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2024-12-31-accounts

l e v e l p l a y i n g f i e l d . o r g . u k

Annual Report 2024

A n n u a l R e p o r t

Contents
President's foreword 3
Chair's report 5
About Level Playing Field 9
Knowledge centre 13
Campaigns 19
Fan engagement 23
Club resource 25
Lobbying 27
The staff team 34
A word from the Chief Executive 37

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President's foreword

David Bernstein CBE

Welcome to Level Playing Field’s Annual Report for 2024.

I would like to start with a thanks to the members of staff at Level Playing Field. The charity’s continued successes come as a result of their tireless efforts. The impact that our small team is able to have never ceases to impress me. Many disabled fans across England & Wales are seeing changes to their experiences when attending live sport and through that we are seeing the results of dedicated work from our staff. Some of these developments take a long time to come to fruition, but through persistence coupled by expertise they repeatedly achieve positive outcomes.

Important contributions are also made by our Trustees, so I would also like to recognise the impact they have had over the past year. Each of them offers unique insight on work of the charity, which it is abundantly clear they care very deeply about. When put alongside the staff team’s endeavours, they help Level Playing Field to be an entity which effectively represents and delivers for disabled fans.

I am also grateful to vice president Lord Faulkner of Worcester and my other fellow honorary officers. Your input is always something which proves incredibly valuable.

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In 2024, we were deeply saddened by the passing of Lord Rosser of Ickenham. He will be remembered for his warmth, empathy, and unwavering integrity. My deepest condolences go to Richard’s wife, Sheena, and the rest of the family. We will miss his expertise and advocacy, with which he played a vital role in much of the charity’s work over the past decade and beyond. His contributions to the work of Level Playing Field will leave a lasting legacy and we will ensure that through our continued efforts over the coming years.

A huge part of our work to support disabled fans requires us to combat issues on a national level and we have seen that this year, particularly when looking at inaccessible ticketing. Our scope is sometimes even required to go wider, as was the case with our survey which looked at experiences across Europe. At the centre of the charity’s activity however,representing individual supporters and finding solutions to directly direct improve their matchdays will always be a key focus.

To bring about meaningful change, our relationships with other organisations are of critical importance. Our track record as the leader on knowledge of access and inclusion for disabled spectators means governing bodies and major venues across a range of sports respect what Level Playing Field can offer. There are however many times when we are required to have difficult conversations and in these moments our credibility, as well as the strengthened ties we have developed, prove vital.

An area where I have been thrilled to see such proactive work with other organisations, has been through our ‘Unite For Access’ campaign. Since it rebranded in 2023, it has grown from strength to strength. We saw the strongest ever engagement from Premier League and EFL clubs, in 2024, while there was also a great deal of positive activity across the wider game. The campaign proves to be a catalyst for positive change and has become even more of a highlight in recent years.

In the next year, there will certainly be new challenges to meet, but Level Playing Field is well placed to address them, and I look forward to seeing what strides on furthering access and inclusion we make.

With best wishes,

David Bernstein CBE

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Chair's report

Tony Taylor

I am pleased to welcome you to our Annual Report for the year ending 31st December 2024, on behalf of the Board of Trustees at Level Playing Field. Special thanks must go to President, David Bernstein CBE, who has shared his comments above, as well as our Vice President Lord Faulkner, for the support to the charity which they have provided over the course of this year.

We were deeply saddened by the passing of Lord Rosser, in 2024, and pass on our heartfelt condolences to his wife Sheena and the rest of the family, as well as his friends and colleagues.

Lord Rosser served as Vice President of Level Playing Field for more than a decade and played a vital role in promoting equality and inclusion for disabled sports fans.

His expertise repeatedly proved essential in advancing access and was of critical importance in a political context. A key example of this was through his contribution to the Baroness Casey Review of events surrounding the UEFA Euro 2020 Final at Wembley.

He also performed important ambassadorial duties, including presenting Arsenal with their Level Playing Field Centre of Excellence Award and opening the charity’s first national forum.

I will personally miss his dedicated support, generosity and wisdom. The charity will now strive to continue his work to raise standards of access and inclusion.

Members of the staff team at Level Playing Field have all made tremendous contributions throughout 2024. Their relentless work to improve the experiences of disabled fans is something I am extremely thankful for. The knowledge and skill they each bring to the organisation is invaluable, but beyond that it is evident that the pride taken in their work allows them to achieve so much as a collective.

Beyond our immediate team, I am very grateful of the work done on a local level

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by disabled supporters’ associations. They have a direct impact on improving experiences at their specific clubs, while also feeding into the overall picture and supporting the charity’s central pursuits.

There were substantial challenges to address in 2024. The evolution of accessible ticketing trends is deeply concerning and Level Playing Field provided leadership in this area, by bringing disabled supporters’ associations together to highlight issues with a unified voice. We have also offered a solution driven approach and have been involved directly with service providers to address their processes and policies. This is clearly an area which will require continued attention in the years to come.

Rises in ableist abuse have also been troubling over the past year, with this apparent through the results of Level Playing Field’s Annual Fan Surveys and particularly prominent online across Euro 2024. It has been important to engage with other stakeholders on this matter, including Kick It Out and the Football Policing Unit, while we have also been able the address the subject publicly with significant media attention brought to these trends.

The 2024 Level Playing Field Annual Fan Survey saw us capture data from more respondents than ever before. The results have identified key areas for action, and I am grateful so many disabled fans shared their experiences with us. The survey results provide us with irrefutable evidence to push for change and the team at Level Playing Field will be doing that throughout the course of 2025. It was encouraging to see a drop in the proportion of fans telling us they are unable to attend some venues due to inaccessibility. The figures there remain unacceptable however and show how much work there is still to be done. Earlier in the year, we conducted a survey on the away day experiences of fans when travelling to Europe in club competitions. The need for urgent action on the standards of access and inclusion there were clear.

There were multiple examples of club staff facilitating a more accessible matchday for their clubs’ away fans, but an overreliance on that spoke volumes to the wider picture of failings across so many areas.

