involved in the Society’s activities, we are facing uncertain times: rising inflation and energy bills, as well as increased rents and lack of resolution on the Burlington House lease, are all putting pressure on the organisation’s finances. We are indebted to the people who have left generous legacies and donations to the Society in 2022, enabling us to continue our charitable work. Indeed, thank you to everyone, and particularly the Fellowship, Council and staff, for your ongoing support.

Professor Gail Cardew FLS, CEO

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PEOPLE

Officers and Council listed on pp. 3-4

Linnean Society Staff Team

CEO

Head of Finance Head of Collections Head of Operations Head of Engagement Governance Manager Governance Manager Room Hire Manager & Membership Assistant Communications & Events Manager Librarian Archivist Archivist (Maternity Cover) Assistant Librarian & Archivist Digital Assets Manager Conservator Publications Manager Education Manager Education Manager Multimedia Content Producer BioMedia Meltdown Project Manager Education Assistant Editorial Assistant ( Botanical Journal ); Journal Editorial Manager Office Cleaner P/T

Professor Gail Cardew (2021) Priya Nithianandan (1991) Dr Isabelle Charmantier (2017) Helen Shaw (2017) Anna Perman (May 2022) Cathy Youthed (2021–July 2022) Andrew Swan (Nov 2022) Tatiana Franco (2015) Padmaparna Ghosh (2020) Will Beharrell (2019) Liz M[c] Gow (2016) Alex Milne (2021) Luke Thorne (2019) Andrea Deneau (2010) Janet Ashdown (2002) Leonie Berwick (2007) Joe Burton (2017–July 2022) Ayesha Meredith-Lewis (Sept 2022) Ross Ziegelmeier (2015) Daryl Stenvoll-Wells (2019–Feb 2022) Zia Forrai (2018–July 2022) Dr Hassan Rankou (2012–Aug 2022; Sept 2022)

Fatima Mendoca (2015)

Curators, Editors and Committees 2022

Curators

Fish, Shells & General Zoology

Insects Plants Artefacts Honorary Archivist

Oliver Crimmen (2017) Suzanne Ryder (2017) Dr Mark A. Spencer (2013) Glenn Benson (2014) Gina Douglas (2009)

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Editors

Biological Journal Professor John A. Allen (1997) Botanical Journal Professor Mike Fay (2008) Zoological Journal Dr Maarten Christenhusz (2018) Evolutionary Journal Dr Steven Dodsworth (2020) Synopses Series Dr John Crothers (1991) & Dr Peter J. Hayward (2002) The Linnean Leonie Berwick (2022)

Committee Chairpersons

Editorial The Editorial Secretary (e.o.) Finance The Treasurer (e.o.) Collections The Collections Secretary (e.o.) Programmes One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Education & Public Engagement One of the Scientific Secretaries (e.o.) Nominations & Awards The President (e.o.) Linnean Future A member of Council (e.o.)

The CEO as well as the Officers are currently ex officio members of all Committees.

Committee Membership

Editorial Committee

The Editorial Secretary (e.o.) (Chair)

The Editors (e.o.)

Representatives from the publisher, Oxford University Press (OUP)

Dr Rebecca A. Farley-Brown (2001)

Note: Editorial Committee to be renamed the Publishing Committee from 2023.

Finance Committee

The Treasurer (e.o.) (Chair)

Head of Finance (e.o.)

Giles Coode-Adams (2001) Dr Charlotte Grezo (2020) Edward Hoare (1998)

Professor Gren Lucas OBE HonFLS (1995)

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Collections Committee

The Collections Secretary (e.o.) (Chair)

The Curators (e.o.)

Collections staff, and Engagement staff (e.o.)

Susan Gove (2001) Andrea Hart (2015) Dr D. J. Nicholas Hind (1995) Debbie Lane (2020) Chris Saunders (2021)

Nominations Committee

The President (e.o.) (Chair) Steph Holt (2022) Howard Nelson (2022) Elaine Shaughnessy (2022)

Medals and Awards Committee

The President (e.o.) (Chair) Engagement staff Rich Boden (2022) Julia Day (2022) Kayla King (2022) Sandra Knapp (2022)

Programmes Committee*

Scientific Secretary, Prof Alan Hildrew (Chair) Events & Communications Manager (e.o.) Education Manager (e.o.) Head of Collections (e.o.) Professor Jeff Duckett (2018) Dr Michelle Jackson (2021)

Dr Leanne Melbourne (2020)

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Education and Public Engagement Committee*

Scientific Secretary, Professor Simon Hiscock (Chair) Engagement staff, and Collections staff (e.o.) Lyn Baber (2018) Charlotte Coales (2019) Michael Holland (2020) Susie Kelpie (2019) Geoff Lockwood (2013)

Dr Jonathan Mitchley (2020)

Professor Dawn Sanders (2019)

Dr Jane Taylor (2013)

*Note: Programmes Committee and Education and Public Engagement Committee were disbanded in 2022. The new Engagement Committee will be formed in 2023.

Safeguarding Committee

Education Manager (Chair)

Governance Manager Head of Operations Engagement staff (e.o.) Philip Sadler (2021)

Remuneration Committee

The Treasurer (Chair)

The President

CEO

Head of Finance Philip Sadler (2022)

Audit Review Committee

The President (Chair)

The Treasurer

Professor Brycchan Carey (2021)

Dr Natasha de Vere (2020)

Fellowship representative, Dr Tiina Särkinen (2021)

Fellowship representative, Mr Simon King (2021)

A representative of Knox Cropper (Auditors) and Head of Finance in attendance

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

The full financial accounts were prepared to conform to the Statements of Recommended Practice (SORP – FRS 102), and are presented after the report of the External Auditors.

SUMMARY

As expected, the Society’s income fell in 2022 following the end of the transition payments of £150,000 per annum from our publisher Oxford University Press that we received for the five years up to 2021. Total income before donations and legacies was down £87,297 to £2,009,817 (2021: £2,097,114). Donations and legacies added £35,009 (2021: £403,430), taking the total income to £2,044,826 (2021: £2,500,544). Our expenditure was up £68,173 on last year to £1,651,614 (2021: £1,583,441), with increased spending on our publications, collections, scientific meetings and research sponsorship being offset by lower educational expenditure this year.

Overall, our surplus of income over expenditure (before movements in investments) in 2022 was £393,212 (2021: £917,103). This metric, which excludes net gains / losses on investments, is the best way to assess the ongoing ‘operational’ financial performance of the Society.

The book value of our investments reduced during the year by £564,683 (2021: gain of £442,962) taking the overall net deficit for 2022 to £171,471 (2021: surplus of £1,360,065).

As a result of investment losses impacting restricted funds to a greater extent than our unrestricted funds, our unrestricted funds actually increased marginally year on year to £6,396,138 (2021: £6,382,976). We continue to try to balance the active use of our funds for charitable purposes with ensuring a sustainable financial position given the significant future challenges and uncertainties we face, particularly in relation to the lease for Burlington House.

INCOME

Publications and Royalties

As usual, the overwhelming majority of our income came from our scientific research journals. As a result of the conclusion of transitional payments in 2021, total income from publications in 2022 decreased by 9.2% in 2022 to £1,666,215 (2021: £1,834,095). After deducting production, distribution, and editorial costs payable by the Society, the net contribution of our journals was £1,404,641, a decrease of 3.5% on 2021 (£1,454,964).

