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← South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute

2025-06-30-accounts

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ANNUAL
TRUSTEES’ REPORT
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SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

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Front page © Dani Thompson _
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CONTENTS

ANNUAL REPORT

Charity reference and administrative details

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Trustees’ Annual Report		 4
Chairman’s Foreword 9
Chief Executive’s Statement 10
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Achievements & Performance
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SAERI Partner Projects 52
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Partnerships 58
International Conferences & Events 60
Outreach 62
Fellowships 64
Funding & Partnering Organisations 66
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Audited Financial Statements 79
Notes to the Financial Statements 84

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

CHARITY REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

Charity Name: South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI)

Bankers: HSBC Bank Plc Limited 38 High Street Exeter EX4 3LP United Kingdom

Charity Registration Number: 1173105 (England & Wales)

Registered Office Falkland House, 14 Broadway London SW1H 0BH United Kingdom

Standard Chartered Bank Stanley Branch Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ Falkland Islands

Principle Office Stanley Cottage North, Ross Road Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ Falkland Islands

Solicitors:

Bates Wells

10 Queen St Place London EC4R 1BE United Kingdom

The Trustees listed below were Trustees for the whole year ending 30 June 2025 and at the date this report was approved unless stated otherwise:

Falklands Legal 1 Barrack Street Stanley FIQQ 1ZZ Falkland Islands

C. Peter Judge MBE, Chair Prof Stuart Piertney Prof Richard Sanders Tracy Satherley Dr Amandine Gamble (appointed 1 June 2025) Dr Gary Nichols (appointed 1 June 2025) Prof Christopher Evans (appointed 1 June 2025)

Amanda Curry Brown (resigned 14 January 2025)

Independent Auditors: PKF Francis Clark

Centenary House Peninsula Park Rydon Lane Exeter EX2 7XE United Kingdom

ABOUT SAERI

OUR VISION

Is to be an internationally recognised research institute, delivering world-class environmental research from the Falkland Islands that informs the effective stewardship of our planet.

OUR MISSION

Is to grow a sustainable environmental research institute in the Falkland Islands through partnership working to build capacity and inform the delivery of global environmental stewardship.

OUR CORE VALUES

Innovation

To provide sound leadership, deliver excellent outputs, strive for innovation and seek to collaborate at all times

Identity

To retain its Falkland Islands identity

Integrity

To display integrity and responsibility at all times

Inclusivity

To ensure inclusivity throughout our processes

Accountability

To hold ourselves and each other to account

Safety, Care & Respect

To always show Safety, Care and Respect to each other

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT

YEAR ENDED 30TH JUNE 2025

The Trustees present their annual report together with the audited financial statements of the Charity for the year 1 July 2024 to 30 June 2025. The Trustees confirm that the annual report and the financial statements of the Group and the Charity comply with the current statutory requirements, the requirements of the Charity’s governing document and the provisions of the Statement of Recommended Practice (SORP), applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019). The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the accounting policies set out in note 2 to the financial statements.

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

CHAIRMAN’S FOREWORD

SAERI is now an established and stable presence in the international research community. I am proud of our research and discovery. We are anchored in our community.

I have heard SAERI confused with large, UK government funded research institutions. As you look out of the window on Ross Road in Stanley and out to sea through the Narrows and beyond, it is difficult to imagine how this confusion could occur. We operate from the deeply beautiful Falkland Islands. We understand better than many, the challenges and joys of operating from a small jurisdiction. It is this understanding which makes our team so effective in delivering science with impact. It is also this impact which makes supporting SAERI so rewarding.

We have launched our first direct fundraising activities. It is now possible to support our work directly through the donating link on our website. I encourage you to donate. Every penny we raise goes directly to our work and our work has real value and impact.

Living in a smaller jurisdiction demands resilience and this year has been another defined by resilience. We have faced a challenging and increasingly competitive global funding environment. Anticipated major grants were not awarded as UK funders’ budgets shrank but we are small and well managed and we have adapted and continued to deliver.

The leadership team has demonstrated both strength of purpose and clarity of direction. While pressures in the wider funding landscape have persisted, the organisation has responded proactively, building on the lessons of the previous year and focusing on strengthening its longterm sustainability.

Central to this has been a shift toward increased diversification. Across both SAERI and its subsidiary, SAERI (Falklands) Ltd, we have expanded our portfolio of commissioned research, consultancy and data services. The establishment of South Atlantic Laboratories Ltd marks an important milestone in this journey, creating new opportunities to apply our scientific expertise while generating more stable, unrestricted income streams.

Encouragingly, these efforts have not come at the expense of scientific excellence. SAERI continues to deliver high-quality, impactful research, supporting policy, conservation and sustainable management across the South Atlantic and beyond. Our growing cohort of early-career researchers and students remains central to this success, reinforcing our role in developing the next generation of environmental scientists.

This year has also highlighted the importance of strong partnerships. Collaboration with government, industry, and international research organisations continues to underpin our work and amplify our impact.

I am immensely proud of how the organisation has evolved. The professionalism, adaptability and commitment of our staff, supported by effective governance and leadership, have positioned SAERI well for the future.

As we look ahead, we do so with confidence: more resilient, more diverse in our income, and firmly focused on delivering world-class environmental science from the Falkland Islands.

You can support us directly. If you do, your funding will reach our scientists in the Falkland Islands and extend our work. Please join us in making a real impact through science for our community.

C. Peter Judge MBE, Chairman of the Board

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

CHIEF EXECUTIVE’S STATEMENT

“Looking ahead, we are developing an ambitious new fiveyear strategy centred on financial resilience, partnership =. = e , ! growth, and scientific excellence.”

This year has been one of resilience, ambition and confidence in SAERI’s future. In an increasingly competitive and uncertain international funding landscape, we have not only sustained delivery, we have strengthened our foundations and expanded our reach.

Global grant funding continues to tighten, with heightened competition and shifting priorities across major donors. Rather than retreat, we have responded strategically. We have broadened our income base through commissioned research, consultancy, and data services; strengthened partnerships with government and industry; and enhanced the role of unrestricted income in supporting innovation and institutional development. Our subsidiary, SAERI (Falklands) Ltd, remains central to this resilience, enabling investment in infrastructure, technology, and scientific leadership.

2024/25 has also been marked by outstanding scientific achievements. From advancing freshwater climate baselines under DPLUS206 to informing sustainable fisheries through DPLUS168 seal-fishery research, from the first ever tracking of Southern Giant Petrels in the Falklands to biodiversity discoveries on the Jason Islands, our projects are delivering realworld impact. Internationally, our marine biosecurity work with South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands reinforces SAERI’s reputation as a trusted scientific partner.

These successes are a testament to our exceptional Project Managers and research teams, whose expertise, adaptability and professionalism allow us to deliver complex programmes in challenging environments. They are supported by an outstanding cohort of PhD students whose work on peatlands, seabirds, zooplankton, invasive species and freshwater systems is shaping the next generation of environmental leadership in the South Atlantic.

As climate pressures intensify and ecosystems respond to global change, the importance of applied science has never been greater. SAERI stands at the interface between research and decision-making, ensuring that evidence informs fisheries policy, land management, biodiversity conservation and climate adaptation.

Looking ahead, we are developing an ambitious new five-year strategy centred on financial resilience, partnership growth, and scientific excellence. A key pillar of this future is the Sub-Antarctic Science Facility initiative, a transformative opportunity to elevate research infrastructure and position the Falkland Islands as a leading hub for environmental science.

As climate pressures intensify and environmental risks evolve, SAERI’s role at the interface of science and decision-making remains critical. We are now developing our next fiveyear strategy, centred on income diversification, partnership growth and infrastructure development, including progression of the Sub-Antarctic Science Facility initiative.

I thank our Trustees, staff, partners and funders for their continued commitment. Together, we are ensuring that science from the Falkland Islands continues to inform sustainable management across the South Atlantic and beyond.

Dr Paul Brickle

Chief Executive Officer

© Shallow Marine Surveys Group

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

© Danni Thompson

MEET THE TEAM

SAERI’S BOARD

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C. PETER JUDGE MBE PROFESSOR STUART PIERTNEY PROFESSOR RICHARD SANDERS MRS TRACY SATHERLEY
Chairman Trustee Trustee Trustee
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PROFESSOR CHRIS EVANS DR AMANDINE GAMBLE DR GARY NICHOLLS MISS AMANDA CURRY BROWN
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SAERI’S SENIOR LEADERSHIP TEAM

DR PAUL BRICKLE DR ALASTAIR BAYLIS ELAINE BOYD — Chief Executive Deputy Director - Head of Business Officer Science and Finance

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

Objectives for ; r & ACTIVITIES 2024-2025 | he .

June 2025 saw the end of the five-year plan that was launched in 2020, while SAERI marked its 8th year as an independent Charity.

Reflecting on the last five years, we recognise that our first Strategic Plan was ambitious. While many targets have been successfully completed, others are still in progress. While 2024 brought strong progress, our priorities had to shift mid-year toward essential organisational restructuring. Business planning was inevitably deprioritised following the loss of two senior staff members, and our focus turned to securing grant funding and weathering a period of uncertainty. These challenges were layered on top of the pressures experienced during the COVID era. Throughout all of this, our strong governance framework proved invaluable, providing clarity and stability when it was most needed. Looking ahead, establishing a robust general reserve must remain a high priority, particularly given the inherent risks of grant-based income. Despite financial pressures driven by changing economic conditions, global pandemics, and organisational transitions, SAERI has continued to achieve and deliver with remarkable success, demonstrating resilience, adaptability, and unwavering commitment to its mission.

In 2020 five headline objectives were highlighted:

Objective 1 – Pathways to Impact

Objective 2 – Science, Research & Quality Assurance

Objective 3 – Size and Performance

Objective 4 – Business Plan & Reputation

Objective 5 – SAERI (Falklands) Limited (SFL)

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

ACHIEVING OUR OBJECTIVES

Objective 1 – Pathways to Impact

As a research organisation operating in a small and remote environment, SAERI faces natural constraints on the number of grant-funded projects that can be developed and delivered at any one time. These limitations inevitably affect the potential for rapid growth in organisational revenue. However, financial scale alone does not reflect the breadth or significance of SAERI’s impact.

SAERI has delivered substantial and sustained impact in the area of environmental stewardship. Through its research, data management and advisory roles the Institute contributes directly to evidence-based decisionmaking and long-term environmental monitoring in the South Atlantic and beyond.

The Institute has significant international presence with active projects and partnerships across the Caribbean, South Georgia, and Namibia as well as collaborative networks extending throughout the European Union, Chile, Uruguay, and other UK Overseas Territories. This global reach is achieved with a relatively small core team and often leads external partners to assume SAERI is a much larger organisation.

In addition to academic and environmental outcomes SAERI delivers a strong positive economic impact within the Falkland Islands. The Institute provides local employment and educational opportunities and attracts visiting students, researchers, and collaborators who contribute to the local economy through accommodation, hospitality, transport, and tourism activities. Taking into account these direct and indirect effects it is estimated that for every £1 invested in the SAERI Group between £10 and £14 is returned to the Falkland Islands economy.

SAERI continues to operate at the intersection of economic impact, academic excellence, and organisational sustainability. Balancing these three dimensions is an ongoing strategic challenge.

Objective 2 – Science, Research and Quality Assurance

Over the 2020–2025 period, SAERI has made meaningful progress against its strategic ambitions, while also learning important lessons about scale, focus and sustainability.