The results of the survey proved anecdotal reports of substandard access. Level Playing Field therefore called on UEFA to display leadership and a commitment to inclusion, in order to bring about meaningful change, and will continue to push for that. This should be seen as an opportunity to work with clubs and venues to

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ensure they deliver for disabled supporters, allowing fans to travel with confidence.

Although initially delayed by the general election, developments have since been made on the Football Governance bill. We particularly welcomed the Rt Hon Lisa Nandy’s assurances that putting fans ‘at the heart of the game’ was a priority. Level Playing Field raised that in order to ensure disabled fans are part of that, it is important to acknowledge existing failures to provide equitable matchday experiences across the sport and set out clear plans to rectify that.

The charity has continued to stress that engagement with supporters and experts must lead to the development of strategies and assigning of dedicated budgets. Without those steps being mandated, further engagement with disabled fans risks acting as little more than a gesture. Attention to this matter will continue to be a priority, as the bill progresses.

We were delighted to see the positive consequences of rebranding our campaign to ‘Unite For Access’ continue in its second year. More than 120 teams took part across all competitions, with our strongest ever participation coming across the Premier League and EFL. The level of awareness which came as a result has been so valuable in our efforts to improve the matchday experiences of disabled fans. The Trustees were also very pleased to have a more targeted focus with centralised messaging in 2024, with the education we were able to provide on non-visible disabilities gaining so much traction.

Beyond the engagement of the Premier League and EFL clubs individually, our collaboration with the two governing bodies directly this year has been very positive. A clear example of this was the approval a regulation requiring disabled away supporters with general admission tickets to be situated with their fellow away fans at stadia of all clubs across the EFL. This was a momentous boost to accessibility for wheelchair users, which addressed a key Level Playing Field Away Fan Survey finding.

We are also grateful to the Premier League, EFL and our other funders for the financial support they provide, alongside continued engagement on projects throughout the year. This is vital to the charity’s operation.

I would like to close off by sharing my immense appreciation of the contributions from my fellow trustees. I particularly admire the dedication shown in their work,

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which benefits everyone at Level Playing Field, as well as the supporters we serve. They are each steadfast in their commitment to furthering access and inclusion and I know that being a part of the change on that front, is something which rewards every effort. We will all continue in this pursuit throughout 2025, with the continuous aim to push forward improvements to the experiences of disabled fans attending live sport.

Thank you all for your support.

With best wishes,

Tony Taylor

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About Level Playing Field

A n n u a l R e p o r t

Level Playing Field is a registered charity in England and Wales, which acts as a campaigning and advisory organisation to its membership and other parties across all sports. We have a team of dedicated staff with specialist knowledge, skills and experience around issues concerning access and inclusion.

Level Playing Field embraces ’the social model of disability’ and promotes the removal of barriers that might prevent a disabled spectator from attending or enjoying a live sports event. We want to ensure that disabled people enjoy an equality of experience as they attend live sport. Level Playing Field is driven to address the current inequality of experience for disabled fans attending live sport. Whether it's lack of choice, availability of tickets or a second-rate experience we use a proactive and constructive approach to tackle these and other issues.

Our mission

Our aims

Level Playing Field promotes a positive, inclusive experience for disabled sports fans

Our vision

A world in which all disabled fans can freely access and enjoy live sporting events.

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Level Playing Field delivers its work through four key pillars:

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For the Fans
For the Clubs
Knowledge Centre
Campaigns
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Putting it simply, Level Playing Field campaigns and works towards improving the matchday experience for disabled fans by driving an equal matchday experience.

Why we do what we do

It is estimated that 50% of disabled people don’t take part in recreational or physical activity.

The barriers to why a disabled fan chooses not to attend live sport can be addressed through training, raising awareness, and updating facilities and services. Last year, Level Playing Field received hundreds of enquiries and complaints and we aim to address these common recurring issues.

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Level Playing Field are guided by the following principles:

Level Playing Field is working to remove the barriers that currently exclude disabled people. These barriers can be prejudice and stereotypes, the way things are organised and run, along with little to no access to information, buildings and transport.

Annual Report Knowledge centre

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E u r o p e a n f o o t b a l l s u r v e y
Survey
overview
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European away days

While the focus of Level Playing Field’s activity is dominated by furthering access and inclusion domestically, a significant number of the fans the charity serves and staff it works alongside had raised matters concerning their teams’ matches in Europe. A survey was therefor conducted with the purpose to gain an understanding of the experiences of disabled supporters from clubs across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland attending these matches, or the reasons why they have not been able to attend.

Unlike most Level Playing Field surveys, which seek to understand the experiences of disabled fans of all sports, at various levels, this survey was limited to supporters of football clubs who have participated in European club competitions within the last 5 years. The survey was live for one month, running from Thursday 18 April through to Sunday 19 May 2024. Responses were anonymous unless the respondent chose to give their name.

Some comparisons were made with our most recent Annual Fan Survey (2023) results data at the time of publication, which provided baseline data for the experiences of over 1600 disabled sports fans.

This survey was answered by 232 disabled football fans, who between them support a selection of teams that competed in UEFA club competitions over the five years following the start of 2019.

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Key findings

Poor Accessibility

The average rating for the level of accessibility and inclusion at clubs/stadiums in European club competitions was ‘poor’.

Only 20% of respondents gave a rating above ‘adequate’, whilst 53% selected options below ‘adequate’.

This is significantly worse than the average rating of ‘adequate’ from the equivalent question in our most recent Annual Fan Survey (2023), relating to stadiums in England and Wales. By contrast, only 21% of those respondents gave a rating below ‘adequate’.

Separated fans

Of the wheelchair users who told us that they had attended a European away match, 79% said that they had been required to sit with the home fans, as a visiting supporter.

UEFA shortcomings

When asked about UEFA’s communication with disabled fans, 29% of respondents rated it as ‘non-existent’.

Additionally, UEFA's commitment to providing an accessible and inclusive matchday experience for disabled fans was rated between ‘poor’ and ‘very poor’.

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Annual fan survey

Continuing rises in disability abuse and inaccessible public transport as barriers to attending live sport were revealed by the 2024 Level Playing Field Annual Fan Survey.