For our main journals, the Society continues a policy of hybrid publication, enabling those authors who wish to or are required to publish Open Access to do so, while maintaining a default policy of not economically disenfranchising those authors with no or low funding by not levying page charges. As the journals are our primary source of income, the Society, along with our publisher, keeps a close eye on the worldwide changing policies of Open Access. The initial launch of our first online-only fully OA journal, the Evolutionary Journal of the Linnean Society, is yet to make a material contribution, but we continue to invest in this this important initiative.

This coming year will see changes to the Editors in Chief of several of our journals. The Society extends particular thanks to Professor Mike Fay and Dr Maarten Christenhusz who will be stepping down this year, and welcomes Dr Jeffrey Streicher, Julia Day and Seven Dodsworth to their new posts.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Membership Contributions

The membership of the Society now stands at 3,086, compared with 3,145 at the end of 2021. This includes all fee and non-fee paying members. Of this number, there are 2,564 paying Fellows (2021: 2,801), 154 Associates (2021: 133), and 254 students (2021: 240). Membership contributions were down fractionally to £153,914 (2021: £154,753). Our “customer relationship management” system has enabled us to improve our data, provide better ways for our members to engage with the Society and has also helped to make the collection of annual fees more efficient. However, the Society still have an issue with late payers and defaulters.

Donations and Legacies

Grants, donations and legacies play an important role in sustaining our charitable activities and we are most grateful to all those funders and donors who have supported the Society during the year. In particular, we received generous bequests from the late Mr JA Barkar (final payment) and Professor DT Donovan totalling £19,332. The AdoptLINN Programme received £10,500 to support the conservation of books and other important items in our collections, a significant increase over 2021.

Investments

As a result of stock market falls following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and increased interest rates across the globe, the value of our investment portfolio fell by £564,683 during the year. Whilst disappointing, this compares with aggregate gains over the previous three years of just under £1 million.

The fall in the value of our investments in the year was offset by transfers of cash to our investment managers, Evelyn (the new name for Tilney), for investment. As a result, at the end of the year, the market value of our investments stood at £4,810,503 (2021: £5,121,489).

Encouragingly, we have already re-couped some of the losses we suffered in 2022 in the first two months of 2023. Nevertheless, markets remain volatile and it is inevitable that our portfolio will suffer losses from time to time.

Investment policy

Our aim is to enhance the value of both capital and income on a long-term sustainable basis. In order to meet this aim, the investment portfolio is of a prudent nature avoiding over concentration in individual investments and is invested across asset classes to mitigate exposure to any one investment category. Although the Society accepts that investment involves some element of risk, the overall portfolio has a balanced approach across asset classes and markets in order to avoid excessive risk. More speculative investments are avoided. The investment strategy adopted by the Society targets returns over the medium term of at least 3% per annum better than inflation as measured by the UK consumer price index.

During the year, we have continued to implement the ethical investment policy that we adopted in 2020 to ensure that our investment strategy seeks to minimise and ideally eliminate irresponsible corporate behaviour. The policy is intended to be entirely consistent with the duty to secure maximum returns from the prudent investment of charitable funds. The Society positively supports investments in well managed companies that are ethically, environmentally and socially responsible. The Society expects Evelyn, as part of its normal investment research and analysis process, to take account of social, environmental, ethical and governance considerations in the selection, retention and realisation of investments. This includes consideration of key issues such as: climate change, biodiversity, labour standards, human rights, racial or sexual discrimination, public health, corporate

Page 28 of 57

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

governance, executive pay and business ethics. The Society encourages its Evelyn to raise issues with organisations in which it invests, to raise standards in a way which is consistent with improvements in long term shareholder value.

We have been working with Evelyn to develop measuring tools to assess the effectiveness of our ethical investment policy and evaluate our portfolio relative to external benchmarks. This is a complex area and reliable data are hard to establish. As at September 2022, our portfolio was ranked in line with relative benchmarks according to MSCI ratings, and we have subsequently made several adjustments to the portfolio to improve our overall rating.

We expect to continue the policy of making regular transfers of surplus cash to Evelyn for investment, particularly in view of the potential for higher levels of inflation to affect the real value of our cash.

Other income

Income from room hire, catering and other activities continued to be negatively affected by the residual impact of the pandemic, but did show a marked improvement over 2021. We also benefitted from a foreign exchange gain of £30,589 from a holding of US dollars (which has been converted into Sterling after the year end).

The Society is working hard to increase the revenue it generates from its digital assets, although this is yet to make a meaningful contribution.

EXPENDITURE

Over 98% of the Society’s expenditure was used to further our charitable objectives in 2021, with only £23,446 spent on managing investments.

Charitable Activities

Our seven core charitable activities reported in the Accounts are: Education, Publications, Scientific Meetings, Collections, Collections (Curatorial) Collections (Conservation & Digitisation), and Research Sponsorship. Our total expenditure on these charitable activities in 2022 was £1,628,168 (2021: £1,559,855). The work of the Society in safeguarding and promoting our heritage collections, advancing scientific knowledge and understanding, and engaging the public and educational outreach, is set out in detail in the President’s and CEO’s reports above.

We contributed £30,508 to the LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund, enabling us to make 34 grants ranging from £500 to £1,500 to support research projects across the globe. Total direct research sponsorship (before support costs) in 2022 came to £54,562.

Expenditure on staff salaries, National Insurance and pensions increased significantly during the year to £769,386 (2021: £705,178), reflecting higher average staff numbers during the year and cost of living increases for all staff. In 2022, we welcomed Anna Perman as Head of Engagement, a new position created during the year, Ayesha Meredith-Lewis as our new Education Manager, and Andrew Swan as our Governance Manager, who has taken over from Cathy Youthed. The average number of employees in 2022 was 23 versus 21 in 2021.

Our direct Editorial Costs increased during the year to £170,010 (2021: £121,566), in part reflecting the investment in the new Evolutionary Journal. This increase was partially offset by lower production and distribution costs incurred on our behalf by OUP.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Rent, and other charges by our Landlord, the Department of Levelling Up, Housing and Communities, amounted to £210,912 (2021: £200,167). Significant uncertainty remains over future rental costs with no resolution of the ongoing dialogue.

As in previous years, a lot of planned maintenance expenditure was deferred and will be incurred in subsequent years.

FUNDS

The Society’s reserves are split between Permanent Endowments and Restricted Funds (£3,128,141, including heritage assets of £1,500,000 that cannot be monetised) and Unrestricted Funds of £6,396,138. Within Unrestricted Funds, the Society holds designated reserves to reflect funds to be spent on fixed assets and earmarked for planned future expenditure. £2,567,515 (2021: £2,787,868) of the Unrestricted Funds has been set aside in Designated Funds to cover this future expenditure, including that associated with the lease, and other financial liabilities.

Designated Funds

The Collections Fund stands at £20,000. The Development Fund stands at £200,000. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.75M The Legal Fund stands at £100,000 to cover the costs of renegotiating the lease on New Burlington House if a satisfactory agreement can be reached with our landlord.