We did not achieve three fully self-sustaining focal areas, and in practice the “ecosystems” strand has been more prominent than anticipated due to the CEO and Deputy Director -Science being established marine ecologists. That said, the original focal areas remain conceptually valid and still offer potential. When the strategy was written, the global funding and policy landscape was very different, and the level of ambition reflected that context. The ambition itself was not misplaced, but moving forward we need to be pragmatic about what can realistically be sustained within a more constrained operating environment.

Notably, SAERI has strengthened its scientific infrastructure by establishing specialised laboratories in Genomics and Sclerochronology, significantly enhancing in-house research capability. These investments position us well for higher-value analytical work and new collaborations.

Income diversification remains a priority. Opportunities such as accredited field courses, modular Master’s components, or deeper partnerships with universities to attract students and post-doctoral researchers should be driven by clear strategic purpose; asking not just what we can offer, but why and to what end.

Governance and advisory structures require renewed momentum. The regional Science Committee met infrequently and would benefit from revitalisation. Relationships with the Mid-Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (MAERI) and St Helena Research Institute (SHRI) remain important. The former warranting particular attention, the latter continued constructive engagement.

Overall, while not all structural ambitions were fully realised, SAERI has built stronger foundations, expanded technical capacity, and is well placed to refine its strategy with clarity and realism.

Objective 3 – Size and Performance

SAERI’s size and performance directly influences the scope and consistency of what can be delivered. As a small organisation primarily funded through projectbased income, overall turnover fluctuates in line with the timing, scale, and duration of active grants and projects.

Throughout the last 5-years annual income has ranged between approximately £1M to £1.6M. While this represents a strong level of activity, it remains below the long-term target turnover of £3 million. The impacts of Covid and the subsequent global economic downturn significantly affected the funding landscape over the five-year strategic period and contributed to these constraints.

Despite this volatility, SAERI has maintained a relatively stable workforce, with staff numbers ranging between 12 and 18, including 5 to 6 tenured positions. Overall staff retention has remained strong, reflecting careful financial management and a commitment to organisational continuity.

Income recoveries and donations from SFL have increased, supporting progress towards the strategic objective of covering core operational costs. Looking ahead to the next five-year period, there is a clear need to further diversify income streams, review and potentially increase overhead recovery rates, and improve the identification of early indicators of both financial and organisational risk and opportunity.

Organisational size remains a critical consideration. SAERI must retain sufficient capacity to deliver meaningful impact and withstand periods of reduced income, while avoiding excessive administrative burden or loss of agility.

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

© Dani Thompson

ACHIEVING OUR OBJECTIVES (continued) Objective 4 – Business Plan Objective 5 – SAERI and Reputation (Falklands) Limited (SFL)

Objective 5 – SAERI (Falklands) Limited (SFL)

SAERI made steady progress under Objective 4, strengthening its organisational foundations and reinforcing its reputation, even if not every ambition was delivered in the way originally envisaged.

Comprehensive annual business planning did improve over the period, with clearer budgeting, forward planning and internal accountability. While not every objective was consistently framed in fully articulated SMART terms or cascaded seamlessly across all levels of the organisation, there has been a marked shift toward more structured planning and performance oversight. The challenge ahead is less about creating new systems and more about sharpening alignment, ensuring that annual priorities, individual responsibilities and strategic direction are tightly connected and measurable.

In governance terms, SAERI has maintained high standards. Board oversight has remained constructive, audit performance strong, and financial procedures robust. Human resources and administrative systems are well documented and systematically applied. Induction processes are in place, policies are reviewed annually, and compliance with financial controls has been consistent. These are quiet but significant achievements that underpin institutional credibility.

SFL is a fully owned subsidiary of SAERI, established to engage in commercial activities that not only provide a platform for applying SAERI’s research in real-time but also contribute to the Institute’s financial sustainability by donating profits back to SAERI to cover core costs. The strategic vision for the subsidiary is to ensure that a significant portion, if not all, of SAERI’s core expenses are funded through donations and revenue recoveries. Over the past 5 years SFL has donated £145,000 to SAERI and SAERI has recovered £410,787 from SFL. These are large amounts but only accounts for 12% of SAERI’s income, however this remains an increasing trend.

SFL has become the go-to organisation for Environmental Baseline Surveys & Descriptions, and Environmental Impact Assessments in the Falkland Islands. SFL will continue to diversify its income stream, both within the Falkland Islands and across other Overseas Territories.

A new joint venture, South Atlantic Laboratories Ltd, providing fish and squid ageing services to the Falkland Islands Government (FIG) was set up and recruitment was completed. Work will start in the 2025/26 financial year.

Communications have improved, although a fully articulated communications strategy , clearly differentiating engagement with stakeholders, scientific peers and the wider community remains an area for refinement. Reputation has grown through scientific output, partnerships and technical capability, but “world-class” status is an aspiration that requires continued focus, visibility and strategic positioning.

Overall, SAERI has strengthened its institutional backbone. The next phase is about integration, clarity of message and purposeful visibility, building confidently on solid organisational foundations.

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PhD: Investigating the threat of non-native hitchhikers on kelp rafts to shallow Antarctic marine communities

OVERVIEW

The Falkland Islands are fringed by dense but poorly characterised kelp forests (Macrocystis pyrifera and Durvillaea antarctica), which provide ecosystem services valued at ~£2.69 billion, including carbon storage, nutrient cycling, fisheries nurseries, and coastal protection. Kelp are ideal indicators of ecosystem change, yet their biodiversity, ecological function, and resilience to environmental change remain largely unstudied. Lydia’s research establishes baseline datasets for kelp-associated biodiversity, investigates community responses to kelp detachment, and evaluates the capacity of key raft-associated species to tolerate environmental change. By integrating field data, CT-scanning, behavioural experiments, and thermal sensitivity assays, the project aims to inform conservation policy and management strategies for Southern Ocean biodiversity under current and future climate scenarios.

Lydia Brackwell

Territories : Sub-antarctic and Antarctic Start date: October 2023

End date: June 2027

Core Funding bodies: The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), Panorama DTP, John Cheek Trust, Shackleton Scholarship Fund

Key Achievements

PhD: Invasive Earwigs in the Falklands: How big is the threat?

OVERVIEW

First detected in the Falkland Islands in the 1990s, the European earwig (Forficula auricularia) is now widespread across urban and wild habitats. While earwigs are considered horticultural pests and a public nuisance, their ecological impacts remain largely unstudied. This project investigates the invasion history, population dynamics, and potential effects of earwigs on native fauna and flora, addressing questions such as distribution limits, invasion origins, and changes in invertebrate community composition associated with earwig presence. The research integrates field surveys, specimen collection, DNA analysis, and phenological monitoring to provide the first comprehensive assessment of this invasive species in the Falklands.

Stephen Gillanders Territories : Falkland Islands

Start date: 2023

End date: 2026

Core Funding bodies: Falkland Islands Government - Environmental Studies Budget, Seafish (Falklands) limited, Shackleton Scholarship Fund, John Cheek Trust, University of Aberdeen

Key Achievements

» Completed all fieldwork for the project, sampling a total of 426 locations and collecting 1,481 earwigs, alongside 14 months of phenological data.

Affiliations: Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Queen’s University Belfast, University of Aberdeen, SAERI 

  - » Presented project findings at the International Congress of Entomology.

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PhD: Shallow Sub-tidal Ecology and Biogeography of the Falkland Islands

PhD: Ecology of the Falkland Steamer Duck (FSD)

Amy Guest

Territories : Falkland Islands Start date: February 2021

End date: 2027

Core Funding bodies: Falkland Islands Government - Community Development Scheme (FIG CDS), John Cheek Trust, RBC ltd., Shackleton Scholarship Fund Affiliations: University of Aberdeen, SAERI

OVERVIEW

OVERVIEW

Falkland steamer ducks (FSD) are one of four steamer duck species, but their ecology remains poorly understood, with most previous research focusing on morphology. This project investigates FSD population size, breeding success, habitat use, and trophic ecology, combining field observations, phenology monitoring, DNA analysis, and stable isotope analysis. By integrating these approaches, the research aims to determine breeding areas, assess habitat quality, and understand dietary variation across age, sex, and location, providing critical insights for species management and conservation.

This project investigates the ecology and biogeography of shallow “ sub-tidal ecosystems in the Falkland Islands, integrating field surveys, genetic analyses, and multi-disciplinary collaborations. By combining DNA barcoding of key species with in situ ecological Alix Kristiansen observations, the research aims to characterise population connectivity, community composition, and biodiversity patterns, Territories : Falkland Islands contributing to the understanding of sub-tidal ecosystem function and resilience in the region. Start date: November 2022

Territories : Falkland Islands

Start date: November 2022

End date: November 2025

Key Achievements

Core Funding bodies: Deakin University, Falkland Islands Government - Key Achievements Environmental Studies Budget, Shackleton » Completed all laboratory work and advanced data analysis for Scholarship Fund multiple project chapters.

» Completed four months of laboratory work at the University of Aberdeen, extracting DNA from 214 starfish tissue samples collected across Chile and the Falklands, and generating genetic barcodes for the ‘Phylogeography’ chapter.

» Used traditional ‘salting out’ DNA extraction, gel electrophoresis, DNA purification, and bespoke barcoding kits to process all samples.

» Identified environmental factors influencing behaviour, including distance to ponds, kelp, and roads, and their impact on the FSD activity budget.

» Co-hosted two volunteers, Jessica and Molly, assisting with counting invertebrates in extensive quadrat photography from field surveys.

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» Developed skills in marine fieldwork, molecular biology, deep-sea research, and scientific collaboration.

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PhD: Impacts of anthropogenic environmental change on southern rockhopper penguin demography and behaviour

OVERVIEW

Southern rockhopper penguins (Eudyptes chrysocome) in the Falkland Islands have undergone dramatic declines, with environmental variability—such as sea temperature shifts and prey availability—driving changes in diet, foraging behaviour, and population dynamics. This project investigates how these environmental changes affect multiple colonies, integrating over 10 years of archival data with new fieldwork using biologging (GPS and time-depth recorders), stable isotope analysis, and demographic monitoring. The research aims to identify drivers of behavioural and population change, predict responses under future climate scenarios, and inform marine spatial planning and conservation strategies.

Diane Pavat

Territories : Falkland Islands

Start date: October 2024

End date: March 2028

Core Funding bodies: QUADRAT/NERC Additional funding from Falkland Islands Government - Environmental Studies Budget, , Shackleton Scholarship Fund, Watt Fund (Aberdeen)

Key Achievements

Affiliations: University of Aberdeen, SAERI

PhD: Sheep vs Sea Lions – Quantifying the human impacts on greenhouse gas emissions and carbon stock of Falkland Island peatlands

OVERVIEW

Falkland Island peatlands cover ~4,529 km² (43% of land area) and provide significant carbon storage. Land use, including grazing, drainage, and pasture improvement, likely contributes to been published. This project quantifies greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of ~1,149,326 t CO2e yr[-] ¹, yet no direct measurements have emissions under varying land uses, investigates microbial and organic geochemical drivers of carbon flux, and assesses erosion losses. By upscaling these findings, the research provides insights into carbon cycling, land management impacts, and conservation strategies for Falkland Island peatlands.

Katy Ross

Territories : Falkland Islands

Start date: September 2021

End date: May 2026

Core Funding bodies: CENTA (NERC), Georgia Seafoods, Shackleton Scholarship Fund.

Key Achievements

» Paused PhD to undertake a 2024–25 R&D Fellowship with DEFRA, investigating the feasibility of reducing emissions from lowland agricultural peat in the UK through a transition to paludiculture. This included evaluating emissions reduction potential, engaging with peatland researchers across Europe, assessing crop markets, and estimating land area requirements to meet market demand.