The results displayed the top ten overall barriers to disabled fans, with ‘cost of attending’ seeing the largest overall rise, while ‘physical access at stadiums’ and ‘attitudes of others’ remained the two most common respectively.

A record number of disabled supporters took part in the charity’s fourth annual survey, with more than 2000 total responses for the first time ever.

New areas of focus were included, on arrival and departure times, ticketing and payment methods.

The proportion of respondents that reported there were any sports or sporting venues they felt unable to attend due to inaccessibility dropped for a successive year. While that movement is encouraging, it still displays more than a fifth of disabled fans feel unable to attend certain venues due to inaccessibility.

Data from across all 2055 responses has been displayed in an overall report, with specific breakdowns also sent to all relevant clubs and governing bodies. This enables them to see localised trends and highlights particular areas raised by disabled fans, regarding their services, facilities and communication.

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Key findings

Arrival and Departure Times

71% of respondents confirmed that accessibility considerations had an impact on when they arrived at or left live sports events.

Of these supporters, two-thirds cited ‘crowding concerns’ as one of the reasons for that impact, with over half also citing ‘queuing for long periods of time’ as a reason.

Disability Abuse

Sadly, this year continued the year-on-year increase in the number of disabled fans who said that 'disability abuse is a barrier when attending live sport' - from 5.5% in 2021, to 6.5%, then 7%, and now 8.5% this year.

The ‘attitudes of others’ also remains the second-highest barrier to attending (26% of disabled fans).

Contactless Payments & Digital Tickets

For the first time, we asked respondents whether they would benefit from having the option to pay using cash inside stadiums and also if they would benefit from having a physical ticket, rather than a digital ticket.

A fifth of respondents (20%) said that they would benefit from the option to pay using cash, while over a quarter of respondents (26.5%) said that they would benefit from having a physical ticket.

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Club ratings - Nationwide

We asked respondents "Overall, how would you rate sports stadiums / clubs in England and Wales on access and inclusion?" The chart below shows the results.

Figure 10: Accessibility ratings for stadiums in England and Wales

Non-existent – 0.5% (Unchanged) Very poor – 4.5% (Up 0.5pp) Poor – 17.5% (Up 0.5pp) Adequate – 31% (Down 3pp) Good – 31% (Up 2pp) Excellent – 7.5% (Down 0.5pp) Don't know – 8% (Up 0.5pp)

Overall, fans gave an average rating of between ‘Adequate’ and ‘Good’, which is the same as the previous three years.

The results are comparable with previous years, and actually most similar to the results from 2021. The greatest increase is in respondents rating the access and inclusion as ‘good’, but unfortunately this is offset by an increase in the ratings of ‘very poor’ and ‘poor’ too, and a decrease in ‘excellent’ ratings. Overall there is no clear evidence that access and inclusion has improved in the four years that we have conducted our annual fan surveys.

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Annual Report Campaigns

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Unite For Access

The 2024 celebration of access and inclusion for disabled sport fans, saw the strongest ever engagement from Premier League and EFL clubs.

There was also positive activity across the women’s game, non-league football and the Welsh leagues.

More than 120 teams took part in ‘Unite For Access’ and such a level of awareness is valuable in Level Playing Field’s efforts to improve the matchday experiences of disabled fans, to ensure everyone can enjoy live sport.

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New Disabled Supporters’ Associations

Newly formed disabled supporters’ associations had a significant impact in their first year of ‘Unite For Access’ campaign activity.

Disabled supporters’ associations (DSAs) joined clubs and other fans across England and Wales in the celebration of access and inclusion for disabled sports fans.

Seagulls Disabled Supporters’ Association, Coventry City Disabled Supporters’ Association, Hull City Disabled Supporters’ Association, Lincoln City Disabled Supporters’ Association and All Access Albion were each involved in meaningful activations.

While not a new DSA, Manchester City Disabled Supporters’ Association celebrated a recent relaunch during the campaign, having originally been founded in 1999.

‘Unite For Access’ also saw disabled fans at other clubs looked to progress plans to establish disabled supporters’ associations of their own.

Annual Report Fan engagement

Forums

Level Playing Field completed its tour of regional forums at the Principality Stadium, as disabled sports fans joined a range of club staff and other stakeholders.

This followed events at the Etihad Stadium and Pride Park, after the previous year’s return to in-person forums at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium.

Access and inclusion were at the centre of all discussions, with fan engagement a key priority, in fitting settings to bring fans and accessibility professionals from the regions together, to network while sharing experiences and expertise.

These forums provided Level Playing Field staff with the opportunity to expand their understandings of the disabled fans they serve.

The charity was delighted to have an excellent set of hosts, and that continued as it embarked on the next tour of regional forums at the London Stadium.

A return of regional forums was vital in facilitating widespread, in-person discussions between stakeholders with vastly different insights and backgrounds.

These events have continued to be supplemented by online forums. Through this, Level Playing Field has given platforms to guest speakers, increased the frequency of communal input in such a setting and brought together other parties, without the limitations of geographic constraints.

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New disabled fan groups

2024 was another important year for the emergence of new disabled supporters’ associations (DSAs).

Level Playing Field’s Fans Liaison Officer, Liam Bird, has been pleased to regularly assist supporters with initial meetings and the process of establishing their groups.

Seagulls Disabled Supporters’ Association (Brighton Hove Albion), Chelsea Disabled Supporters’ Association, Coventry City Disabled Supporters’ Association and Hull City Disabled Supporters’ Association have each had promising starts. Other groups have also come together as less formalised entities.

The development of new disabled supporters’ associations continues to show how effective many existing DSAs, across England and Wales, have been. The charity is always keen to support their efforts at a local level and advocates for them to be at the forefront of fan consultation.

Annual Report Club resource

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Training & Engagement

Completing the first tour of regional forums since the pandemic was invaluable in bringing industry professionals together with disabled fans, to share different perspectives. Through this, we have also been able to inform staff on key topics and facilitate networking between peers.

Our individualised approach to assisting clubs and providers on specific enquiries is deeply beneficial, but is partnered by insights from survey data, which shows where they sit in relation to the context of sport as a whole.