During the course of the year, we took the decision to pay off our mortgage on Toynbee House in full in response to the rising interest rate we were paying. The total amount required for this was £220,353, which came from the Mortgage Liability Fund, reducing the balance on this fund to nil.

Reserves Policy

The Society’s General Reserve is held to enable the Society to continue to operate effectively in the event that income is unexpectedly reduced. The General Reserve is also held to provide funding for projects which have not attracted external funding. The Trustees consider that a minimum of five months of operational expenditure should be held in the General Reserve with a minimum of approximately £600k to £800k. Encouragingly, the General Reserve Fund now stands at £3,823,293 (2021: £3,595,108). The Trustees consider the current balance reasonable in the context of budgeted costs and uncertainty over continued occupation of Burlington House.

OUTLOOK

The Society remains in a relatively healthy financial position, but there continue to be significant challenges ahead. We need to continue to find ways to grow our income streams, which remain heavily dependent on revenue from OUP, which is under long-term threat from trends in publishing. Our financial strategy needs to focus on income diversification in order to be able to continue and expand our activity and impact.

We expect our charitable activities to increase in 2023, as the residual effects of the Covid-19 pandemic continue to fade, which will result in increased expenditure in some areas. Our employment

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

costs will rise through the cost of living increases we implemented in 2022 and as we reflect market forces in our compensation levels. Inflation in fuel bills and elsewhere will add to our costs and we continue to discuss the ever-increasing rental and other charges associated with Burlington House with the Government. As a result, we expect to be broadly break-even on an “operational” basis in 2023.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Trustees of the Society extend their gratitude to all the Officers and Staff for continuing to be so careful in control of expenditure in their areas of responsibility and to thank the volunteers for their much-appreciated contributions. Finally, it is appropriate to once again thank the Head of Finance, Priya Nithianandan, for his careful and constant oversight of all the Society’s financial activities.

Edward Banks FLS, Treasurer

RISK ASSESSMENT

The Trustees regularly review the Risk Register, which summarises the major strategic, business and operational risks which the Society faces and have implemented appropriate systems and procedures to mitigate these risks. The Society also has a Business Continuity Plan (BCP) and a Disaster Plan, which were developed to enable the Society to continue normal operations in the event of a serious disruptive incident. The BCP is also regularly reviewed and updated as needed.

STATEMENT OF TRUSTEES’ FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES UNDER THE CHARITIES ACT

The Trustees are required to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Society and of the surplus or deficit of the Society for that year. In preparing those financial statements, the Trustees are required to:

Select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently
Make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent
Prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Society will continue in business

The Trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the Society and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with relevant legislation. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Society and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Responsibilities of the Treasurer

Fellows of the Society have, through the Society’s Bye Laws (BL) accepted at a General Meeting of the Society held on 15 February 1990 and published in July 1991, agreed (BL Section 12) that “the Treasurer (of the Society) shall require the keeping of detailed accounts of all receipts and payments (BL 12.1), shall be responsible for the financial affairs of the Society and shall advise the Officers and Council both of the long term trends and matters of the moment concerning financial strategy. Taking advice from the Finance Committee and Professional advisers, when appropriate, the Treasurer shall act in the name of the Society on matters of investment (BL 12.3)”.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOVNTS 2022 "A fim of chartered accountsnts 5haH be app(thted by the Fell(Ths at the Anniversary PAeeliry as Audttors for the followlng year (BL 12.51. Prlor to thelr presentatlon to the Annlversary meet[ the members of Counal who shall be elected at a General Meetlng. The coMmee shall report to Council and Fellows at the Anniversary Meeting IBL 12.6)". ThÈ5è accounts were apryd Coundl on 23 March 2023 and Signed behalfof the Trustees Treasurer Page 32 of 57

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS’ REPORT TO THE MEMBERS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON

OPINION ON FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

We have audited the financial statements of The Linnean Society for the year ended 31 December 2022 which comprise the Statement of Financial Activities, the Balance Sheet, the Cash Flow Statement and the related notes, including a summary of significant accounting policies. The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards, including Financial Reporting Standard 102 The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

In our opinion the financial statements:

give a true and fair view of the state of the charity’s affairs as at 31 December 2022 and of its incoming resources and application of resources, for the year then ended;
have been properly prepared in accordance with United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice; and
have been prepared in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011.

BASIS FOR OPINION

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the charity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

CONCLUSIONS RELATING TO GOING CONCERN

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the trustees’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the financial statements are authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the trustees with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

OTHER INFORMATION

The other information comprises the information included in the annual report, other than the financial statements and our auditor’s report thereon. The Trustees are responsible for the other information.

Our opinion on the financial statements does not cover the other information and we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the financial statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether there is a material misstatement in the financial statements or a material misstatement of the other information. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact. We have nothing to report in this regard.

MATTERS ON WHICH WE ARE REQUIRED TO REPORT BY EXCEPTION

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

the information given in the Report of the Trustees is inconsistent in any material respect with the financial statements; or
sufficient accounting records have not been kept; or
the financial statements are not in agreement with the accounting records and returns; or
• we have not received all the information and explanations we require for our audit.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRUSTEES AND AUDITORS

As explained more fully in the Trustees’ responsibilities statement, the Trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as the Trustees determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the Trustees are responsible for assessing the charity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the Trustees either intend to liquidate the charity or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022 AUDITOR'S RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS We have been appointed as auditor under section 144 of the Charities Act 2011 and report in accordance with the Act and relevant wulations made or hawng effect thereunder. Our objertives are to obtain rea$ble assuran about whether the finanoal statements as a whole are free from material misstatemen¢ whether due to fraud error, and to 155ue auditorfs report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance. but is not a guaranree that an audit conducted in a¢c¢rdante with ISAS IUKI will always detect a material misstatement when it exisis. Misstatement5 can arise Irom fraud or error and are considered material il, indNidually or in the aggregate, they COU ieas¢)nabty be experted to influence the economic decisions of user5 taken Tr) the basis ol these financial statements. Irregularities. induding fravd, a instances of non-compliance with and regulations. We deslgn procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect rnaterial mi55tatement5 in respect of irreglarItIes, including fraud. The extent to whkch our procedures are capable of detectin8 irre8ulèrities. includin8 fraud is detailed below.. The Charity is required to comply with the charity law and. based on ow knowledge of its acti¥ities. we identified that the legal requirewnent to accurately 3ccount for restricted fund5 was of key signifance. We gained an understandin8 of how the charity complied with its legal and regulatory framework, including the requirement w properly account lor restritted funds. through diseussions with management and a review of the documented polioes. procedures and controls. The audit team. which is experienced in Ihe audit of tharities. considered the charlS susceptibility lo materi31 misstatement and how fraud may rCUr. Our conyderatlDns induded the risk of management override. Our approach was to theck that all reStrle income was properly identified and separately auounted for and to ensure that only valid and appropriaie expenditurt was cha¢ed to restricted funds. This included reviewin8 journal adjustments and unusual transauions. A further description of our responsibilities lor the aLMJit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reportin8 Counufs websbte at.. htt www.lrc.or audiiorsre5 On5bilities. This description forms part of our auditor's report. USE OF OUR REPORT This report is made solety to the charws Trustees and members. as è body. in actordante with Sertion 144 of the (Tharities Act 20113nd re8uiith)ns made Section 154 of thèt Act. Our auclit work has been undertaken 50 thatwe may stste to the Trusteesand members those matters we are requiied to slate to them in an 3uditors' report and fw no other purpose. To the fullesi exteni permitted by law. we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than Trustees and membws as a body, for our audit woth, for ihls report, or lor the opinions we have formed. LLf Knox Cropper LLP. chartereAcnInts, StatstoryAuditiK 65 iezdenhall street London EC3A 2AD Oate- 23 March 2023 Knox Cropper is elvdible for appointment as auditor of the Charity by virtue of its Èliglbility ftr appointment as of a company under sectrf)n 1212 of the Companies Act 2c[. Page35 of57