Affiliations: UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), University of Leicester, Natural History Museum, CENTA (NERC), SAERI

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PhD: Seasonal variations in the zooplankton and ichthyoplankton community composition for the near-shore environment of the Falkland Islands

OVERVIEW

Zooplankton play a critical role in marine ecosystems, transferring energy through the food web, and coastal kelp forests may provide important nursery habitats for larval fish. Despite this, few studies have examined Falkland’s zooplankton or their seasonal variability. Rhian’s research combines morphological and DNA barcoding approaches to improve understanding of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton community structure, assess seasonal changes, generate a reference database for the Falklands, and explore phylogenetic relationships in closely related species such as the rock cod genus Patagonotothen. This work provides foundational data on Falkland’s marine biodiversity and predatorprey dynamics.

Rhian Taylor

Territories : Falkland Islands

Start date: October 2022

End date: March 2026

Core Funding bodies: University of Aberdeen, Fortuna LTD, Darwin Initiative, Shallow Marine Surveys Group, Falkland Island Government (Falkland Island Fisheries, Environmental Studies Budget), Falkland Island Fishing Companies Association (FIFCA), Shackleton Scholarship Fund

Key Achievements

Affiliations: University of Aberdeen, SAERI

PhD: Drivers of individual foraging behaviour specialisation in a model seabird, the Falkland Islands Shag (Leucocarbo atriceps albiventer)

OVERVIEW

Individual variation in behaviour is a key driver of ecological and evolutionary processes and has important implications for species conservation. This project investigates how intraspecific competition and environmental variation influence individual specialisation in foraging behaviours of Falkland Islands shags (Leucocarbo atriceps albiventer).

Danni Thompson

Territories : Falkland Islands Start date: October 2022

Using GPS and time-depth recorders, alongside dietary analyses of regurgitates, stable isotopes, and DNA metabarcoding, the research quantifies individual foraging locations, dive behaviours, and diet composition. Data are integrated with extrinsic environmental factors in advanced statistical models to identify the drivers of individual specialisation. Tracking data are also used to highlight key areas of ecological importance, providing insights for marine spatial planning and conservation management. Understanding the consistency and plasticity of individual foraging strategies will clarify how behavioural differences affect survival, reproductive success, and population-level vulnerability to anthropogenic threats.

End date: March 2027

Core Funding bodies: QUADRAT/NERC Affiliations: University of Aberdeen, SAERI

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ACADEMIC PAPERS

1 July 2024- 30 June 2025 (in alphabetical order)

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  1. Bartes, S.N., Monk, J., Dorville, N., Hoskins, A.J., Lourie, H.J., Ierodiaconou, D., Hindell, M.A., Semmens, J., Baylis, A.M., Abernathy, K. and Arnould, J.P. (2025). Seafloor habitat, depth and diel patterns influencing prey encounter and hunting success in a large marine predator, the Australian fur seal. Global Ecology and Conservation. 62, p.e03712.

  2. Baylis, A.M., Jones, K.A. and Orben, R.A. (2024). Intraguild predation in pinnipeds: Southern sea lions prey upon adult female South American fur seals in the Falkland Islands. Marine Mammal Science. 40(2). 3. Brownell Jr, R.L., Krause, D.J., Baylis, A.M., Bonin, C.A., Oliveira, L.R., Uhart, M.M., Ulloa, M. and Watters, G.M. (2024). Avian influenza H5N1 threatens imperiled krill-dependent predators in Antarctica. Frontiers in Marine Science. 11, p.1453737. 4. Bruning, P., Archaumbault, P., Garrido, I., de Lecea, A.M., Morley, S.A., Brante, A., Ortiz, P. and Cárdenas, L. (2024). Phylogeography of Cold Water Soft Coral Alcyonium spp. (Anthozoa, Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) Between South America and the West Antarctic Peninsula. Ecology and Evolution. 14(12), p.e70522.

  3. Delleuze, M., Schwob, G., Orlando, J., Gerard, K., Saucède, T., Brickle, P., Poulin, E. and Cabrol, L. (2024). Habitat specificity modulates the bacterial biogeographic patterns in the Southern Ocean. FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 100(11), p.fiae134.

  4. Elwen, S.H., Khan, U., Kreiner, A., Van der Plas, A.K., Wilhelm, M.R., Barnes, D., Howell, K. and Pelembe, T. (2025). Blue carbon in an eastern boundary upwelling zone–A case study in Namibia. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography. 221, p.105478.

  5. Hormiga, G., Lavery, A.H. and Arnedo, M.A. (2025). The spider genus Stictonanus Millidge, 1991 in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago (Araneae, Linyphiidae): systematics and biogeography. Invertebrate Systematics. 39(11), p.IS25046.

  6. Morley, S.A., Campanella, F., Young, E.F., Baylis, A.M., Barnes, D.K., Bell, J.B., Bennison, A., Collins, M.A., Glass, T., Martin, S.M. and Whomersley, P. (2025). Dramatic ENSO related Southwestern Atlantic ecosystem shifts. Scientific Reports. 15(1), p.7917.

  7. Moya, F., Hernández, J., Suazo, M.J., Saucède, T., Brickle, P., Poulin, E. and Benítez, H.A. (2024). Deciphering the hearts: geometric morphometrics reveals shape variation in Abatus sea urchins across subantarctic and Antarctic seas. Animals. 14(16), p.2376. 10. Mystikou, A., Asensi, A.O., Peters, A.F., Kytinou, E., Amin, S.A., Brickle, P., van West, P. and Küpper, F.C. (2024). Rediscovery of the rare Cladochroa chnoosporiformis Skottsberg from the Falkland Islands and its merger with Utriculidium durvillei Skottsberg. Botanica Marina. (0).

  8. Pillar, H.R., Hetherington, E., Levin, L.A., Cimoli, L., Lauderdale, J.M., van der Grient, J.M., Johannes, K., Heimbach, P., Smith, L., Addey, C.I. and Annasawmy, P. (2024). Future directions for deep ocean climate science and evidence-based decision making. Frontiers in Climate. 6, p.1445694.

Riaz, J., Büring, T., van der Grient, J., Winter, A., Lee, B., Brickle, P. and Baylis, A.M. (2025). Seal-fishery interactions in the Falkland Islands— operational and environmental factors drive resource competition. ICES Journal of Marine Science. 82(5), p.fsae161.

  2. Riaz, J., Orben, R.A., Gamble, A., Catry, P., Granadeiro, J.P., Campioni, L., Tierney, M. and Baylis, A.M. (2024). Coastal connectivity of marine predators over the Patagonian Shelf during the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak. Ecography. 2024(11), p.e07415.

  3. Sequeira, A.M., Rodríguez, J.P., Marley, S.A., Calich, H.J., Van Der Mheen, M., VanCompernolle, M., Arrowsmith, L.M., Peel, L.R., Queiroz, N., Vedor, M. and Da Costa, I., et al. (2025). Global tracking of marine megafauna space use reveals how to achieve conservation targets. Science. 388(6751), pp.1086-1097. 15. Thomas, Z.A., Macphail, M., Cadd, H., Cantrill, D.J., Hutchinson, D.K., Haines, H.A., Privat, K., Turney, C., Carter, S. and Brickle, P. (2024). Evidence for a floristically diverse rainforest on the Falkland archipelago in the remote South Atlantic during the mid-to late Cenozoic. Antarctic Science. 36(4), pp.231-250. 16. Vye, S.R., Lavarello, J., Glass, T., Glass, J., Escobar-Porras, J. and Schofield, A., 2024. Adaptive, flexible and community-led: Management support for the largest fully protected marine area in the Atlantic. Marine Policy. 167, p.106284.

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SS SERa In 2025, SAERI’s EDS Centre provided key services to FIG and the wider Falkland Islands, including: tae ty » Weather station infographic provision – Providing the Environment Department monthly infographics roo, OF anaes related to weather data for publication on the FIG website. ~ 9: Sa Be » Supporting the establishment of the Environment Department’s weather station network, replacing Ser sar bya: Sear a Ree Weddell Island data logger and providing download training on Bleaker Island. » Agricultural mapping support – Providing GIS services to the Department of Agriculture, including ae updating farm boundaries and source-to-market travel analysis on meat production. 1S? ESAS iam NoenGN Sea » Expanding the application of UAVs for environmental monitoring and research. This includes the Bane purchase of more capable UAVs and better quality photogrammetry, thermal and LIDAR cameras, and . . SeFeO eee Re ae rex: @ may ne refining work flows for data processing. GOsjing tae seen » Improving stability and security of the Falkland Islands Data Portal – following a period of downtime, RG AS ae IP address relaying was reviewed and resolved to get the data portal back online. Rate limiting introduced to block IP addresses making excessive requests; likely bots. Automated removal of fake user accounts from data portal. Updating of SSL security certificate. » Employment of a GIS apprentice – developing local skills in data management, linux, python and GIS. Bee pataha He » Regular updates of continuous datasets – predominantly the AIS data received from Sure and a Fe Weather data downloaded from the weather station at the Department of Agriculture. + era INTERNATIONAL FOCUS Page aes SAERI’s EDS Centre has continued to expand its international reach, supporting multiple UKOTs and global aeaah :

St. Helena Data Portal – With JNCC funding, SAERI are hosting St. Helena data via the Falkland Islands’ oS

DATA MANAGER Scott Leadbetter

Scott Leadbetter joined SAERI in April 2025 as a GIS Officer and Database Manager.

He holds a first-class honours degree in Geography from the University of Birmingham, awarded in 2018. Since then, Scott has built extensive experience in GIS roles across the Civil Service and Local Government, including positions with the Ministry of Defence and Forest Research. His work has focused on drawing insights from spatial and non-spatial datasets to support informed and positive decision-making.

Scott is excited to take on this new challenge and looks forward to collaborating with Data Portal users both in the Falkland Islands and internationally.

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“By investing in technology, building skills locally, and strengthening partnerships internationally, SAERI continues to ensure that science from the Falklands informs decision-making and conservation on a global stage.”

DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF SCIENCE REPORT

It gives me great pleasure to reflect on another period of growth, innovation, and impact for SAERI. From our base in the Falkland Islands, we have continued to deliver science that not only advances global understanding but also directly supports local decision-making, conservation priorities, and sustainable resource management.

Climate-related impacts are increasingly shaping our research priorities. The Falklands are becoming drier, with ponds and lakes drying out for the first time in living memory. To address this, SAERI is establishing a freshwater baseline using satellite imagery and field monitoring to assess risks to water security and biodiversity. In parallel, our peatland carbon project is measuring greenhouse gas fluxes at over twenty sites. This research, part of a large collaborative partnership, will enable us to better understand the current state of Falkland Islands peatlands, and will ultimately inform any future national carbon accounting schemes. The dieback of diddle-dee heathlands – critical for soil stability and grazing – has also become a pressing concern. SAERI is trialling remote sensing methods to detect affected areas and assess environmental drivers, providing the basis for management strategies to better understand the scale and drivers of dieback.

Internationally, SAERI is working with the British Antarctic Survey to reduce the risk of invasive marine species reaching South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Monitoring vessels in Stanley and testing the tolerance of native species to SGSSI conditions will strengthen biosecurity measures for these globally significant waters. Meanwhile, our Environmental Data Solutions Centre continues to expand, delivering agricultural mapping in the Falklands, hosting the St Helena Data Portal, and providing training and GIS support in Namibia and Anguilla.

While this brief summary is only a snapshot of SAERI’s amazing year in science, what unites all our work is a commitment to applied science, innovation, and collaboration. By investing in technology, building skills locally, and strengthening partnerships internationally, SAERI continues to ensure that science from the Falklands informs decision-making and conservation on a global stage.