Accessibility staff are also brought together remotely through online drop-in sessions. These have give the charity an opportunity to invite experts from elsewhere in the worlds of accessibility and sport to share their knowledge.

A key development this year came in the form of our collaboration with the EFL on a disability access officer certificate course. Taking the first group through this training has had an impact on their abilities to deliver access at their respective clubs.

Level Playing Field will look to build on the success of the newly introduced qualification, and seize the opportunity to upskill more staff across clubs and venues.

Annual Report Lobbying

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Inaccessible ticketing trends
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Disabled supporters’ associations (DSAs) from across England and Wales, joined Level Playing Field, to raise concerns on ticketing trends, which are causing increases in the inaccessibility of some sporting events for disabled fans.

A letter detailing emerging issues and calls to action, was sent to clubs, venues and governing bodies. It called for access requirements of disabled supporters to be a priority, when considering the implementation of digital ticketing and ticketing procedures as a whole.

Digital ticketing’s rise – particularly since the pandemic – has resulted in new barriers to attending live sport for many disabled supporters. There are potential benefits of digital ticketing systems, but it is deeply troubling to see instances where changes have had a negative the impact on accessibility, as disabled fans have largely been overlooked or ignored.

Level Playing Field and disabled supporters’ associations called for the following steps to be taken.

Level Playing Field has since held positive discussions with governing bodies and individual service providers, to address points outlined in the letter.

Signatories Access Albion – West Bromwich Albion

AFC Bournemouth DSA Barrow DSA Bolton Wanders DSA Bristol Rovers DSA Chelsea DSA Coventry City DSA Crystal Palace DSA Derby County Disabled Club

Everton DSA Fulham DSA Huddersfield Town DSA Hull City DSA Leeds United Disabled Organisation Lincoln City DSA Manchester City DSA Newcastle United DSA Oldham Athletic Disabled Inclusion and Diversity Pompey DSA – Portsmouth Plymouth DSA QPR DSA Rotherham United DSA Saints DSA – Southampton Seagulls DSA – Brighton & Hove Albion Sheffield United Disabled and Carers Association Spurs Ability – Tottenham Hotspurs Watford Enables West Ham United DSA Wolves DSA Wycombe Wanderers DSA

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Football Governance White Paper

The introduction of the Football Governance Bill in the House of Lords towards the end of 2024 was an encouraging development.

Since it was initially brought forward in March, additional focus was placed on effective fan engagement and commitments to improve equality, diversity and inclusion (EDI).

At that time, Chair of Level Playing Field, Tony Taylor, spoke out on access and inclusion for disabled fans being disregarded as a peripheral point.

Level Playing Field has fed into the process leading up to the Football Governance Bill being introduced in Parliament, at each stage. This included raising concerns when it was first introduced.

The charity remains convinced that as measures to improve the experiences of disabled fans are directly related to allocation of club finances and has made it clear that these areas cannot be treated in isolation when put into practice, if football is to be reflective of the wider community.

The Rt Hon Lisa Nandy’s made assurances that putting fans ‘at the heart of the game’ is the priority. In order to ensure disabled fans are part of that, it is important to acknowledge existing failures to provide equitable matchday experiences across the sport and set out clear plans to rectify that.

Level Playing Field has been in communication with Government officials and will also engage with the shadow regulator, as progression on the creation of an indepedent regulator continues.

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Annual Report A year in review

A n n u a l R e p o r t

A year in review

Level Playing Field has been able to take a look back on a year which saw a great deal of success, while also presenting a number of threats to improving access and inclusion for disabled fans across England and Wales.

The year was unparalleled in the amount of engagement for both the 2024 Level Playing Field Annual Fan Survey and the ‘Unite For Access’ campaign.

For individual supporters and other stakeholders, there were also many more isolated scenarios where the charity’s involvement was required.

You are invited to take a look through some of the key events from the past year, in the timeline below.

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January Accessible stadia consultation opened

February

Midlands forum held in Derby

March

Unite For Access

April

North forum at the Etihad

May

Inaugural DAO certificate course concludes

June

EFL regulation change on away fans

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July

Forum tour concludes in Wales

August

Record response to annual fan survey

September

IFO introduced to disabled fans

October

European away day survey results released

November

Forum tour restarts at London Stadium

December

Accessible Stadia consultation - final stage

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Staff

Owain Davies

Chief Executive

Ruth Hopkins

General Manager & Head of Access and Development - NRAC Auditor

Nicky Baker

Access and Development Officer - NRAC Auditor

Daniel Townley

Development Officer

Liam Bird

Fans Liaison Officer

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Staff

David Moffat

Access Auditor

Joseph Crabtree

Media and Communications Officer

Mark Phillips

Fan Engagement & Enquiry Officer

A n n u a l R e p o r t

Trustees

Tony Taylor Chair

Steve Evans

Secretary

Jo McNicol

Trustee

Jamie Beddard

Trustee

A n n u a l R e p o r t

A word from the Chief Executive

Owain Davies

This annual report should hopefully have provided you with a glimpse at Level Playing Field’s contributions towards furthering access and inclusion for disabled sports fans, through the efforts of our staff, the industry professionals they work alongside and disabled supporters themselves. We are grateful for the time you have taken to learn about the charity’s work over the course of 2024.

Significant challenges have continued to need addressing and this has included evolving threats to accessibility, such as the impact of a shift towards online and digital ticketing. Combining input from across different disabled supporters’ associations (DSAs) and wider fanbases, with the expertise of our staff, was instrumental in raising growing concerns. It was promising to see governing bodies, clubs and venues were receptive to our points, but it is evident this area will require further attention in the years to come.

Given the value disabled supporters’ associations have shown in enabling us to elevate collective fan advocacy, it has been particularly pleasing to see the emergence of new DSAs. This has not only benefited representation at a local level, for each individual instance, but also contributes to national initiatives and serves as inspiration to disabled fans considering similar endeavours at their own clubs.

The growth in our training has been another highlight of the past year. Key to this has been the completion of a first DAO certificate course in partnership with the EFL. Through the course, we are upskilling staff who can lead on access at their own clubs, develop best practice and improve overall standards. The impact of this course will only be added to in the years to come, as more club staff earn their qualifications.