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2022

Notes Income and Endowments From: Donations and Legacies 2 Charitable Activities Members’ Contributions Publications 3 Scientific Meetings Library Education Other Trading Activities 4 Investments Total Income and Endowments Expenditure On: Raising Funds Investment Management Costs Charitable Activities 6 Education Publications Scientific Meetings Collections Collections: (Curatorial) Collections: (Conservation & Digitisation) Research Sponsorship Total Expenditure Net Income/(Expenditure) before Investment Gains/(Losses) Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments Net Income/(Expenditure) NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS Fund balance brought forward at 31/12/2021 Fund balance carried forward at 31/12/2022	Unrestricted Restricted Endowment 2022 2021 Funds Funds Funds Total Total £ £ £ £ £ 34,157 852 - 35,009 403,430 153,914 - - 153,914 154,753 1,666,215 - - 1,666,215 1,834,095 5,642 - - 5,642 5,195 15,486 - - 15,486 8,285 2,597 - - 2,597 - 56,922 - - 56,922 10,612 74,666 34,375 - 109,041 84,174
	2,009,599 35,227 - 2,044,826 2,500,544
	16,209 7,237 - 23,446 23,586 202,287 405 - 202,692 272,710 440,949 - - 440,949 406,910 220,164 - - 220,164 192,799 345,435 26,138 - 371,573 317,810 160,924 - - 160,924 151,640 149,673 - - 149,673 141,671 65,139 17,054 - 82,193 76,315
	1,600,780 50,834 - 1,651,614 1,583,441
	408,819 (15,607) - 393,212 917,103 (395,657) (76,923) (92,103) (564,683) 442,962
	13,162 (92,530) (92,103) (171,471) 1,360,065

	13,162 (92,530) (92,103) (171,471) 1,360,065

	6,382,976 2,453,960 858,814 9,695,750 8,335,685
	£6,396,138 £2,361,430 £766,711 £9,524,279 £9,695,750

Page 36 of 57

LINNEAN SOCIEfi OF IONDON ANNUAL REPORT I ACCOUNTS 2022 FIXED ASS5 Tan&b]e Fixed Awts 10 717,869 5,121. cuRRASSErs ZgJ53 TOTAL CURR ASS 4131.944 4151810 tkn Within (kn Ye4r CREDITORS: Arnounts Fallln8 14 095, CAPITAL FUNDS 15 COME FiINDS 15 861A Ixwjxxj Esl8nad 16 17 2567515 3P8A1 1787J&8 39)5.1( 6M138 952LTg 6J81976 Ea&rara6aAkr P>of

LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

CASH FLOW STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31[ST] DECEMBER 2022

Notes 2022 £ CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Cash generated from operations 20 395,019 Interest paid (8,901) Net Cash provided by (used in) operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Dividends, interest and rents from investments 109,041 Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment (11,018) Purchase of Heritage Asset - Proceeds from sale of investments 11 328,831 Purchase of investments 11 (582,528) Net Cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Repayments of Borrowing (220,353) Net Cash provided by (used in) financing activities Change in cash and cash equivalents in the reporting period Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the reporting period Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt) 1st January 2022 £ Short Term Deposit 2,995,330 Cash in Bank and in Hand 647,975 3,643,305 Loans (220,353) Net Funds/(Debt) £3,422,952	Notes 2022 £ CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Cash generated from operations 20 395,019 Interest paid (8,901) Net Cash provided by (used in) operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Dividends, interest and rents from investments 109,041 Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment (11,018) Purchase of Heritage Asset - Proceeds from sale of investments 11 328,831 Purchase of investments 11 (582,528) Net Cash provided by (used in) investing activities CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Repayments of Borrowing (220,353) Net Cash provided by (used in) financing activities Change in cash and cash equivalents in the reporting period Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the reporting period Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the reporting period Analysis of Net Funds/(Debt) 1st January 2022 £ Short Term Deposit 2,995,330 Cash in Bank and in Hand 647,975 3,643,305 Loans (220,353) Net Funds/(Debt) £3,422,952	£ 386,118 (155,674) (220,353) 10,091 3,643,305 £3,653,396 Movement £ 7,320 2,771	2021 £ £ 791,082 (8,202) 782,880 84,174 (3,111) (5,000) 596,031 (1,240,261) (568,167) (10,275) (10,275) 204,438 3,438,867 £3,643,305 31st December 2022 £ 3,002,650 650,746 3,653,396 - £3,653,396






		10,091 220,353
		£230,444

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2022

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The accounts are prepared in accordance with Financial Reporting Standard 102 and the Charities SORP (FRS 102) and in compliance with the Charities Act 2011. The Society is a Public Benefit Entity.

Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets, at rates calculated to write each asset down to its estimated residual value over its expected useful life as follows:

Property	50 years
Lift and associated refurbishment work	30 years
Furniture and Fixtures	10 years
Environmental Control	10 years
Office Equipment	3 years

Investments are stated at mid-market value. Gains and losses on disposals and revaluations of fixed asset investments are reported in the Statement of Financial Activities and added to the funds to which they relate.

Investment income is accounted for gross in the year of receipt.

Donations and legacies are accounted for when the Society is unconditionally entitled to receipt. No account is taken of stock held for resale. Contributions income is stated net of amounts received in respect of future years.

The Society is partially exempt for VAT purposes. Expenditure is stated net of VAT with irrecoverable VAT shown as a separate expense item.

Support costs are allocated to charitable activities on the basis of estimates of staff time spent on those activities and, in relation to accommodation costs, the relative space used by those activities.

Heritage assets donated to the Society are valued by an independent expert at the time of their donation.