This year has shown once again the vital role that SAERI plays as a science hub for the South Atlantic. Our research is not abstract: it informs fisheries policy, guides land management, protects wildlife, and prepares communities for a changing climate. I am grateful to our staff, partners and funders for their dedication and support, without which none of this would be possible. Together we are ensuring that science from the Falklands continues to resonate far beyond these shores.

Dr Alastair Baylis

Deputy Director - Science

© Shallow Marine Surveys Group

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YEAR IN REVIEW

Tracking the movements of Falkland Islands Southern Giant Petrels (DPL00080)

OVERVIEW

Territories : Falkland Islands

Funding organisations: Funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus Local

The Falkland Islands are home to >40% of the global Southern Giant Petrel population and they are a common sight from land, as they soar along the coast looking for food. Like albatrosses, Southern Giant Petrels forage for fish and squid, but they also are adept predators and play a key role in food webs as scavengers. Their ability to quickly travel long distances and preference for eating dead things makes them likely to play a role in disease transmission. However, the Falkland Islands Southern Giant Petrel population remains virtually unstudied.

Project Partners: Oregon State University (OSU)

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/understanding-wildlifepopulation-connectivity-and-potentialroutes-of-disease-transmissiondpl00080/

With support from the UK Government Darwin Plus Local scheme, we undertook a scoping study to develop methods to track the movements of Southern Giant Petrels. By deploying satellite tags to monitor the movements of Southern Giant Petrels at-sea, we hoped to better understand the connectivity of the world’s largest population of Southern Giant Petrels, both within the Falkland Islands, and between the Falklands, South America and the Southern Ocean. In turn, this information will inform the potential role of Southern Giant Petrels in disease transmission and as key scavengers.

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Alastair Baylis

PROJECT OFFICER (OSU) Dr Rachael Orben

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Deploy satellite tags to monitor the movements of Southern Giant Petrels at-sea to inform the potential role of Southern Giant Petrels in disease transmission and as key scavengers.

The first challenge was of course, catching Southern Giant Petrels. While in South Georgia you can easily approach Southern Giant Petrels, in the Falklands they are very wary of humans – especially humans carrying satellite tags. It took some trial and error, but by targeting efforts where Southern Giant Petrels were feeding on carcasses we were able to approach and capture birds effectively with minimal disturbance.

In total, we deployed 10 satellite tags as part of the scoping study (Fig 1). As expected, SGPs showed shortlocalized movements within the Falklands archipelago, with individuals foraging across East and West Falkland. Unexpectedly, we also documented multiple, often longdistance, pelagic foraging trips over the extent of the Patagonian shelf, including potential land-based foraging on the South American coast. As wide-ranging scavengers, the findings highlight Southern Giant Petrels are likely to play a significant role in connecting wildlife populations, both within the Falklands, and between the Falklands and South America. The pilot study supports the development of a larger HPAI-focused study on avian scavengers, which is planned to commence in the 2025/26 summer season. This research was funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus Local scheme. We’re indebted to Megan Tierney for providing support and expertise in fieldwork.

Figure 1 - We tracked the movements of 10 Southern Giant Petrels from the Falkland Islands – the first time the species has been tracked in the Falklands! View the interactive map at the following link: https://my.wildlifecomputers.com/data/ map/?id=673353f013a54786680d888a

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

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YEAR IN REVIEW

Survey of Elephant and South Jason Islands for burrowing seabirds and plants (DPL00098)

OVERVIEW

Territories : Falkland Islands

Funding organisations: Funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus Local

The Falkland Islands remote tussac islands are near-pristine terrestrial habitats, harbouring significant biodiversity. However, these wildlife refugia’s are at risk from a drying climate and increased prevalence of wildfires. Many of these publicly owned treasures have not been systematically surveyed. Therefore, we lack knowledge of what is being protected, or at risk of being lost.

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Alastair Baylis

We will undertake the first systematic population surveys of prions and petrels at two important national nature reserves, Elephant Jason Island and South Jason Island.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

PROJECT PARTNER Simon Browning

» Undertake systematic surveys of near-pristine and remote tussac islands.

PROJECT PARTNER Naomi Cordeiro (Green Hound LTD)

During December 2024, a team of nine researchers undertook a 2-week expedition to survey Elephant and South Jason Island. The aims of the survey were to undertake a systematic survey burrowing seabirds, aided by a bird detection dog. We also undertook a plant survey, and will create high-resolution 3D maps of the islands – all providing baseline data in support of management and conservation.

During hundreds of km of survey, the team uncovered some significant ecological findings. Both Elephant and South Jason were confirmed to host small breeding populations of burrowing seabirds, including Wilson’s Storm-petrels and Thin-billed Prions. However, the team also suspects breeding populations of Fairy Prions and the threatened White-chinned Petrel (based on burrow size), a species of conservation concern – but they were not able to confirm the presence of these species. In addition, both islands were identified as nationally important sites for endemic plant species, with exceptionally rich plant biodiversity.

In particular, South Jason Island was found to support a high density of the threatened endemic Hairy Daisy (Erigeron incertus), further underscoring the island’s ecological value. The inclusion of a trained bird-detecting dog, significantly enhanced the team’s ability to locate and verify seabird burrows. This successful trial sets a precedent for future use of detection dogs in remote island biodiversity surveys, offering a powerful tool for conservation work in similarly challenging environments. This was a rare and privileged opportunity to camp and conduct in-depth fieldwork on these remote islands. The data gathered during the expedition is an important baseline, and aid in the protection of the unique biodiversity of the Jasons Islands Group.

This research was funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus Local. (DPL00098 – Survey of Elephant and South Jason Islands for burrowing seabirds and plants). We are indebted to Aiden and Kim from Seaquest, and to Adam Smyth, Daniel Biggs, Rachael Orben and Megan Tierney who volunteered their time. The expedition team was Simon Browning, Naomi Cordeiro, Rachael Orben, Steve Brown, Megan Tierney, Adam Smyth, Daniel Biggs, Odin Rumianowski, Alastair Baylis, and Missy the bird sniffer dog.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

» Discovery of breeding seabirds: Both Elephant and South Jason Islands host small breeding Rae i a populations of Wilson’s Storm-petrels and Thinbilled Prions, with evidence suggesting possible breeding of Fairy Prions and the threatened Whitechinned Petrel.

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KEY RESEARCH FINDINGS

Understanding increased Falkland Islands seal bycatch to inform bycatch Action Plan (DPLUS168)

OVERVIEW

Territories : Falkland Islands

Funding organisations: Funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus

Understanding Seal-Fishery Interactions in the Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands are home to globally significant populations of seals and seabirds, including more than 50% of the world’s South American fur seals. Historically, seal bycatch in Falkland Islands fisheries was low, with only 13 incidental mortalities recorded between 1998 and 2016. However, in 2017 interactions in the Loligo squid fishery rose dramatically, with over 140 mortalities in a single season—an increase of more than 900%. Despite the introduction of Seal Exclusion Devices (SEDs) across the fishery, interactions have remained at unprecedented levels and are now also being reported in the finfish trawl fishery. The causes of these increases remain unclear, compounded by a lack of baseline information on seal foraging ecology.

Project Partners: Falkland Islands Fishing Companies Association (FIFCA) and Falkland Islands Government Department of Natural Resources

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/dplus168/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Alastair Baylis

To address this, SAERI in collaboration with DNR-Fisheries and the Falkland Islands Fishing Companies Association (FIFCA), launched DPLUS168: Understanding Increased Falkland Islands Seal Bycatch to Inform Bycatch Action Plans. The project aimed to improve understanding of seal-fishery interactions and deliver recommendations to support sustainable fisheries and marine governance.

PROJECT OFFICER (SAERI) Dr Javed Riaz

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

These findings highlight the complex and evolving nature of seal-fishery interactions. While fur seals appear to exert limited direct influence on the wider marine food web, changing fishery pressures and environmental shifts are altering their foraging behaviour. The project provides critical evidence to guide the development of bycatch action plans and strengthen the Falkland Islands’ commitment to sustainable fisheries and biodiversity conservation.

Seal-Fishery Interactions at a Glance

Fig. 2 - Spatial overlap between seal tracking data and commercial fishing activity. These areas are identified as low, medium and high risk for seal-fishery interactions, according to each month of the year. Classifications are based on a quantitative approach integrating the amount of time seals spend and the extent of fishing activity recorded in particular areas.

~

: a

Fig. 1 – Example Map displaying the tracking data of 74 South American fur seals tagged at the Falkland Islands, and how their movements overlap with maritime boundaries in the region.

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PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Climate impacts on FI past, present and future freshwater dynamics (DPLUS206)

Territories : Falkland Islands OVERVIEW

Funding organisations: Funded by the UK Government through Darwin Plus and Falkland Islands Government

Small Island territories and nations often lack the capacity to influence climate change at a global level. However, they can play a vital role in local mitigation and adaptation by better understanding risks and impacts on natural systems. The climate of the Falkland Islands is becoming increasingly dry. Lakes and ponds, once stable, are now susceptible to complete desiccation, an unprecedented phenomenon until recently. This was evidenced during SAERI’s DPLUS116 project (2020–2022) through fieldwork and engagement with landowners.

Project Partners: UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKceh)

Project URL: www.southatlantic-research.org/ dplus206-climate-impacts-onfalkland-islands-past-present-andfuture-freshwater-dynamics/

The causes of this drying trend remain uncertain due to limited baseline data but are likely driven by a combination of a prolonged regional drought, affecting much of South America for over a decade and considered the most severe in the last millennium together with the impacts of climate change and land management practices. With clear evidence that the FI climate is changing and already altering hydrological systems, attention has shifted toward water security, adaptation, and mitigation.

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Nyein Thandar Ko

Freshwater systems in the Falkland Islands cover extensive areas. They play a critical role in sustaining terrestrial biodiversity, regulating peatland hydrology and carbon storage, and providing water for people and livelihoods. Establishing a freshwater baseline is therefore an urgent requirement for guiding management and policy.

The project seeks to understand how climate change is affecting freshwater systems in the Falkland Islands, past, present, and future. With water security emerging as a growing concern, we are collecting detailed data on soil moisture and surface water, assessing the influence of land use, and modelling future scenarios. Using freely available satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, and Sentinel-2; resolution 10–30 m), we are identifying vulnerable habitats and areas most at risk. To support adaptation and resilience, we will also convene a workshop to explore opportunities for improved monitoring and mainstreaming findings into land management and policy.

YEAR IN REVIEW

Fieldwork was carried out at three key freshwater monitoring sites between May and June 2025:

At each site, we retrieved time-series data from BaroSCOUT and LevelSCOUT loggers, which have been recording water levels and pressure since 2022 under the previous SAERI Project - DPLUS116 - Falklands wetlands and aquatic habitats: baselines for monitoring future change. These datasets are vital for understanding seasonal and long-term freshwater dynamics under changing climatic conditions. To ensure continuity, new loggers have been installed, enabling us to monitor environmental changes more accurately and assess the resilience of freshwater systems.

KEY STATISTICS

» Sentinel-1 imagery enabled estimation of soil moisture index at ~10-day intervals (2016–2021) across the Falkland Islands and surrounding islands, including Weddell, Bleaker, and Saunders.

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Improving risk understanding and protocols for inspection of vessels to mitigate the spread of marine invasive non-native species to South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands

OVERVIEW

Territories : South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands

Through surveying vessels, conducting experiments, and holding stakeholder workshops, the project aims to improve understanding of the risk of introduction of marine non-native species from vessels visiting South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and develop risk management options to prevent the arrival of marine non-native species into the territory.