Education has been openly available to all club staff through our regular online

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drop-in calls, which have also provided a platform for a number of guest speakers. We have also been pleased to bring industry professionals together with disabled supporters, as we completed our first full tour of regional forms since the pandemic, following an initial return in 2023.

Online forums gave us further opportunities to bring disabled supporter together, as we discussed a range of topics on a national level. This is greatly beneficial in ensuring we remain fully aware of changes to supporter experiences, away from individual instances, and is supplement further by the data driven approach of our surveys. The 2024 Level Playing Field Annual Fan Survey received our highestever number of total responses, while we also took the decision to focus on away fan experiences in football’s European club competitions. Results from both surveys revealed important findings, which we were able to bring attention to with significant media coverage. More work was also done on bespoke reports, to present findings to increase understanding from other stakeholders.

A rebrand of our flagship campaign to ‘Unite For Access’ has continued to bear fruit. Across Premier League and EFL clubs, 2024 had our strongest ever engagement. I know that while facilitating a fortnight with such profile takes a tremendous amount of time and effort, that the opportunity to get out to grounds and see such positive activations during that period is something which energises all of our staff.

My fellow staff put in so much effort across the entirety of 2024 and that is something I am incredibly thankful for. So many of the strides we make as an organisation can be traced back to the dedication in that team. I know we are all eager to see what we can achieve together in the next year.

With best wishes.

Owain Davies

Level Playing Field The Junction Station Road Watford WD17 1ET

01923 545 370 info@levelplayingfield.org.uk levelplayingfield.org.uk

@lpftweets @levelplayingfielduk /lpftweets

Directors’ Report αnd

Unαudited Finαnciαl Stαtements for the Yeαr Ended 31[st] December 2024

INDEX

PAGES
CHARITY REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS 1
TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT (INCL DIRECTORS’ REPORT)
2 – 5
INDEPENDENT EXAMINERS’ REPORT 6
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES 7
BALANCE SHEET 8
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 9 – 16

Page 1

CHARITY REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

CHARITY NUMBER: 1177415

COMPANY NUMBER: 11109719

TRUSTEES/DIRECTORS: A Taylor (Chair) S Evans J McNicol J Beddard D Goff (appointed 17[th] December 2024)

COMPANY SECRETARY: S Evans

REGISTERED OFFICE: Greville House 10 Jury Street Warwick Warwickshire CV34 4EW PRINCIPAL ADDRESS: The Junction Station Road Watford WD17 1ET

INDEPENDENT EXAMINER: Mark Harwood FCA BFP FMAAT Michael Harwood & Co Greville House 10 Jury Street Warwick Warwickshire CV34 4EW

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT (INCL DIRECTORS’ REPORT)

The Trustees present their report and the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31[st] December 2024. The Trustees have adopted the provisions of the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP) “Accounting and Reporting by Charities” in preparing the annual report and financial statements of the charity.

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE & MANAGEMENT

Level Playing Field, a charitable company limited by guarantee (Company no. 11109719 and Charity no. 1177415), was incorporated on the 13th December 2017 and is governed by a Memorandum and Articles of Association. The directors of the charitable company (who are its trustees for the purposes of charity law) have no interest in the company’s assets or surplus and receive no remuneration.

The Directors/Trustees meet at least once a quarter and are actively involved in the strategic direction of the charity. Level Playing Field is an inclusive employer and actively promotes the positive impact of having a diverse workforce and trustee board. Level Playing Field has signed up to the Disability Confident Scheme. This commitment allows Level Playing Field to accurately and responsibly represent the community it serves. Trustees are recruited and appointed in line with best practice using both internal and external sources.

A business continuation policy is in place and the Trustees constantly review potential risks, producing plans incorporating financial, operational and strategic options to react to changing circumstances should they occur based on detailed risk assessment.

The Charity works on a collaborative basis with charities and organisations across England and Wales to assist in delivering our Charitable objectives and shared outcomes.

OBJECTS AND ACTIVITIES

Level Playing Field adopts and promotes the social model of disability, in which disability is viewed as a social issue and that an individual only becomes disabled as a result of the social, attitudinal and environmental barriers that the individual faces.

The Charity is focused on removing these barriers in all sports. Level Playing Field (and its membership) is committed to achieving an environment where:

The Charity is guided by the following principles:

Page 3

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT (Continued)

The Directors/Trustees have had due regard to the guidance published by The Charity Commission on public benefit in managing the activities of the Charity.

The main activities of the Charity during the year were as follows:

Knowledge Centre

European Away Days

While Level Playing Field’s core focus remains domestic access and inclusion, many disabled fans and partner organisations raised concerns about attending European away fixtures. To explore these issues, a survey was conducted between 18 April and 19 May 2024 with 232 disabled football fans whose clubs had competed in European competitions since 2019.

Key Findings:

Annual Fan Survey 2024

Level Playing Field’s fourth Annual Fan Survey drew a record 2,055 responses, providing the most comprehensive picture yet of disabled fans’ experience attending live sport. The survey highlighted rising barriers such as inaccessible transport, rising costs, and continued disability abuse, while also exploring new areas including ticketing and payment methods. Findings were shared with clubs and governing bodies to support targeted improvements.

Key Findings:

Campaigns

Unite For Access

Over 120 teams across the Premier League, the EFL, women’s football, non-league, and the Welsh leagues took part in the Unite For Access campaign, raising vital awareness of disabled fans’ matchday experiences.

New Disabled Supporters’ Associations also played an important role, with groups such as Seagulls DSA, Coventry City DSA, Hull City DSA, Lincoln City DSA, and All Access Albion leading meaningful activities in their first year.