Expenditure is accounted for when there is a constructive or contractual liability arising. A provision is made when the amount payable cannot be determined with certainty.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

2. DONATIONS AND LEGACIES

2. DONATIONS AND LEGACIES
Other Funds for Grants and Awards John Marsden Fund Insurance Claim Student Members Donations Legacies Other Donations 3. PUBLICATIONS Joint Publication Account (Note 5) Contract Publication Income Other Publication Sales Royalties 4. OTHER TRADING ACTIVITIES Room Hire Catering Student Research Conference Lancaster Uni –Return of funds Translation Gain – US Dollar Other	2022 Unrestricted Restricted Funds Funds £ £ 9,518 - - 852 - - - 19,332 - 5,307 - £34,157 £852 2022 £ 1,664,251 - 1,627 337 £1,666,215 2022 £ 15,454 77 - 8,978 30,589 1,824 £56,922	2021 Total Funds £ 8,927 485 26,726 475 355,328 11,489
		£403,430
		2021 £ 1,682,863 150,000 850 382
		£1,834,095
		2021 £ 5,634 371 1,398 - - 3,209
		£10,612

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

5. JOINT PUBLICATION ACCOUNT

2022	Society Share £ 1,664,251 89,600	2021 Total Publisher Share £ £ 2,243,817 2,243,817 560,954 141,778 141,778 35,445	Society Share £ 1,682,863 106,333
Total Publisher Share £ £ 2,219,002 2,219,002 554,751 119,467 119,467 29,867




2,099,535 524,884	1,574,651 (170,010)	2,102,039 525,509	1,576,530 (121,566)

	£1,404,641		£1,454,964
	1,664,251 (259,610)		1,682,863 (227,899)
	£1,404,641		£1,454,964

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

6. CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

Education Education Costs Local Nature Grant Lancaster University Science Hunter Stemettes Science Writers Support Costs Total Publications Joint Publication Account (Note 5) The Linnean Newsletter and Pulse Support Costs Scientific Meetings Expenditure Support Costs Collections Expenditure Cataloguing Conservation Archives Project Support Costs Collections (Curatorial) The Linnaeus Link Project Support Costs Collections: (Conservation & Digitisation) Hosting of images Insurance damage Support Costs Research Sponsorship Total	Activities Undertaken Directly Grant Funding Activities Support Costs (Note 8) Total 2022 Total 2021 £ £ £ £ £ 4,372 - - 4,372 21,520 - - - - 6,000 - - - - 16,920 - - - - 23,000 - - - 7,810 - - 198,320 198,320 197,460
	4,372 - 198,320 202,692 272,710
	259,610 - - 259,610 227,899 13,166 - - 13,166 21,024 - - 168,173 168,173 157,987
	272,776 - 168,173 440,949 406,910
	9,270 - - 9,270 3,922 - - 210,894 210,894 188,877
	9,270 - 210,894 220,164 192,799
	21,145 - - 21,145 8,899 - - - - 579 - 26,138 26,138 - - - 324,290 324,290 308,332
	21,145 26,138 324,290 371,573 317,810
	2,769 - - 2,769 10,250 - - 158,155 158,155 141,390
	2,769 - 158,155 160,924 151,640
	25,474 - - - - - 25,474 - 30,980 5,715 - - 124,199 124,199 104,976
	25,474 - 124,199 149,673 141,671
	- 54,562 27,631 82,193 76,315
	£335,806 £80,700 £1,211,662 £1,628,168 £1,559,855

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6. CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES (CONTINUED)

The grants set out above include grants made to individuals. In total, grants were paid to 34 individuals (2021: 37) during the year.

7. GOVERNANCE COSTS

GOVERNANCE COSTS
Expenses of Officers and Council Audit Fee Legal and Professional Fees Staff and Other Related Costs	2022 £ 3,541 6,150 4,800 55,068 £69,559	2021 £ - 5,900 13,555 44,976
		£64,431

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Education £ 159,719 19,299 7,917 - - 11,385	Publications £ 100,488 13,798 4,891 3,316 36,026 9,655	Scientific Meetings £ 105,108 22,516 9,781 5,211 56,172 12,107	Library £ 150,273 20,098 9,781 10,659 114,861 18,617	Collections Curatorial £ 84,741 17,321 12,718 2,841 31,454 9,079	Collections Conservation & Digitisation Research Sponsorship Total 2022 Total 2021 £ £ £ £ 79,688 17,625 697,642 669,382 21,392 - 114,424 36,956 12,718 - 57,806 66,497 237 711 22,975 23,180 3,033 7,709 249,255 265,349 7,130 1,587 69,560 64,176
£198,320	£168,174	£210,895	£324,289	£158,154	£124,198 £27,632 £1,211,662 £1,125,540
£197,460	£157,987	£188,877	£308,332	£141,390	£104,976 £26,518 £1,125,540
	2022 Total £ 641,859 69,518 58,009		2021 Total £ 582,678 69,663 52,837
	£769,386		£705,178
	25,095 697,642 46,649		- 669,382 35,796
	£769,386		£705,178

The average number of employees was 23 (2021: 21).

One employee earned more than £60,000. The total emoluments of the senior management team amounted to £300,246 (2021: £210,428). Council and Committee members provide their services gratis and receive only out of pocket expenses.

Travel and subsistence expenses claimed for by Officers and Council and Committee members in 2022 amounted to £3,541 (2021: 0)

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

9. HERITAGE ASSETS

HERITAGE ASSETS
Heritage assets acquired since 2010	2022
COST At 1st January 2022 made up of Darwin’s Books 1,500,000 Nepal Maps 21,000 Smith Diaries 5,000 Opie Paintings 25,000 The Transylvania Florilegium Vol 1 5,475 The Transylvania Florilegium Vol 2 5,475 Tyley Drawing 5,000 At 31st December 2022 DEPRECIATION At 1st January 2022 Charge for the Year At 31st December 2021 NET BOOK VALUE At 31st December 2021 At 31st December 2022	£
	1,566,950
	- -
	-

	£1,566,950
	£1,566,950

In 2015, the Society received from the Charles Darwin Trust a gift of Darwinian and Wallacean material which contained many key works, manuscripts and letters which has been valued at £1.5m. In accordance with FRS 102, donated heritage assets have been included at valuation.

The Society also holds a large number of scientific and historic assets which cannot easily be valued and which will not be sold because the maintenance is part of the primary objective of the Society. As a result, these heritage assets are not included in the Balance Sheet. These assets comprise:

a. biological specimens b. books and c. manuscripts, d. portraits and busts periodicals including notebooks, letters and artworks

These heritage assets the Society are of primary value, internationally, to the biological sciences, and in terms of cultural value, to the history of science. The main collections of dried plant material, preserved animal specimens, books and manuscripts and correspondence of Carl Linnaeus and Sir James Edward Smith provide the foundation for classification, taxonomy and nomenclature.

All this material is irreplaceable and so it is stored under optimum environmental conditions. The collections themselves are accessible physically by any bona fide research worker, accompanied by a curator or appropriate member of staff. The Society, with generous grant funding, has financed the digitisation of this material, and these images are accessible to all, at no charge, through the Society’s website.

The Society’s Collection Development Policy recommends that any additional material must be in fields relevant to existing material.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

The Society’s insurance policies cover damage to the fabric of the building and the seek-and-find or repair of the Library’s book stock, manuscripts, paintings and busts, but not the plant and animal collections as they are unique and irreplaceable. As such, they are invaluable to research and science but are valueless for insurance purposes.

10. TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

Freehold Property Lift and Building Works £ £ 518,854 225,752 - -	Air Conditioning £ 57,759 -	Office Equipment Other Total £ £ £ 181,239 317,297 1,300,901 11,018 - 11,018
518,854 225,752	57,759	192,257 317,297 1,311,919
69,005 67,725 7,377 7,525	57,759 -	176,437 212,106 583,032 7,367 19,310 41,579
76,382 75,250	57,759	183,804 231,416 624,611
£442,472 £150,502	£-	£8,453 £85,881 £687,308
£449,849 £158,027	£-	£4,802 £105,191 £717,869

11. INVESTMENTS

Investments are held on a long-term basis to generate investment income for the Society.