Funding organisations: Funded by the Government of South Georgia & South Sandwich Islands

Project Partners: British Antarctic Survey (BAS)

Previous work by SAERI identified the types of vessels that travel to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) that pose the greatest risk of introducing marine non-native species. This project will build on this understanding by monitoring vessels at the port in Stanley (Falkland Islands), where most vessels bound for SGSSI depart from. The monitoring will focus on biofouling (growth of marine life on areas of the vessel) and vessel biosecurity protocols (how growth and transport of marine life is managed). This information, combined with a review of biofouling risk management worldwide, will generate recommendations for future marine biosecurity for the territory.

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/improving-riskunderstanding-and-protocols-forinspection-of-vessels-to-mitigate-thespread-of-marine-invasive-non-nativespecies-to-south-georgia-southsandwich-islands/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Siobhan Vye

In collaboration with the British Antarctic Survey, the project will also investigate the tolerance of marine species native to the Falkland Islands to the environmental conditions of SGSSI to identify if they could successfully establish in the territory now or in the future.

The project will also look to raise awareness with key stakeholders about the risk posed by marine invasive non-native species and the steps they can take to minimise the chance of any future introductions.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

YEAR IN REVIEW

Over the winter, the South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands marine non-native species project has been focused on completing the final remaining outputs and data analysis and interpretation. All the data and information collected over the past 11 months is being pulled together to draw useful conclusions and recommendations for marine biosecurity for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The project managed to survey a number of extra vessels and worked with stakeholders to better understanding the constraints and opportunities for marine biosecurity in the region. Furthermore, the project was presented at the Open Science Conference in Pucón, Chile, organised by the Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research.

Stakeholder perspectives for marine biosecurity

measures

Policy and management measures are much more effective where there is good stakeholder engagement and buy-in. To complement the review of biofouling management policies that had been completed earlier in the project, a workshop was organised to collect stakeholder ideas and perspectives on how feasible different types of measures were for sectors & organisations operating in the region. The workshop was held in person and online, with participants from government, research and tourism sectors. The workshop was well attended, with valuable input and discussions from participants.

Trips to Pucón and beyond

Supported by additional funding from the Shackleton Scholarship Fund and the John Cheek Trust, Project Manager, Siobhan, travelled to Pucón, Chile, to present the findings of the project at the Open Science Conference, organised by the Scientific Committee of Antarctic Research (SCAR). Under the snowcapped Villarica Volcano, researchers from around the globe working in the Southern Ocean and Antarctica gathered to share knowledge, with subjects spanning from the impacts of climate change to the health implications of working in Antarctica.

Siobhan also took part in the Visiting Scientist Programme support through the Lindblad Expeditions and National Geographic Fund, spending time on board the National Geographic Endurance to conduct further monitoring for marine non-native species to take place at visitor sites around South Georgia.

The end of the project

In December, the project wrapped up its work and delivered the results of the work and a set of recommendations to improve marine biosecurity to the Government of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.

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Improving Falkland peatland GHG data: understanding carbon sequestration and offsetting feasibility

OVERVIEW

Territories : Falkland Islands

Funding organisations: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) and Falkland Islands Government (FIG)

The Falkland Islands are home to some of the largest peatland carbon reserves globally. However, climate change and extensive livestock grazing are posing significant threats to this delicate ecosystem. These pressures may reduce the peatlands’ ability to capture carbon dioxide (CO2) through peat formation and could lead to greenhouse gas emissions in certain areas. Supported by Defra and the Falkland Islands Government, this project is analysing carbon dynamics at over 20 sites to identify emission drivers and build a scientific foundation for developing a Falkland Islands-specific carbon code.

Project Partners: British Antarctic Survey (BAS), Falklands Conservation , UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (UKCEH)

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/improving-falklandpeatland-ghg-data-understandingcarbon-sequestration-and-offsettingfeasibility/

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

» Assess the greenhouse gas dynamics (CO2, CH4, and N2O) of Falkland Islands’ peatlands across various locations and times.

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Rosanne Broyd

» Gather key environmental and climate data, including rainfall, soil moisture, temperature, and water table levels.

» Provide a solid scientific foundation for developing a Falkland Islands-specific Carbon Code.

FORMER PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) April 2024 - March 2025 Dr Valeria Mazzola

» Support national greenhouse gas inventory reporting and guide decisions for a future carbon offsetting scheme in the Falklands.

Over the course of the reporting period, fieldwork remained at the core of the project. Since its inception, our 23 flux chamber sites have been visited nearly 200 times, resulting in the collection of over 2,700 measurements to date. Meanwhile, the flux towers distributed across the islands have required ongoing maintenance, but they are now operating efficiently and reliably.

In February 2025, we welcomed the Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) team, including Ross Morrison and Chris Evans, to SAERI for an in-depth discussion on project progress and an intense training in flux tower data analysis. This collaboration has led to our first preliminary insights into water and carbon dynamics across key Falkland habitats, including tussac, whitegrass, and diddledee-dominated stands. These initial findings were presented at the Land Recovery Workshop in Stanley on February 6th and 7th. Organised by RGB and Professor Jim McAdam from Queen’s University Belfast, the workshop provided an excellent platform to discuss project developments and the potential for a Land Recovery Programme.

In late March 2025, Valeria presented the project’s progress to our funders, DEFRA, highlighting the latest results from the flux chambers and drawing comparisons with data from the flux towers. This presentation marked an important milestone in demonstrating the progress of the project and reinforcing the value of long-term data collection.

Unfortunately, we said goodbye to Dr Valeria Mazzola at the end of March 2025, marking the conclusion of her valuable contribution to the project. We are grateful for her leadership during a key phase of fieldwork and analysis. We were, however, delighted to welcome Dr Rosanne Broyd in June 2025, who has since taken on the role of project lead. Her arrival ensures continuity and brings renewed momentum as the project moves into its next phase.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

» Intensive fieldwork including chamber GHG flux

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YEAR IN REVIEW

Providing Caribbean Expertise in European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Seabed Habitats – Phase 5

OVERVIEW

Territories : Caribbean Region

Funding organisations: European Commission, Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC)

Seabed habitat data is critical for effective marine management and conservation, but it is often hard to obtain, standardise, and analyse. Given the importance of habitat data to stakeholders around the world, in the last few decades a concentrated effort has been made to consolidate benthic habitat datasets in a single location with standardised classification system and open accessibility. In Europe, this has been largely accomplished thanks to the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet), a network of organisations who work together to observe the sea, collect and process the data according to the international standards, and make that information freely available as interoperable data layers and data products. The project is being implemented across the European Union and United Kingdom including UK overseas territories and EU outermost regions in the Caribbean. The Caribbean part of the project aims to collate and upload to EMODnet local benthic habitat data, standardise benthic habitat classification systems in the region and build capacity across the Mid-Atlantic Environmental Research Institution (MAERI) for GIS and marine data management to work towards the long-term goals of EMODnet for making more marine data findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable.

Project Partners: The Finish Environmental Institute (Syke) leads a consortium of 15 partners and subcontractors (including SAERI). On Anguilla, the key partner is SAERI’s sister institute MAERI and Anguilla Government.

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/emodnet-seabedhabitats-phase-5-caribbean/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Marcin Gorny

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

» Provide Caribbean expertise in the European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) Seabed Habitats project by assisting in the development of the Caribbean-focused standardised EUNIS classification system, and in acquiring the best available environmental data layers for the target areas of the Caribbean.

» Build MAERI’s capacity in the area of marine spatial data management and benthic habitat mapping by providing support and training and the establishment of an environmental database to centralise environmental data.

The Marine habitat specialist Marcin Gorny was recruited in December 2024 and started working on data collection, formatting and submission to EMODnet alongside work on review of benthic habitat types in the Caribbean, review of existing habitat classifications and the draft classification schema for the region. Some of this work is described in key highlights.

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The EMODnet Caribbean seabed habitat workshop which was suggested and initially planned to be held in Anguilla a in June 2025 was moved to May 2026, but the preparations already started. Two visits to Anguilla were carried out by marine specialist, both spanning for about two months, during which the discussions with local stakeholders were held, the local datasets were collected, and the data management and capacity building was also discussed.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

schema for the Caribbean tropical seabed habitats together with crosswalks and reclassification of existing products to the EUNIS schema. The initial work on this classification schema was conducted and the first draft results were developed. This work will be continued through the next project phase including consultations with experts and local stakeholders. The results will be presented in the next annual report along with the next steps planned for developing such classification schema.

Benthic habitat types in the Caribbean

The documentation and the literature review of main types of the shallow water benthic habitat types was prepared listing the types of the habitats, main geomorphological features, types and zones of coral reef and main characteristic of species communities.

Alongside the description of habitat types the review of the classification schemas used in the region was conducted. Throughout the duration of the project, including both Phase IV and V around 100 benthic habitat maps for the Caribbean Region were identified. However, many of these maps belong to map series for example the Nature Conservancy Caribbean Benthic Habitat Maps and thus share the same classification system. Taking this into account, 18 of distinct classification schemas were identified and used in the analysis. All these classification schemas were listed and analysed against the previously identified features and types of the habitats (for example geomorphological types, coral reef zones, species communities etc.). The review comprises also the habitat feature matrix where all the schemas are compared to show which components are used in each of them. From the 26 compared habitat features the most often classified ones were corals and un-colonised sand bottom which were used in all the schemas except for Allen Coral Geomorphic maps. Seagrass, Algae and Rock bottom were also often listed and appear in at least 10-14 classifications. The features used the less often in the classifications include more detailed habitat classes like divisions of corals (hard, soft, dead), artificial classes (for example dredged areas) and any additional information like percentage of cover, species composition. The geomorphological features were also rarely covered in most of the classifications alongside the hierarchical classifications which were implemented at least partially in only a few products. The output of this exercise highlighted the necessity of creating the standardised and hierarchical classification for the Caribbean Region.

Data Formatting

In Phase V the decision has been made to extend the area covered by the project to the entire Caribbean Region, including areas previously not included or included only partially. Therefore, we put the stress on collecting and formatting data from Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands and western part of the region. Through the year several new benthic habitat products (c. 40) were identified from various sources (databases, portals, reports and scientific papers) from which 15 was already acquired, prepared, and will be uploaded to the EMODnet network at the end of August 2025.

Additionally, we acquired the new high-resolution (10m) mangrove dataset for the entire region which allowed for updating the new Mangrove Essential Ocean Variable dataset by adding also some newly acquired local mangrove data and extending it to the whole Caribbean region including all the islands on the Caribbean Sea and Southern Gulf of Mexico.

MAERI

The Mid-Atlantic Environmental Research Institute is a partnership comprised of JNCC, the Anguilla Community College (ACC), the Government of Anguilla (GOA), and SAERI. Presently MAERI experiences issues due to lack of funding and capacity. In the current work we focused on building the foundation for developing MAERI and transforming it into the research institute capable to lead the EMODnet work in the Caribbean Region. Several topics were discussed during Marine Specialist Marcin Gorny’s presence on the island. SAERI CEO Dr Paul Brickle also visited Anguilla in late June and the meetings with Minister and Governor Office were held. The future of MAERI was discussed, data management, research and capacity building exercises were identified and the funding model for MAERI was proposed. Additionally the framework for data management system was discussed.