Level Playing Page 6 INDEPENDENT EXAMINERS. REPORT I report to the chanly Iruslees on my examination of the accounts of the cornpany lor the year ende(131$1 December 2024 which are sel out on page5 7 to 16. Responsibilities and basis of report As the charity Irustees of the company land also Its directors for the purposes of company lawl you are resk)onsible for the p￿paratiOn of the accounts In accordance with the requirements of the Companies Aci 20061.lhe 20C6 Acl'l. Having satisfied myself that the accounts of the company are not required lo be audrted under Part 18 of the 2006 Act and are eligible for independent examination. I report In respect ol my examination ol yOLJr company s accounts as carried out under section 145 of the Charities Act 2011 I'the 2011 A¢t'l. In carrying out my examinat¢on I have followed the Directions given by the Charity CommissKJn under section 145lSllbl ol the 2011 Act Independent examinor's statement Since the company's gross income exceeded £250,000 your examiner mu51 be a member of body1151ed In section 145 01 the 2011 Act I confirm that l arn qualrfied to undertake the examination because l am a member ol the Institute ol Chartered A￿UntantS in England and Wales, which is one of the listed bodK8S. I have ccffjpleted my examination I confim that no matters have come to my attention in onngclion wrth the examination giving me ￿￿se lo believe thal In any material respect". accounting records were not kept in res￿( of the company as reqUI￿d by section 386 ol the 2006 Act. or 2. the accounts do not accord with those records.. or 3 the accounts do not comply with the accounting requiiements of section 396 01 the 2006 Act other than any requirement that Ihe accolsnls give a 'lrue and fair view, which is not a matter considered as part ol an independent examinalion., or 4 Ihe accounts have nol been prepared In accordance wilh the rnelhods and prirlciples ol the Slalemenl ol Recommended pr￿11¢e for acwunling and reporting by charities app11cable lo charities prepanng their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable In the UK and Republjc ol I￿land IFRS 1021. I have no concefns and have come across other matters in connection wrth the examination lo which attention should be dfawn In this report in order lo enable a Pfoper understanding of the accounts lo be re8ehed. Mark Harwood FCA BFP FMA4T Michael HaN￿d & Co Chartered Accounlanls Greville House 10 Jury Street Warwick CV34 4EW Date". &okAe/ 201r

Page 5

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT (Continued)

Football Governance White Paper

The introduction of the Football Governance Bill in late 2024 was a positive step, with increased emphasis on fan engagement and EDI. Level Playing Field consistently fed into the process, stressing that access and inclusion must be central, not peripheral, to reform.

Level Playing Field have raised concerns at the Bill’s launch, underlining that disabled fans’ experiences are tied to club finances and should be integral to governance changes. Engagement with government officials and the shadow regulator continues as plans for an independent regulator progress.

FINANCIAL REVIEW

The financial position of the charity at 31[st] December 2024, as more fully detailed in the accounts, can be summarised as follows:

2024 2023
£ £
Net income/(expenditure) 35,049 99,781
Unrestricted Revenue Funds available for the general
purposes of the charity 275,447 250,502
Restricted Revenue Funds 51,577 41,473
Total Funds 327,024 291,975

RESERVES POLICY

The reserves policy is to maintain a level of unrestricted reserves which covers 6-12 months of operating costs.

The report of the directors has been prepared having taken advantage of the small companies’ exemption in the Companies Act 2006.

On behalf of the board

A Taylor Chair Date: 22/09/2025

Page 4

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT (Continued)

The campaign was one of Level Playing Field’s most successful to date, reaching new audiences, empowering fan groups, and strengthening the movement for inclusive live sport.

Fan Engagement

Forums

Level Playing Field completed its regional forum tour with events at the Principality Stadium, Etihad Stadium, Pride Park, and London Stadium. These in-person forums brought together disabled fans, club staff, and accessibility professionals to share experiences, build networks, and strengthen understanding of access and inclusion. Online forums continued to complement this work, enabling wider participation, guest speakers, and regular input.

New Disabled Fan Groups

2024 saw the growth of new Disabled Supporters’ Associations (DSAs), including those at Brighton & Hove Albion, Chelsea, Coventry City, and Hull City. Several other groups are also in the early stages of establishment. These developments highlight the impact of existing DSAs across England and Wales and reinforce Level Playing Field’s commitment to supporting and championing fan-led groups at the heart of consultation.

Club Resources

Training & Engagement

Regional forums since the pandemic have proven invaluable in connecting industry professionals with disabled fans, sharing perspectives, and informing staff on key access topics. Alongside tailored club support, survey insights help contextualise progress across sport.

Disability Access Officers were also engaged through online drop-in sessions featuring guest experts, expanding knowledge and peer learning.

A major development was the launch of the EFL Disability Access Officer Certificate Course. The first cohort has already strengthened access delivery at their clubs, and Level Playing Field aims to build on this success by upskilling more staff across clubs and venues.

Lobbying

Inaccessible Ticket Trends

Level Playing Field, alongside DSAs across England and Wales, raised concerns about the growing inaccessibility of ticketing systems for disabled fans. A joint letter to clubs, venues, and governing bodies highlighted issues with digital ticketing and set out key calls to action, including:

Constructive discussions with governing bodies and providers are now underway to address these concerns.

Page 7

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES (Incorporating the Income and Expenditure Account) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

2024
2024
Note Unrestricted
Restricted
£
£
Income from:
Donations & grants
2
855
-
Charitable activities
3
46,405
377,816
Investments
1
-
Total income
47,261
377,816
Expenditure on:
Raising funds
216
-
Charitable activities
4
20,358
350,610
Other
5
1,742
17,102
Total expenditure
22,316
367,712
Net income/(expenditure) for
the year
24,945
10,104
Transfers between funds
-
-
Net movement in funds for
the year
24,945
10,104
Fund balances brought forward
250,502
41,473
Fund balances at 31st
December 2024
13/15
275,447
51,577
2024
Total
£
855
424,221
1
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
2023
Unrestricted
Restricted
Total
£ £ £
29,119 - 29,119
48,447 347,967 396,414
- - -
425,077 77,566 347,967 425,533
216
370,968
18,844
216 - 216
18,125 296,358 314,483
917 10,136 11,053
390,028 19,258 306,494 325,752
35,049
-
58,308 41,473 99,781
- - -
35,049 58,308 41,473 99,781
291,975
192,194 - 192,194
327,024 250,502 41,473 291,975

The notes on pages 9 to 16 form an integral part of the accounts.