2022 Book Cost Market Value £ £ 67,356 39,862 2,533,198 2,866,425 1,167,960 1,904,216 £3,768,514 £4,810,503 5,121,489 582,528 (328,831) 40,352 (605,035) £4,810,503	2021 Book Cost Market Value £ £ 67,356 44,717 2,170,950 2,843,342 1,236,169 2,233,430 £3,474,475 £5,121,489 4,034,297 1,240,261 (596,031) 109,685 333,277 £5,121,489	2021 Book Cost Market Value £ £ 67,356 44,717 2,170,950 2,843,342 1,236,169 2,233,430 £3,474,475 £5,121,489 4,034,297 1,240,261 (596,031) 109,685 333,277 £5,121,489
Book Cost £ 67,356 2,533,198 1,167,960 £3,768,514	Book Cost £ 67,356 2,170,950 1,236,169 £3,474,475
		£5,121,489
		4,034,297 1,240,261 (596,031) 109,685 333,277
		£5,121,489

Realised Gains represent the difference between the sales proceeds and original cost of

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

investments sold during the year. Revaluation gains and losses arise from the revaluation of investments to market value at the year-end.

12. DEBTORS

Due from Publisher Prepayments Other Debtors	2022 £ 389,994 57,576 30,978 £478,548	2021 £ 440,979 52,549 14,977
		£508,505

13. CREDITORS: Amounts falling due within one year

Contributions received in advance Publishing income received in advance Rent Provision VAT Deferred Expenditure Other Creditors	2022 £ 64,624 1,160,002 22,880 219,529 16,500 188,891 £1,672,426	2021 £ 60,317 1,184,657 22,880 225,519 16,500 132,142
		£1,642,015

14. CREDITORS: Amounts falling due after one year

Mortgage on Toynbee Property	2022 £ - £-	2021 £ 220,353
		£220,353

The Toynbee mortgage was paid off in full in the latter part of 2022.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2022

Westwood Fund Trail-Crisp Fund Hooker Fund Goodenough Fund Minchin Fund Jane Jackson Fund The HH Bloomer Fund P. Appleyard Fund Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund Omer Cooper Fund Bonhote Fund Jill Smythies Prize Fund Irene Manton Prize Fund A.G. Side Fund Jan Gillett Fund Denis Owen Fund Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund Trewavas/Greenwood Fund Eleanor McMillan Fund Zimmerman Fund John Marsden Fund The John Topp Fund	Permanent Endowments Balance at 1. 1.22 Endowments Received Gain/(Loss) on MV Balance 31.12.22 £ £ £ £ 8,375 - (865) 7,510 7,567 - (803) 6,764 19,472 - (2,067) 17,405 - - - - - - 87,504 - (9,288) 78,216 20,824 - (2,170) 18,654 87,779 - (9,126) 78,653 50,738 - (5,335) 45,403 - - - 35,273 - (3,585) 31,688 58,742 - (6,235) 52,507 73,048 - (7,753) 65,295 - - - - - - - - - 216,084 - (22,935) 193,149 - - - - - - 193,408 - (21,941) 171,467 - - - - - - - -		Restricted Funds Balance at 1.1.22 Incoming Resources Resources Expended & Transfers Gain/(Loss) on MV Balance at 31.12.22 £ £ £ £ £ 212 175 (175) 212 2,602 206 (68) (215) 2,525 16,427 635 (209) (1,075) 15,778 36,407 682 (883) (3,372) 32,834 1,693 36 (36) (180) 1,513 - 1,878 (1,878) - - 6,482 569 (387) (645) 6,019 17,328 2,027 (2,667) (896) 15,792 3,761 1,127 (371) (237) 4,280 78,906 1,423 (1,423) (7,039) 71,867 1,150 732 (732) (33) 1,117 1,460 1,261 (1,415) - 1,306 10,657 1,742 (1,573) (860) 9,966 74,741 1,423 (1,423) (7,036) 67,705 10,353 174 (57) (860) 9,610 2,218 - - 2,218 146,595 7,304 (2,391) (12,907) 138,601 40,593 737 (243) (3,646) 37,441 222,680 4,587 (1,494) (22,245) 203,528 38,144 4,437 (1,460) - 41,121 33,076 1,501 (1,299) (3,208) 30,070 158,000 2,571 (4,107) (12,469) 143,995 50,000 - (26,138) - 23,862
Gertrude Marsh-Looi Fund
PROJECT FUNDS Student Membership Fund HERITAGE ASSET Charles Darwin Trust TOTAL	£858,814 £- £(92,103) £766,711		953,485 £35,227 £(50,429) £(76,923) 861,360
	- - - -		475 (405) - 70
	£- £- £- £-		£475 £- £(405) £- £70

	- - - -	£1,500,000 - - - £1,500,000

	£858,814 £- £(92,103) £766,711	£2,453,960 £35,227 £(50,834) £(76,923) £2,361,430

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS 2021

Westwood Fund Trail-Crisp Fund Hooker Fund Goodenough Fund Minchin Fund Jane Jackson Fund The HH Bloomer Fund P. Appleyard Fund Dennis Stanfield Memorial Fund Omer Cooper Fund Bonhote Fund Jill Smythies Prize Fund Irene Manton Prize Fund A.G. Side Fund Jan Gillett Fund Denis Owen Fund Ivy Eleanor Sleep Fund Trewavas/Greenwood Fund Eleanor McMillan Fund Zimmerman Fund John Marsden Fund The John Topp Fund	Permanent Endowments Balance at 1. 1.21 Endowments Received Gain/(Loss) on MV Balance 31.12.21 £ £ £ £ 7,659 - 716 8,375 6,902 - 665 7,567 17,761 - 1,711 19,472 - - - - - - - - 79,816 - 7,688 87,504 19,028 - 1,796 20,824 80,224 - 7,555 87,779 46,321 - 4,417 50,738 - - - - 32,305 - 2,968 35,273 53,581 - 5,161 58,742 66,630 - 6,418 73,048 - - - - - - - - - - - - 197,099 - 18,985 216,084 - - - - - - - - 175,246 - 18,162 193,408 - - - - - - - -		Restricted Funds Balance at 1.1.21 Incoming Resources Resources Expended & Transfers Gain/(Loss) on MV Balance at 31.12.21 £ £ £ £ £ 212 146 (146) - 212 2,318 171 (65) 178 2,602 15,211 529 (203) 890 16,427 34,054 568 (1,006) 2,791 36,407 1,544 30 (30) 149 1,693 - 1,564 (1,564) - - 5,856 474 (382) 534 6,482 15,545 1,687 (646) 742 17,328 2,987 938 (360) 196 3,761 73,080 1,185 (1,185) 5,826 78,906 1,123 609 (609) 27 1,150 813 1,049 (402) - 1,460 10,051 1,450 (1,556) 712 10,657 68,916 1,185 (1,185) 5,825 74,741 9,551 145 (56) 713 10,353 2,218 - - - 2,218 135,191 6,033 (5,313) 10,684 146,595 37,196 614 (235) 3,018 40,593 201,956 3,745 (1,435) 18,414 222,680 35,855 3,712 (1,423) - 38,144 30,652 1,025 (1,256) 2,655 33,076 145,789 2,099 (210) 10,322 158,000
Gertrude Marsh-Looi Fund	- - - -		- 50,000 - - 50,000
PROJECT FUNDS Student Membership Fund HERITAGE ASSET Charles Darwin Trust TOTAL	£782,572 £- £76,242 £858,814		£830,118 £78,958 £(19,267) £63,676 £953,485
	- - - -		- 475 - - 475
	£- £- £- £-		£- £475 £- £- £475

	- - - -	£1,500,000 - - - £1,500,000

	£782,572 £- £76,242 £858,814	£2,330,118 £79,433 £ (19,267) £63,676 £2,453,960

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

15. ENDOWMENTS & RESTRICTED FUNDS (CONTINUED)

EXPLANATORY NOTE

Permanent Endowments represent capital funds where only the income arising may be spent. Unspent income balances are disclosed as separate restricted funds, available to be spent in the future, although, from time to time, unspent balances may be added to capital.