Draft Classification schema for the Caribbean

One of the main planned outputs of the EMODnet work in the region is developing the standardised classification

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PARTNER PROJECTS

Strengthening and expanding Namibia’s MPA network (NIMPA+)

Territories : Namibia

Funding organisations: Blue Action Fund

Project Partners: Namibia Nature Foundation (Project leader), SANCCOB Blue Marine Foundation, GRID Arendal COSDEC Benguela, NAMCOB

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/strengthening-andexpanding-namibias-mpa-networknimpa-plus/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Alastair Baylis

PROJECT OFFICER (SAERI) Scott Leadbetter

OVERVIEW

Namibia’s coast hosts one of the most productive marine regions in the world, renowned for its highly productive waters, it is the lifeblood of the entire coastline. The Namibian Islands’ Marine Protected Area (NIMPA) is located within an Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Area (EBSA) and covers the upwelling centre of the Benguela Current. It is home to globally significant populations of seabirds (such as African penguins and bank cormorants), marine mammals (such as Cape fur seals) and other marine species. Despite being Africa’s second-largest marine protected area (MPA) with a surface area of around 9,500km[2] , NIMPA only covers 1.7% of Namibia’s waters and is under threat from overfishing, pollution, mining, climate change, ineffective management and a society disconnected from marine values.

To address these issues, a consortium comprising NNF, Blue Marine, GRID, SANCCOB, SAERI, COSDEC-Benguela and NAMCOB is working with the Namibian government to develop and implement a management framework for NIMPA. The project will also develop innovative strategies for sustainable resource use, supporting small-scale fisheries, gleaners and entrepreneurs, improving their economic benefits while protecting one of the world’s most important marine ecosystems. The project will also inform the designation of two new MPAs (Namibe and Cape Fria EBSAs) located near the Angolan border in Namibia, setting the stage for a brighter future for the country’s priceless marine biodiversity.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

Fig. 1 - The webGIS page developed for NIMPA. The webGIS developed should greatly enhance marine spatial planning and conservation, by providing an interactive platform to explore and discover data.

YEAR IN REVIEW

» SAERI has advanced the NIMPA data portal and webGIS platform to help managers visualise and access spatial data.

» The data portal will improve data sharing, discovery, standardisation, and quality control.

» The webGIS provides an interactive platform to explore, map, and use data for marine spatial planning and conservation decisions.

» Next steps include delivering in-country training and preparing the hand-over of the portal and webGIS pages.

SAERI is a consortium partner, the main focus of our input is on the evidence base for NIMPA and the new MPAs. This includes developing an information management system for the NIMPA. We will also provide specialist expertise in Management Planning, Seabirds and Fisheries.

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PROJECT OVERVIEW

SELINA: Science for Evidence-based and Sustainable Decisions about Natural Capital Diddle-dee dieback: developing remote sensing solutions to quantify and understand areas at risk

BACKGROUND

Territories : Falkland Islands

Funding organisations: SELINA (SELINA receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101060415). Falkland Islands Government - Environmental Studies Budget (ESB)

SELINA will provide guidance for evidence-based decision-making that supports the protection, restoration, and sustainable use of our environment. Through a collaboration of experts from 50 partner organisations, SELINA will set new standards for international cooperation to promote Ecosystem Services (ES), Biodiversity (BD) conservation and enhance Ecosystem Conditions (EC).

Providing robust practical information and recommendations to stakeholders from both the public and private sectors, SELINA will pave the way towards the transformative societal change required to achieve the ambitious goals of the European Biodiversity Strategy 2030 and the Green Deal.

Project Partners: Leibniz University Hannover leads a consortium of 50 partners (including SAERI).

In the Falkland Islands, the key partners in the project are the Falkland Islands Government - Department of Agriculture

SELINA receives funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 101060415. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Commission. Neither the EU nor the EC can be held responsible for them.

Project URL: www.south-atlanticresearch.org/selina/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Evan Landridge

SAERI’s ROLE

SAERI will be delivering on Work Package 3 and 4 with a strong focus on delivering project outcomes that have impact on government policy and decision making. SAERI will be working closely with the Falklands Islands Government Department of Agriculture to develop new ideas, strategies and science for better land management, ecosystem services that align with the long-term Falkland Island sustainability goals.

It is estimated that diddle-dee (Empetrum rubrum) heathlands cover a quarter of the Falkland’s vegetated land area. Diddle-dee provides important ecosystem services such as soil stabilisation and provides habitat for other plant and animal species. In many areas diddle-dee is the main source of feed for livestock.

In previous years farmers and land-managers have reported extensive and expanding areas of dieback in diddledee heathlands. The cause of dieback is still unknown but potentially exacerbated by external stresses such as drier soils and changes in rainfall.

Affected areas exhibit a stereotypical bronze/orange colour in the leaves before dying back completely where the entire plant becomes grey and dry. After death, the risk of soil erosion and land degradation increases due to the reduced vegetation cover. The potential flow on effects includes reduced grazing potential and loss of habitat for birds and invertebrates.

Presently there is little understanding of the extent of the issue, its progression over time or appropriate management responses. A coordinated response is required to understand the extent of dieback, factors controlling its progression and temporal trends in its development.

PROJECT OBJECTIVES

  1. Trial and evaluate the ability of supervised pixel classification of multispectral satellite imagery bands to detect areas affected by diddle-dee dieback. This will include testing the ability to successfully differentiate between healthy and dead diddle-dee as well as other vegetation and non-vegetation classes using predefined classification algorithms.

  2. Classified imagery of dieback (and all else) will be compared with existing geospatial datasets such as

topography (elevation, slope, aspect, etc) and existing soil datasets such as pH, peat depth and organic matter.

  1. Depending on the success of objectives 1 and 2, a model will be developed to identify locations that are at risk of experiencing dieback. This model will be based on the relationships (if any) between dieback and the underlying environmental and topographical results of step 2.

YEAR IN REVIEW

My year in review begins in 2025 with most of my time focussed on the Environmental Studies Budget (ESB) project that aims to map diddle-dee dieback using remote sensing. This project has given me the opportunity to learn how to operate specialist drones to capture and process imagery. As part of the project, I was fortunate to work with landowners and plan a fieldwork trip to the West Falkland Islands to collect ground truthing data. The project has successfully used satellite imagery to detect diddle-dee dieback and compare its occurrence with other environmental features.

The project is now in its final stages, but progress and results have been presented at the Rural Business Association (RBA) Farmers Week. I also had the opportunity to discuss my project and findings with Falklands Radio.

KEY STATISTICS

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TRICUSO - (Three Research Infrastructures together: Carbon Uptake Southern Ocean)

Territories : South Atlantic and Southern Ocean

Funding organisations: European Union – Horizon Europe

Project Partners: International consortiums lead by NORCE, including major European ocean observing infrastructures and research institutions, including ICOS, EMBRC, Euro-Argo and partner oceanographic institutes across Europe and the South Atlantic region

Project URL: www.tricuso.eu/

PROJECT LEAD (SAERI) Dr Paul Brickle

BACKGROUND

TRICUSO aims to improve understanding of the Southern Ocean carbon sink and its role in regulating the global climate. The project seeks to enhance the entire ocean carbon observation “value chain” by developing improved sensor technologies, expanding the number of observation platforms, and strengthening data integration and governance for ocean carbon monitoring. By increasing the density and quality of observations in the Southern Ocean, TRICUSO aims to reduce uncertainty in estimates of ocean carbon uptake and support global climate monitoring initiatives such as the World Meteorological Organisation’s Global Greenhouse Gas Watch.

TRICUSO is a four-year Horizon Europe research project (2025– 2028) bringing together leading oceanographic research infrastructures and international partners to transform the way ocean carbon uptake is measured and monitored. The project connects major European observing systems and deploys a multiplatform approach including research vessels, autonomous floats, uncrewed surface vehicles and sensors mounted on ships and racing yachts to expand observation coverage across remote parts of the Southern Ocean.

SAERI’S ROLE

SAERI plays a key role in supporting field operations, providing logistical coordination for the Southern Ocean deployment and facilitating collaboration between project partners working in the South Atlantic region.

YEAR IN REVIEW

The project commenced in January 2025 with a consortium kick-off meeting in Southampton, United Kingdom, bringing together the international partner institutions to establish governance structures and coordinate the project’s scientific and operational plans. Over the first year, project teams developed work programmes across multiple research themes including observation technologies, data integration and the deployment of new sensing systems.

During this initial phase, SAERI worked with consortium partners to support planning for Southern Ocean field deployments, including preparations for instrument testing and ocean observations in the South Atlantic sector. These activities will contribute to expanding observational capacity in one of the least-sampled regions of the global ocean and improving understanding of how the Southern Ocean absorbs and stores atmospheric carbon.

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PARTNERSHIPS

Partnership and collaboration are at the core of SAERI’s way of working. Partnerships are crucial for achieving our goals and we greatly value our strong network of global partnerships. At home in the Falkland Islands, and in the countries where we work, we have strong partnerships with in-country organisations and look forward to continuing to work and thrive together.

LOCAL PARTNERSHIPS

In the Falkland Islands, we work closely with government and industry partners, recognising that effective cooperation underpins both our day-to-day operations and the future of our research. Our team provides logistical support and specialist expertise to researchers across the South Atlantic, ensuring that projects are carried out to the highest standard. Working in often challenging environments, we prioritise safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness so that both staff and collaborators can deliver impactful science.

INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS

SAERI is committed to strengthening existing relationships and developing new international collaborations. We have established Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) with key partners, fostering a framework for effective cooperation. Notably, three of these MoUs support our active role in developing sister institutes across other United Kingdom Overseas Territories (UKOTs) and leading a strategic alliance in South America. We have also signed a strategic and collaborative MoU with the University of the Republic, Uruguay.

Austral Earth Observation Alliance (AEOA)

SAERI continues to lead the AEOA by providing both the Chair and Secretarial roles. The partnership includes key institutions such as the Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Universidad de Magallanes (UMAG) Universidad Santo Tomás (Santiago) and Universidad de Chile.

St Helena Research Institute (SHRI)

CONSORTIUM PROJECTS AND NETWORKS

SAERI collaborates closely with SHRI, offering expert guidance on GIS and geospatial data management and serves as an advisory member on the SHRI Council.

We continue to partner and work closely with our consortium projects:

» SELINA (Science for Evidence-based and sustainable decisions about Natural capital) which is funded by the European Commission and led by the University of Hannover.

More detail on these can be found in our project pages.

Mid-Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (MAERI)

SAERI collaborates closely with its MAERI partners—the Anguillan Department of Natural Resources, Anguilla Community College, and the Joint Nature Conservation Committee—to advance the development of the Institute. This collaboration extends to the EU-funded EMODnet project, which has a SAERI Project Manager based in Anguilla from December 2024. This project is being extended till October 2026.

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INTERNATIONAL EVENTS AND CONFERENCES

August 2024 – SAERI attended the SCAR Open Science Conference, Chile

Researchers from the South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI) contributed to the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) Open Science Conference, held in Pucón. The conference is one of the leading international gatherings for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science, bringing together researchers from across disciplines to share new findings and strengthen collaboration within the global polar research community.

SAERI researchers were involved in nine conference papers. These contributions reflected the breadth of research undertaken by the Institute and its collaborators, spanning topics such as marine ecology, predator ecology, ecosystem monitoring, and the links between Antarctic and sub-Antarctic environments. The work presented highlighted how research conducted in the South Atlantic region contributes to broader understanding of Southern Ocean ecosystems and environmental change.

SAERI was represented in person at the conference by Dr Siobhan Vye and PhD student Lydia Brackwell, who attended to present research, engage with international colleagues and participate in discussions across the programme. Their participation provided an important opportunity to showcase SAERI-led research and strengthen existing collaborations with partners working across the Antarctic region. Collectively, these contributions demonstrate SAERI’s growing engagement with the international Antarctic research community and the importance of South Atlantic science in informing global understanding of polar environmental change.