Page 8

BALANCE SHEET As at 31[st] December 2024 (Company no. 11109719)

Note
Fixed assets
Tangible assets
8
Investments
9
Current assets
Debtors
10
Cash at bank and in hand
Total current assets
Current liabilities
Creditors
11
Net current assets
Total assets less current liabilities
Funds of the Charity:
Restricted funds
Unrestricted funds
Total charity funds
13/15
2024
£
237,844
137,277
375,121
(49,357)

£
1,259
1
1,260
325,764
2023 2023 2023
£ £
3,854
1
3,855
206,470
131,273
337,743
(49,623)
288,120
327,024 291,975
51,577
275,447
41,473
250,502
327,024 291,975

Directors’ statements:

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies’ regime.

22/09/2025

The financial statements were approved by the Trustees on ………………………….

On behalf of the Trustees

A Taylor Chair

The notes on pages 9 to 16 form an integral part of the accounts.

Page 9

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Level Playing Field is a company limited by guarantee in England & Wales. In the event of the charity being wound up, the liability in respect of the guarantee is limited to £1 per member of the charity. The address of the registered office is given in the charity information on page 1 and the nature of the charity’s operations and principal activities are given in the Annual Report.

The charity constitutes a public benefit entity as defined by FRS 102. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland issued in October 2019, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102), the Charities Act 2011, the Companies Act 2006 and UK Generally Accepted Accounting Practice.

The financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis under the historical cost convention, modified to include certain items at fair value. The financial statements are presented in sterling which is the functional currency of the charity and rounded to the nearest £1.

The significant accounting policies applied in the preparation of these financial statements are set out below. These policies have been consistently applied to all years presented unless otherwise stated.

All incoming resources are included in the Statement of Financial Activities when the charity is legally entitled to the income after any performance conditions have been met, the amount can be measured reliably and it is probable that the income will be received.

For donations to be recognised the charity will have been notified of the amounts and the settlement date in writing. If there are conditions attached to the donation and this requires a level of performance before entitlement can be obtained then income is deferred until those conditions are fully met or the fulfilment of those conditions is within the control of the charity and it is probable that they will be fulfilled.

Investment income is earned through holding assets for investment purposes such as cash and is comprised of bank interest.

Government Grants

Government grants are recognised at the fair value of the asset received or receivable when there is reasonable assurance that the grant conditions will be met and the grants will be received.

A grant that specifies performance conditions is recognised in income when the performance conditions are met. Where a grant does not specify performance conditions it is recognised in income when the proceeds are received or receivable. A grant received before the recognition criteria are satisfied is recognised as a liability.

Page 10

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES (continued)

(d) Expenditure

All expenditure is accounted for on an accruals basis and has been classified under headings that aggregate all costs related to the category. Expenditure is recognised where there is a legal or constructive obligation to make payments to third parties, it is probable that the settlement will be required and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. It is categorised under the following headings:

(e) Fixed Assets

Items of equipment costing over £200 are capitalised and are stated at cost (or deemed cost) or valuation less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes costs directly attributable to making the asset capable of operating as intended.

Depreciation is provided on tangible fixed assets, at rates calculated to write off the cost, less estimated residual value, of each asset on a systematic basis over its expected useful life as follows:

(f) Investments

Investments in subsidiaries are measured at cost less impairment.

(g) Debtors and creditors receivable / payable within one year

Debtors and creditors with no stated interest rate and receivable or payable within one year are recorded at transaction price. Any losses arising from impairment are recognised in expenditure.

Unrestricted funds are available for use at the discretion of the trustees in furtherance of the general objectives of the charity and which have not been designated for other purposes.

Restricted funds are funds subject to specific restricted conditions imposed by donors. The purposes and use of restricted funds are set out in note 15 to the financial statements.

(i) Taxation

The charity is an exempt charity within the meaning of schedule 3 of the Charities Act 2011 and is considered to pass the tests set out in Paragraph 1 Schedule 6 Finance Act 2010 and therefore it meets the definition of a charitable company for UK corporation tax purposes.

Page 11

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

2. DONATIONS AND GRANTS

2024
Unrestricted
£
JustGiving
806
LPF Consultancy Ltd
-
Miscellaneous donations
49
Total donations and grants
855
2024
Restricted
£
-
-
-
-
2024
Total
£
806
-
49
2023 2023 2023 2023 2023
Unrestricted Restricted Total
£ £ £
1,162 - 1,162
27,957 - 27,957
- - -
855 29,119 - 29,119
3.
INCOME FROM CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES
2024
Unrestricted
£
Membership Income
110
Performance-Related Grants:
- Premier League Fans Fund
-
- The Football League
46,000
Expenses recharged
295
Miscellaneous Income
-
Total income from charitable
activities
46,405
2024
Restricted
£
-
377,816
-
-
-
377,816
2024
Total
£
110
377,816
46,000
295
-
2023 2023 2023
Unrestricted Restricted Total
£ £ £
112 38 150
- 347,929 347,929
46,000 - 46,000
2,265 - 2,265
70 - 70
424,221 48,447 347,967 396,414

4. EXPENDITURE ON CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

2024
Unrestricted
£
Direct spending
Expenses recharged
295
Unite for Access & Campaigning
2,093
Regional DSA Forums
99
Event costs
1,848
Other campaign costs
-
Total direct spending
4,335
Support costs
Staff costs (see Note 6)
12,256
Travel and subsistence
2,244
Telephone costs
79
Carried forward
14,579
2024
Restricted
£
-
39,766
1,886
423
-
42,075
252,845
26,745
1,513
281,103
2024
2023
2023
2023
Total
Unrestricted
Restricted
Total
£
£
£
£
295
1,501
-
1,501
41,859
1,121
21,296
22,417
1,985
-
-
-
2,271
-
-
-
-
22
417
439
2024
2023
2023
2023
Total
Unrestricted
Restricted
Total
£
£
£
£
295
1,501
-
1,501
41,859
1,121
21,296
22,417
1,985
-
-
-
2,271
-
-
-
-
22
417
439
2024
2023
2023
2023
Total
Unrestricted
Restricted
Total
£
£
£
£
295
1,501
-
1,501
41,859
1,121
21,296
22,417
1,985
-
-
-
2,271
-
-
-
-
22
417
439
46,410
2,644
21,713
24,357
265,101
11,807
214,107
225,914
28,989
1,427
20,011
21,438
1,592
50
1,006
1,056
295,682
13,284
235,124 248,408