Restricted funds may only be spent for the purpose prescribed by the donor.

16. DESIGNATED FUNDS Mortgage Liability Collections Fund Development Fund Fixed Asset Fund Legal Costs Fund Building Fund	2022 £ - 20,000 200,000 497,515 100,000 1,750,000 £2,567,515	2021 £ 220,353 20,000 200,000 497,515 100,000 1,750,000
		£2,787,868

A Fixed Asset Fund has been set up as a separate designated reserve from 2013 to represent the extent to which the Society’s general reserve has been utilised to acquire fixed assets. This ensures that the balance on the general reserve gives a better indication of the funds available to the Society. Other Designated Funds have been established to reflect potential future costs and liabilities of the Society. With the uncertainty over the affordability to the Society of the rent for New Burlington House in the medium term, the Building Fund was set up in 2017 to cover the financial risks and liabilities associated with finding and moving to alternative premises if required. The balance of this fund now stands at £1.75M.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

17. GENERAL RESERVE Balance 1stJanuary Net Movement in funds for the year Transfer from Designated Funds Transfer (to) Designated Funds Transfer from Restricted Funds Balance at 31stDecember	2022 £ 3,595,108 13,162 - 220,353 - £3,828,623	2021 £ 3,241,724 1,159,981 43,403 (850,000) -
		£3,595,108

18. ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2022

Endowment and Restricted Funds Unrestricted Funds	Investments Fixed Assets Current Assets Liabilities Total £ £ £ £ £ 1,439,925 1,500,000 188,216 - 3,128,141 3,370,578 754,258 3,943,728 (1,672,426) 6,396,138
	£4,810,503 £2,254,258 £4,131,944 £(1,672,426) £9,524,279

ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS 2021

		Fixed	Current
	Investments	Assets	Assets	Liabilities	Total
	£	£	£	£	£
Endowment and	1,750,122	1,500,000	62,652	-	3,312,774
Restricted Funds
Unrestricted Funds	3,371,367	784,819	4,089,158	(1,862,368)	6,382,976
	£5,121,489	£2,284,819	£4,151,810	£(1,862,368)	£9,695,750

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

19. PREMISES

The Society has a long term (80 year) lease on its New Burlington House premises which was negotiated in 2005 with the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, now administered by the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities (DLUHC). The annual rent is based on Government accounting methodology involving annual valuations. Negotiations are continuing with DLUHC with the aim of acquiring an affordable and sustainable updated lease.

20. RECONCILIATION OF NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE) TO NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Net income for the reporting period Adjustments for: Interest paid Depreciation (Gains)/Losses on investments Dividends, interest and rents from investments (Increase)/Decrease in Debtors Increase/(Decrease) in Creditors	2022 £ (171,471) 8,901 41,579 564,683 (109,041) 29,957 30,411 £395,019	2021 £ 1,360,065 8,202 46,513 (442,962) (84,174) (18,671) (77,891)
		£791,082

21. RELATED PARTY DECLARATIONS

There were no transactions with related parties during the year.

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

22. STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[ST] DECEMBER 2021

Notes Income and Endowments From: Donations and Legacies 2 Charitable Activities Members’ Contributions Publications 3 Scientific Meetings Library Other Trading Activities 4 Investments Total Income and Endowments Expenditure On: Raising Funds Investment Management Costs Charitable Activities 6 Education Publications Scientific Meetings Collections Collections: (Curatorial) Collections: (Conservation & Digitisation) Research Sponsorship Total Expenditure Net Income/(Expenditure) before Investment Gains/(Losses) Net Gains/(Losses) on Investments Net Income/(Expenditure) NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS Fund balance brought forward at 31/12/2020 Fund balance carried forward at 31/12/2021	Unrestricted Restricted Endowment 2021 2020 Funds Funds Funds Total Total £ £ £ £ £ 352,470 50,960 - 403,430 244,981 154,753 - - 154,753 149,557 1,834,095 - - 1,834,095 1,807,830 5,195 - - 5,195 1,418 8,285 - - 8,285 6,055 10,612 - - 10,612 8,703 55,701 28,473 - 84,174 86,370
	2,421,111 79,433 - 2,500,544 2,304,914
	16,136 7,450 - 23,586 11,443 272,710 - - 272,710 242,684 406,910 - - 406,910 419,258 192,799 - - 192,799 188,646 317,810 - - 317,810 304,117 151,640 - - 151,640 156,157 141,671 - - 141,671 148,001 64,498 11,817 - 76,315 76,630
	1,564,174 19,267 - 1,583,441 1,546,936

	856,937 60,166 - 917,103 757,978
	303,044 63,676 76,242 442,962 71,563
	1,159,981 123,842 76,242 1,360,065 829,541

	1,159,981 123,842 76,242 1,360,065 829,541

	5,222,995 2,330,118 782,572 8,335,685 7,506,144
	£6,382,976 £2,453,960 £858,814 £9,695,750 £8,335,685

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

Appendix: Full Listing of the Linnean Society’s Meetings, Events and Workshops 2022

PROGRAMME OF EVENTS 2022
19 January 2022	Nigeria’s Role in Global	Charles Emogor
Lunchtime Lecture	Pangolin Trafficking
20 January 2022	The Case for Conservation	Martin Harper
Evening Meeting	Optimism
27 January 2022	Crooked Cats: Beastly Tales	Nayanika Mathur
Nature Reader	from India
08 February 2022	Describing Nature—Aspects of	Alex Milne
Linnean Lens	the Linnean ‘Society Papers’
	Collection
17 February 2022	Caught in the Middle: Oceanic	David Sims
Evening Meeting	Sharks, Climate Warming and Fishing
22 February 2022	Queer Zoology Since Aristotle	Ross Brooks
Special Event
23 February 2022	Energy and the Changing	Chris Rhodes
Lunchtime Lecture	Climate
25 February 2022	Invisible Empire: Natural	Pranay Lal
Nature Reader	History of Viruses
07–11 March 2022	The Student Futures and	In collaboration with the
Day Meeting	Research Conference 2022	British Ecological Society
17 March 2022	Captured Sunshine:	Yadvinder Malhi
Evening Meeting	Productivity and Energy Flow of Tropical Forests
30 March 2022	Are Plants Intelligent?	Stella Sandford
Lunchtime Lecture
31 March 2022	A World Without Soil	Jo Handelsman
Nature Reader
13 April 2022	The Naked Mole-Rat: Animal	Chris Faulkes
Lunchtime Lecture	Superhero