September 2024 – Dr Paul Brickle attended PRADO, Uruguay

Representatives from the Falkland Islands participated in the Expo Prado in Montevideo, Uruguay, an important regional agricultural and trade exhibition that brings together government, industry and research institutions from across South America. Attendance provided an opportunity to strengthen links between the Falkland Islands and Uruguayan partners in areas including fisheries, agriculture and environmental science.

Dr Paul Brickle, representing SAERI attended and engaged with several Uruguayan scientific institutions to explore opportunities for collaboration in marine and environmental research. Discussions focused on strengthening scientific exchange, sharing expertise on South Atlantic ecosystems and developing partnerships that support regional understanding of marine biodiversity and fisheries resources. These interactions helped reinforce the Falkland Islands’ commitment to international scientific cooperation across the South Atlantic region. This trip strengthened the MoU between SAERI and the University of the Republic. A number of grant ideas were formulated and some studentships.

January 2025 - Dr Paul Brickle attended the launch of TRICUSO, UK

TRICUSO (Three Research Infrastructures together: Carbon Uptake Southern Ocean) is a Horizon Europe– funded international research partnership designed to strengthen marine science collaboration, build research capacity, and enhance data integration across island and coastal regions.

In January 2025, SAERI participated in the inaugural meeting of the TRICUSO consortium, hosted at the National Oceanography Centre in Southampton. The meeting marked the formal launch of the Horizon Europe–funded TRICUSO project, bringing together international partners to establish governance structures, refine project objectives, and agree delivery frameworks for the programme.

As a consortium partner, SAERI contributed to discussions shaping the scientific direction and collaborative approach of the project. The meeting provided an important opportunity to strengthen relationships with European research institutions and to position the South Atlantic within a broader international research agenda.

Engagement in TRICUSO reflects SAERI’s continued commitment to international collaboration and to ensuring that research from the South Atlantic territories contributes to, and benefits from, global scientific initiatives. Participation in the Southampton meeting reinforced SAERI’s role within a major European research consortium and highlighted its growing presence in internationally funded programmes.

March 2025 - Amy Guest, SAERI PhD Student – Exploring the Deep Aboard the RV Dagon

Amy Guest represented SAERI and FIG as a local observer and scientist on four-week expedition aboard the RV Dagon. Working alongside the crew from Inkfish, the University of Western Australia, and Kelpie Geoscience, Amy assisted with deep-sea deployments and retrievals, often in challenging weather conditions. The team explored depths of 3,000– 6,000m along the Falkland Escarpment and into the Argentine Basin, using landers equipped with CTDs, eDNA samplers, water collectors, and baited camera traps.

Highlights included observing deep-sea species, such as grenadiers, amphipods, and other invertebrates, as well as

witnessing the deployment of the submarine Bakunawa. All the data that was collected data has been shared with the FIG-SAERI IMS-GIS database. Amy will have the opportunity to contribute as a co-author to research papers that will be published in due course.

May 2025 – Evan Langridge attended SELINA workshop in The Azores, Portugal

Evan Langridge, SELINA’s project manager attended a Thematic Workshop in the Azores, Portugal, The Workshop focused on integrating ecosystem services analysis from WP3-5 with project partners, stakeholders, and members of the SELINA Advisory Board, and to address decision-makers’ needs. The extracurricular activities during the Workshop days will include invitations to the forest services and directorate of the environment, visiting forestmanaged areas - forest certification towards sustainability, and altitude peat bogs and remnants of native forest.

June 2025 – Dr Paul Brickle attended the UK Parliament, UK

Dr Paul Brickle from SAERI was invited to speak at a special roundtable discussion in the UK Parliament organised by the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG). He joined other leading scientists to highlight scientific work in the South Atlantic and the Falklands, particularly emphasising SAERI’s collaborative international research efforts.

At the Falkland Islands Government Annual Reception in Parliament, themed around “The Falkland Islands as a globally significant centre for environmental research and biodiversity”, Dr Paul Brickle also represented SAERI and spoke about the Falklands’ scientific contribution.

June 2025 - Dr Paul Brickle in Anguilla for the EMODnet Project

Dr Paul Brickle travelled to Anguilla to contribute to the ongoing EMODnet (European Marine Observation and Data Network) Seabed Habitats project and support regional collaboration. During his visit, Paul worked alongside the Anguilla Department of Natural Resources and project partners to review progress on habitat mapping and data collection, while also exploring opportunities to strengthen links with stakeholders in neighbouring islands such as Saint Martin. A key focus of his trip was to identify ways in which SAERI’s sister institute, MAERI, could expand its role in the region, building capacity for future research and conservation initiatives. His visit highlighted SAERI’s continued commitment to advancing seabed habitat mapping and supporting evidence-based marine management across the Caribbean.

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May 2025 – July 2025 - Cardiff University Internship: Molly Roberts

Molly Roberts joined SAERI for a two-month internship. During this time, she was provided the necessary resources and datasets to progress her dissertation project, which focuses on kelp habitats and their associated macrobenthic assemblages within the Falkland Islands. She developed key skills in ecological data analysis and habitat assessments and practical experience in PhotoQuad software. This analysis of seabed imagery enhanced her abilities in marine species identification and broadened her understanding of benthic community structures, helping to build a solid foundation in ecological research for future work in marine science.

May 2025 - Year 10 Work Experience: Ashan Molligoda

OUTREACH AND EDUCATION

Outreach and education are central to SAERI’s mission and long-term vision. By hosting community events, school engagement activities, and internship opportunities, SAERI inspires the next generation of environmental scientists while building local research capacity across the Falklands and wider South Atlantic region. These initiatives not only provide young people with valuable experience and pathways into environmental careers but also strengthen the connection between science and society. By fostering skills development, creating opportunities for hands-on learning, and encouraging participation in research, SAERI helps ensure that knowledge and expertise are cultivated locally, supporting both the community and the sustainability of environmental research into the future.

November 2024 - Year 10 Work Experience: Laura Bates

SAERI hosted Laura Bates from the Falkland Islands Community School (FICS) for her Year 10 Work Experience placement. Laura gained experience across several projects, supporting PhD student Amy Guest with marine photo analysis and species identification as well as a fun trip to explore intertidal habitats through rock pooling. She also joined Dr Valeria Mazzola in the field to measure gas fluxes for peatland research and observed Dr Al Baylis demonstrate animal tagging techniques. The week provided Laura with a diverse introduction to SAERI’s research.

SAERI hosted Ashan Molligoda from Braunton Academy in Devon for his Year 10 Work Experience placement in the Falklands office. Ashan assisted with the Diddle Dee and Freshwater projects, gaining experience in fieldwork techniques such as drone use and freshwater monitoring. He also completed an independent research assignment on South Atlantic marine mammals, developing skills in scientific investigation and communication.

June 2025 - World Oceans Day Outreach Event

To celebrate World Oceans Day 2025, SAERI partnered with local organisations to host a community event at the Parish Hall, highlighting our deep connection to the sea and the importance of marine conservation. The day featured interactive displays, games, hands-on activities, and even tastings of local made toothfish pate, with stalls from Shallow Marine Surveys Group, Falkland Islands Government Fisheries Department, Falklands Conservation, Falkland Islands Fishing Companies Association (FIFCA), Consolidated Fisheries Limited, Falklands Outdoors, and Salmon Free Farming. A highlight was SMSG’s showcase of shallow marine creatures, offering a fascinating glimpse into the Falklands’ hidden biodiversity. We thank all our partners, supporters, and the local community for making the event both educational and enjoyable.

January 2025 – March 2025 - University of Plymouth Work Placement: Sophie Reeves

Sophie Reeves spent 3 months with SAERI on a work placement as part of her Ocean Science and Marine Conservation degree at the University of Plymouth. Sophie researched Baited Remote Underwater Video Systems (BRUVs), exploring their applications, and reviewing advances such as long-

endurance prototypes that could improve marine monitoring. She also processed over 100 biological samples collected from Ascension Island in 2012, which involved repackaging, preserving, and preparing them for transfer to the Natural History Museum in the UK. This experience that developed her skills in data organisation, sample handling, and logistical coordination.

Sophie assisted with kelp rafting experiments and helped test research drones to better understand their potential for environmental monitoring. Each of these activities gave her practical experience in scientific field methods directly linked to climate change, marine ecology, and conservation. She also contributed to SAERI’s long-term resources by helping to organise and categorise over 7,000 images in the institute’s archive, improving accessibility for future research and reference.

Her placement provided an interesting mix of office based and laboratory work, and field experience, broadening her knowledge of marine and environmental science while strengthening her technical skills. SAERI is proud to support early-career scientists in gaining the practical experience needed to pursue future research and conservation careers.

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FELLOWSHIPS

SENIOR RESEARCH FELLOWS:

SAERI has a Senior Research Fellows and Regional Research Associates scheme which has four core goals:

» To secure, for the benefit of SAERI, the skills, advice and guidance of scientists who are in a position to support and promote the institute and its aims.

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» To build research capacity within the region through providing an international platform for OT-resident scientists to engage in research and research outputs and to further develop their environmental science careers.

» To broaden and strengthen the SAERI network, and forge long-term sustainable collaborations between individuals and institutions.

» To assist fellows and associates in their search for funding to develop or sustain South Atlantic research (when research falls within SAERI’s strategic science strategy) and through logistical support .

Our Senior Research Fellows are renowned international environmental scientists that contribute to SAERI’s scientific excellence.

Regional Research Associates are environmental scientists who are resident in the South Atlantic (or in other UKOTs where we work) who have undertaken, as a minimum, an undergraduate degree in environmental sciences. Regional Research Associates have a particular interest in SAERI’s focal areas of research, and include students who have undertaken their university research project in collaboration with either SAERI or another Sister UKOT research institute, or UKOT resident students who have completed their degrees and have returned to the region.

In addition, promising early-career scientists, or scientists who are not residents of the UKOTs but have a keen interest in research in the region are Regional Research Associates. SAERI will support Regional Research Associates through regular communications to keep them connected with research initiatives and opportunities in the region and beyond. SAERI will also provide advice on further tertiary education opportunities on request, and will provide a platform for regional research associates to share the research that they undertake more widely. es WEESF *7 lt = ike"

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DR TABITHA PEARMAN
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DR ALISTAIR LAVERY DR TABITHA PEARMAN
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REGIONAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATES:

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NAOMI CORDEIRO DR TERESA DARBYSHIRE
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GIOVANNI MANGHI NESS SMITH
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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

THANK-YOU

We are deeply grateful to all those who have funded, supported and collaborated with SAERI over the past year. Our success continues to be driven by the strength and breadth of our partnerships. These relationships, established through international visits, academic research, conferences, and ongoing professional engagement are vital to advancing our mission.

PARTNERING ORGANISATIONS

Our partnerships create meaningful opportunities for research within the Falkland Islands, the wider South Atlantic region, and beyond. We are proud to work alongside a diverse network of researchers, institutions, funders, and supporters, who help us address some of the most significant scientific and environmental questions of our time. With funding and collaboration from more than 60 organisations, we remain committed to delivering highquality, impactful science through trusted and enduring partnerships.