Page 12

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

4. EXPENDITURE ON CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES (continued)

2024
Unrestricted
£
Support costs (continued)
Brought forward
14,579
Premises
357
Publicity
169
Administration & office supplies
514
Professional fees & insurance
105
Website & email hosting
189
Training
49
Postage
61
Total support costs
16,023
Total expenditure on
charitable activities
20,358
5.
OTHER COSTS
2024
Unrestricted
£
Bank charges
49
Governance travel costs
742
Staff entertainment
24
Other legal and professional
782
Depreciation
130
Sundry expenses
15
Donations
-
Total other costs
1,742
2024
Restricted
£
281,103
6,796
3,223
9,435
2,297
3,598
931
1,152
308,535
350,610
2024
Restricted
£
35
609
467
13,236
2,465
290
-
17,102
2024
Total
£
295,682
7,153
3,392
9,949
2,402
3,787
980
1,213
2023 2023 2023 2023
Unrestricted Restricted Total
£ £ £
13,284 235,124 248,408
1,034 19,646 20,680
77 1,452 1,529
554 10,537 11,091
238 2,295 2,533
265 5,043 5,308
24 450 474
5 98 103
324,558 15,481 274,645 290,126
370,968 18,125 296,358 314,483
2024
Total
£
84
1,351
491
14,018
2,595
305
-
2023 2023 2023
Unrestricted Restricted Total
£ £ £
102 - 102
87 1,675 1,762
- - -
585 5,746 6,331
134 2,538 2,672
4 82 86
5 95 100
18,844 917 10,136 11,053

Independent examiner’s remuneration

Included in the above figures are independent examination fees of £3,300 (2023 - £3,060) and other financial services of £702 (2023 - £648).

Page 13

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

6. STAFF COSTS

2024
2023
£
£
Gross wages
237,477
202,194
Social security costs
21,911
18,584
Pension costs
5,355
4,440
Other costs
358
696
Total salaries, wages and related costs
265,101
225,914
Average number of employees
8
7
Cross-charged to LPF Consultancy Limited
(2)
(2)
6
5
The number of employees who received total employee benefits (excluding employer pension costs)
of more than £60,000 is as follows:
£70,001 - £80,000
1
1
2024
£
237,477
21,911
5,355
358
2023
£
202,194
18,584
4,440
696
265,101 225,914

7. TRUSTEE REMUNERATION AND EXPENSES

No Trustee or connected person received any remuneration or expenses either directly or indirectly.

8. TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

COST
At 1stJanuary 2024
Additions
Disposals
At 31stDecember 2024
DEPRECIATION
At 1stJanuary 2024
Charge for the year
Eliminated on disposal
At 31stDecember 2024
NET BOOK VALUE
At 31stDecember 2024
At 31stDecember 2023
Computer
Equipment
£
11,623
-
-
11,623
7,769
2,595
-
10,364
1,259
3,854
Total
£
11,623
-
-
11,623
7,769
2,595
-
10,364
1,259
3,854

Page 14

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

9. INVESTMENTS

INVESTMENTS
Shares in
group
undertakings
£
COST
At 1stJanuary 2024 1
Additions -
At 31stDecember 2024 1

The company’s investments are as follows:

LPF Consultancy Limited
Company number: 14396922
Country of incorporation: England
Nature of business: Performing access audits on sporting stadia
Ordinary shares of £1 each 100% held
2024 2023
£ £
Gross income 111,853 185,130
Total expenditure 136,916 185,130
Profit/(loss) (25,063) -
Balance Sheet total (25,062) 1

LPF Consultancy Limited was incorporated on 4[th] October 2022 and commenced trading in 2023, taking over the audit and training income from Level Playing Field. Any profits made during the financial period is donated to Level Playing Field.

10. DEBTORS

Prepayments
Accrued income
Other debtors
Amount owed by subsidiaries
2024
£
37,942
295
1,500
198,107
2023
£
36,320
-
6,147
164,003
237,844 206,470

Page 15

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

11. CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR

Trade creditors
Accruals
Social security & other taxes
Deferred income (see Note 12)
2024
£
906
3,281
10,685
34,485
2023
£
1,697
3,286
10,155
34,485
49,357 49,623

12. DEFERRED INCOME

Balance brought forward
Amounts released to income
Additions during the year
Balance carried forward
2024
£
34,485
(34,485)
34,485
2023
£
30,215
(30,215)
34,485
34,485 34,485

Deferred income comprises of performance-related grants covering the year ended 31[st] December 2025 (£34,485).

13. MOVEMENT ON FUNDS

Balance at Income Expenditure Balance at
01.01.2024 in year in year Transfers 31.12.2024
£ £ £ £ £
Unrestricted & designated funds
Unrestricted revenue funds
250,502
47,261 (22,316) - 275,447
Total unrestricted funds 250,502 47,261 (22,316) - 275,447
Restricted funds
Fans’ Fund 41,473 377,816 (367,712) - 51,577
Total restricted funds 41,473 377,816 (367,712) - 51,577
Total charity funds 291,975 425,077 (390,028) - 327,024

Page 16

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued) For the year ended 31[st] December 2024

14. RESTRICTED FUNDS

The purposes for which the restricted funds are held by the charity are:

15. ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS

At 31st December 2024
Restricted funds
Unrestricted funds
Fixed
Assets
£
1,196
64
1,260
Current
Assets
£
93,007
282,114
375,121
Current
Liabilities
£
(42,626)
(6,731)
(49,357)
Current
Liabilities
£
(42,626)
(6,731)
(49,357)
Total
£
51,577
275,447
327,024
At 31st December 2023
Restricted funds 3,661 80,530 (42,718) 41,473
Unrestricted funds 194 257,213 (6,905) 250,502
3,855 337,743 (49,623) 291,975

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

During the year the company made no transactions with related parties.