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

15 April 2022	Bats of Western Himalaya:	Rohit Chakravarty
Special Event	Stories from an Under- surveyed Region
21 April 2022	Can We Plant Our Way out of	Forrest Fleischmann
Evening Lecture	Climate Change?
26 April 2022	Alexander Garden’s Fishes	Ollie Crimmen and Isabelle
Linnean Lens		Charmantier
28 April 2022	Sounds Wild and Broken	David G. Haskell
Nature Reader
10 May 2022	Stories from Plant Collections:	Zoë Goodwin, Yvette Harvey,
Special Event	Science, History and Culture	Mark Nesbitt, Anneke Prins, Mark Spencer and Jonathan
		Drori (Chair)
12 May 2022	The MOSAiC Expedition	Markus Rex
Nature Reader
13 May 2022	Parkland Walk: A Stroll	Mark Spencer
Botany Walk	Through 150 years of London's
	Natural History
19 May 2022	The Potato Plague: A Painfully	Jean Ristaino
Evening Meeting	Interesting Subject
20 May 2022	How to Bee-Friendly: The Best	Natasha De Vere
Special Event	Plants for Bees and Other
	Pollinators
24 May 2022	Annual General Meeting	Linnean Society Staff
Members’ Event
25 May 2022	A (Clumsy) Journey of a	Juliano Morimoto
Lunchtime Lecture	Biologist in the World of Mathematics
01 June 2022	Saving Corals: From the Lab to	Jeremy Horowitz and Roshni
Special Event	the Field	Yathiraj
08 June 2022	Indispensable Sanctuaries	Sheri Speede
Lunchtime Lecture
14 June 2022	Charles Darwin’s Vasculum	Régine Fabri and Glenn Benson
Linnean Lens

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

16 June 2022	New Insights into the	Rich Boden
Evening Meeting	Thiotrichales including Hydrothermal Vent Species
22–24 June 2022	Tea: Nature, Culture, Society	Richard Coulton, Romita Ray,
Day Meeting		Jordan Goodman and Isabelle Charmantier
29 June 2022	The Mind of a Bee	Lars Chittka
Nature Reader
06 July 2022	NHM Explorers lunch	Anjali Goswami and Linnean
Special Event		Society Staff
07 July 2022	The Hidden World of Parasites	Beth Okamura
Evening Meeting
14 July 2022	Birds and Us: Our	Tim Birkhead
Nature Reader	Relationships with Birds
20 July 2022	Discovering Mexico’s Smallest	Tom Jameson
Lunchtime Lecture	Frogs
22 July 2022	Walthamstow Marshes Walk:	Mark Spencer
Botany Walk	An Overlooked and Ancient
	Biodiversity Hotspot
07 September 2022	Law and Botany: An Entangled	Jocelyn Bosse
Lunchtime Lecture	History
13 September 2022	Miracle in the Margins:	Will Beharrell
Linnean Lens	Richard Dreyer’s Illuminated
	British Flora
17 September 2022	London Open House	Linnean Society Staff
Special Event
22 September 2022	The Big Pause: Tracking	Christian Rutz
Evening Meeting	Wildlife During COVID-19
	Lockdowns
28 September 2022	A Biography of the Living Earth	Elsa Panciroli
Nature Reader
05 October 2022	Carrion Beetles: Nature’s	Ashleigh Whiffin
Lunchtime Lecture	Undertakers

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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON ANNUAL REPORT & ACCOUNTS 2022

06 October 2022	Jared Diamond on the Marvel	Jared Diamond
Special Event	of New Guinea Birds	(In collaboration with the British Ornithologists’ Club)
25 October 2022	Biodiversity and Finance:	Elree Winnett Seelig,
Science Policy Event	Making Space for a Common Planet	Mike Maunder and Lucy Fitzgeorge-Parker (Chair)
		(In collaboration with the
		Systematics Association)
02 November 2022	Amateur Lepidopterists and	Erica Fischer
Lunchtime Lecture	Museums: Past and Present
09 November 2022	Plagues upon the Earth: The	Kyle Harper
Nature Reader	Natural History of Human
	Germs
14 November 2022	Botanical Notebooks of Frank	Liz McGow and Janet Ashdown
Linnean Lens	Nicholls
24 November 2022	How Genome Size Constrains	Andrew Leitch
Evening Meeting	Plant Ecology and Distribution
02 December 2022	Founder's Day Lecture:	Isabelle Charmantier and
Evening Lecture	Linnaeus on Human Diversity	Staffan Muller-Wille
8 December 2022	Irene Manton Lecture: Can	Rebecca Willis
Special Event	Democracy Save Us from Climate Change?	(At the University of Manchester)
15 December 2022	Christmas Lecture: A World of	David Lindo
Evening Lecture	Urban Birds
01 September, 05 October,	Treasures Tours: Tours of our library and collections were held
03 November, 01 December	on these dates throughout the	autumn/winter.

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The Linnean Society of London

ANNUAL REPORT AND ACCOUNTS

Contents

1. LEGAL STATUS

2. ADDRESS

3. PRINCIPAL ADVISERS

4. PRINCIPAL OFFICERS

YEAR OF APPOINTMENT

LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

TRUSTEES

ABBREVIATIONS

ANNUAL REPORT

PRESIDENT’S REVIEW 2022

OVERVIEW 2022

Update on Burlington House Lease

Revision of our Bye-Laws

Committee Restructure

GDPR Update

Staff Changes

Her Majesty The Queen, Elizabeth II

RESEARCH AND SPONSORSHIP

Research Journals

LinnéSys: Systematics Research Fund

The John Topp Fund

Looking Ahead to 2023

OUR FELLOWSHIP

Expanding our Membership

Highlighting Your Achievements

In Remembrance

Moving Forward with our Fellowship

RECOGNISING EXCELLENCE

Categories

Medal and Award Winners 2022

A WEALTH OF KNOWLEDGE

Exhibitions Galore

Archive Ambitions

Space for Growth

Conservation of Collections

Future-Proofing in a Digital World

A Little Help from Our Friends

Collection Connections

A GLOBAL IMPACT

Team Players

Wide-Ranging Science for a Global Audience

Potential in Profitable Content

Social Skills

The Linnean

Treasures: A Little 19th-Century Humour

Expanding Engagement

SHARING OUR EXPERTISE

Natural History GSCE

Joseph Banks’s Icelandic Anniversary

Engaging with Nature at a Local Level

Celebrating ‘Nature Heroes’

A Team Effort

Connecting Through Collections

The Year to Come

INSPIRING OTHERS

Progress Through Partnerships

Biodiversity and Finance: Comfortable Bedfellows?

Bristol Natural History Consortium

Ties That Bind

Step by Step

FEEDBACK

Tours

On Twitter

Events

The Linnean

PUBLIC BENEFIT

CORE VALUES AND STRATEGIC PLANNING

LOOKING FORWARD 2023

‘ The way the Linnean Society draws people together is one of its strengths .’ Mark Fox FLS on Twitter

PEOPLE

Officers and Council listed on pp. 3-4

Linnean Society Staff Team

Curators, Editors and Committees 2022

Committee Chairpersons

Committee Membership

Editorial Committee