FUNDING ORGANISATIONS

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

FINANCIAL REVIEW

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FINANCIAL REVIEW

Accounts are set out on pages 80-101

The past year has presented further financial challenges for SAERI. Following a downturn in grant funding success last year, the trend unfortunately continued into 2024/2025. The fiscal tightening in the UK had a direct knock-on effect for Darwin Initiative funding, budget reviews resulted in only one of the four grants being awarded. While we were pleased to secure one Darwin Local grant it was a disappointing year. Add to these challenges, project start dates across Darwin were subject to delays, with all launches pushed back into the next Falkland Islands financial year. At the same time, several existing projects reached completion, which naturally reduced the number of live projects and led to a loss of overhead income.

However, SAERI’s early establishment of firm financial foundations and strong governance has provided the resilience and leadership needed to navigate this environment. The creation of the Falkland Islands–based Head of Business Development and Finance in November 2025 is a further step in strengthening our capacity to respond to these challenges.

Thanks to a carefully managed Reserves policy, our commitment to broadening the donor base, and the continued development of commercial activities through SAERI (Falklands) Limited (SFL), we have been able to withstand the financial pressures of the year. Looking ahead, our focus is firmly on diversifying income streams, expanding our reach to new grant bodies, and building financial sustainability to support SAERI’s vital scientific mission.

PRINCIPAL FUNDING SOURCES

SAERI remains heavily reliant on grant funding, which accounted for 74% of total income during the reporting period. Historically most of this funding has been provided through the UK Government’s Darwin Initiative, however the funding world is evolving. Approximately half of grant income was secured through Darwin, representing around 37% of total grant income.

Increased involvement in EU-funded projects including TRICUSO, SELINA and EMODnet, alongside collaborative work with the Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) and the Government of South Georgia & the South Sandwich Islands, has reduced SAERI’s reliance on a single funding stream and strengthened the resilience of the organisation.

SAERI Group’s expenditure was distributed across multiple geographic regions, including the Falkland Islands, the Caribbean, the South Atlantic, and Southern Africa, aligned with the locations of active project delivery.

Recharge Revenue from SFL

In accordance with the requirement for all inter-entity transactions to be conducted at arm’s length, the year included the following categories of goods and services provided by SAERI to SFL:

» Staff time and resource charges

Falkland Islands Government Subvention

SAERI is grateful for the continued support of the Falkland Islands Government through its subvention process and its contribution to the Data Centre. This support remains an important element of the Institute’s financial stability and operational effectiveness.

GOING CONCERN

Trustees set annual budgets with at least a break-even position and review the finances of the charity and its subsidiary against those budgets on a regular basis. They take steps to mitigate any potential shortfalls as they are identified.

Trustees also formulate a five-year strategy which is used, and updated as necessary, to manage the way in which

SAERI and SFL operate.

The Trustees consider that SAERI and SFL combined are going concerns on the following basis:

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Constitution

INCOME BREAKDOWN

Grant Income Subvention Recharge Revenue from SFL Donation Revenue Other Income

The South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (SAERI) is a registered charity in England and Wales (Charity No. 1173105). It is governed by a Trust Deed and operates in accordance with its charitable objectives, which are:

  1. The advancement of education and research;

  2. The advancement of environmental protection or improvement; and

  3. The promotion of sustainable development.

The Charity operates through a Group structure, which includes one wholly owned trading subsidiary (SFL) and one-part owned trading subsidiary of SFL, called SALL. This new subsidiary was created this year. South Atlantic Laboratories Ltd (SALL) is a commercial laboratory, offering a range of scientific services to industry and the local community. This is a joint venture company. It is expected to turn a profit within 6 years.

An arm’s length relationship is maintained to ensure appropriate governance, enabling the subsidiaries to donate profits in support of the Charity’s core activities. This arrangement supports the strategic aim of reducing reliance on public funding provided through government subvention.

Trustee Recruitment, Induction and Training

Trustees serve for a 3-year period and may renew by mutual agreement. Trustees are sought through advertising or though recommendations. A formal application is submitted, and they are approved or rejected at Board Meetings after careful review from current Trustees. New Trustees receive an induction presentation, including access to relevant governance documents, policies, and sector-specific briefings. An existing Trustee mentors the new Trustee for the first year.

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT (continued)

Organisational Structure and Governance

The Charity is governed by a Board of Trustees, who are responsible for setting strategic direction and overseeing operations. Day-to-day management is delegated to the CEO and senior leadership team. As of 30 June 2025, SAERI had 7 Trustees. Three new Trustees joined in June 2025. The FIG Observer Role is currently vacant. Trustees are not remunerated but are reimbursed for reasonable expenses. Conflicts of interests are recorded and managed appropriately as and when they arise.

Board Committees

There are four Board Committees:

The committees are made up of Trustees and SAERI’s Senior Leadership Team. The committees meeting 1 – 2 times per year and provide expert input, supporting the Board in evidence-based decision-making. No changes have been made to the formal organisational structure.

Pay Policy for Senior Staff

The remuneration of senior staff is set in accordance with a pay banding system that reflects the responsibilities, experience, and market comparators of each role. These are reviewed periodically in line with all staff salaries to ensure fairness and consistency. Senior staff do not receive any additional benefits beyond those available to other staff members. During this reporting period, there was no organisation-wide cost of living increase, with a view to reviewing this in the next financial year.

Policy Statements

SAERI Group has a full suite of internal policies and procedures. These are reviewed annually. During this year, a Gender Equality Plan (GEP) alongside an action plan was written for implementation. The GEP was written to comply with a European Grant. Performance Management guidelines and processes were updated to be launched next year.

expansion and consolidation. By strengthening commercial activity, expanding fundraising efforts and 4

Risk Management

The Board regularly reviews the risks facing the Charity and its Group. Risk and governance are standing items at each quarterly Board meeting. Trustees are satisfied that appropriate systems and procedures are in place to identify, assess, and manage major risks. Trustees remain committed to active risk management, regularly reviewing controls and mitigations to ensure the ongoing sustainability and effectiveness of the Charity.

Key strategic risks currently identified include:

Trustees remain committed to active risk management, regularly reviewing controls and mitigations to ensure the ongoing sustainability and effectiveness of the Charity. This includes diversifying funding sources and grant applications, maintaining strong stakeholder communication, exploring commercial opportunities though SFL, and strengthening organisational performance through ongoing training and review.

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© Shallow Marine Surveys Group

STATEMENT OF TRUSTEES’ RESPONSBILITIES

The Trustees are responsible for preparing the Trustees’ report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice).

Charity law requires the Trustees to prepare financial statements for each financial year. Under charity law, the Trustees must not approve the financial statements unless they are satisfied that they give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Charity and the Group, and of the incoming resources and application of resources, including the income and expenditure, of the charitable group for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the Trustees are required to:

» prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis, unless it is inappropriate to presume that the Charity and the Group will continue in operation.

The Trustees are responsible for keeping adequate accounting records that are sufficient to show and explain the Charity and the Group’s transactions; to disclose, with reasonable accuracy at any time, the financial position of the Charity and the Group and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Charities Act 2011, the Charity (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 and the provisions of the Trust deed. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the Charity and the Group and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Disclosure of information to auditors

Each of the persons who are Trustees at the time when this Trustees’ report is approved has confirmed that:

» that Trustee has taken all the steps that ought to have been taken as a Trustee in order to be aware of any information needed by the charitable group’s auditors in connection with preparing their report and to establish that the charitable group’s auditors are aware of that information.

This report was approved by the Trustees on 17th April 2026 and signed on their behalf by:

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

Independent Auditor’s Report to the Trustees of South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute

OPINION

We have audited the financial statements of South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (the ‘Charity’) and its subsidiary (the ‘Group’) for the year ended 30 June 2025 which comprise the Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities, Consolidated and Charity Balance Sheets, Statement of Consolidated Cash Flows and notes to the financial statements, including a summary of significant accounting policies.

The financial reporting framework that has been applied in their preparation is applicable law and United Kingdom Accounting Standards (United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Practice), including Financial Reporting Standard 102: The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland.

In our opinion, the financial statements:

BASIS FOR OPINION

We conducted our audit in accordance with International Standards on Auditing (UK) (ISAs (UK)) and applicable law. Our responsibilities under those standards are further described in the Auditor’s responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements section of our report. We are independent of the Charity in accordance with the ethical requirements that are relevant to our audit of the financial statements in the UK, including the FRC’s Ethical Standard, and we have fulfilled our other ethical responsibilities in accordance with these requirements. We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our opinion.

CONCLUSIONS RELATING TO GOING CONCERN

In auditing the financial statements, we have concluded that the Trustees’ use of the going concern basis of accounting in the preparation of the financial statements is appropriate.

Based on the work we have performed, we have not identified any material uncertainties relating to events or conditions that, individually or collectively, may cast significant doubt on the Charity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from when the original financial statements were authorised for issue.

Our responsibilities and the responsibilities of the trustees with respect to going concern are described in the relevant sections of this report.

OTHER INFORMATION

The trustees are responsible for the other information. The other information comprises the information included in the Annual Report other than the Financial Statements and our auditor’s report thereon. Our opinion on the Financial Statements does not cover the other information and, except to the extent otherwise explicitly stated in our report, we do not express any form of assurance conclusion thereon.

In connection with our audit of the Financial Statements, our responsibility is to read the other information and, in doing so, consider whether the other information is materially inconsistent with the financial statements, or our knowledge obtained in the audit or otherwise appears to be materially misstated. If we identify such material inconsistencies or apparent material misstatements, we are required to determine whether there is a material misstatement in the financial statements or a material misstatement of the other information. If, based on the work we have performed, we conclude that there is a material misstatement of this other information, we are required to report that fact.

We have nothing to report in this regard.

MATTERS ON WHICH WE ARE REQUIRED TO REPORT BY EXCEPTION

In the light of the knowledge and understanding of the Charity and its environment obtained in the course of the audit, we have not identified material misstatements in the Trustees’ report.

We have nothing to report in respect of the following matters in relation to which the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 requires us to report to you if, in our opinion:

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRUSTEES

As explained more fully in the Statement of Trustees’ Responsibilities set out on page 74, the Trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements and for being satisfied that they give a true and fair view, and for such internal control as they determine is necessary to enable the preparation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

In preparing the financial statements, the trustees are responsible for assessing the Charity’s ability to continue as a going concern, disclosing, as applicable, matters related to going concern and using the going concern basis of accounting unless the trustees either intend to liquidate the Charity or to cease operations, or have no realistic alternative but to do so.

OUR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Our objectives are to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements as a whole are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error, and to issue an auditor’s report that includes our opinion. Reasonable assurance is a high level of assurance but is not a guarantee that an audit conducted in accordance with ISAs (UK) will always detect a material misstatement when it exists. Misstatements can arise from fraud or error and are considered material if, individually or in the aggregate, they could reasonably be expected to influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of these financial statements.

Irregularities, including fraud, are instances of noncompliance with laws and regulations. We design procedures in line with our responsibilities, outlined above, to detect material misstatements in respect of irregularities, including fraud. The extent to which our procedures are capable of detecting irregularities, including fraud is detailed below:

As part of our audit planning, we obtained an understanding of the legal and regulatory framework that is applicable to the Charity. We gained an understanding of the Charity and the industry in which the Charity operates as part of this assessment to identify the key laws and regulations affecting the Charity.

As part of this, we reviewed the Charity’s website for indication of any regulations and certification in place and discussed these with the relevant individuals responsible for compliance. The key regulations we identified were Charity Legislation, health and safety regulations and The General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”). We also considered those laws and regulations that have a direct impact on the preparation of the financial statements such as the Charities Act 2011.

We discussed with management and trustees how the compliance with these laws and regulations in

monitored and discussed policies and procedures in place. We also identified the individuals who have responsibility for ensuring that the Charity complies with laws and regulations and deals with reporting any issues if they arise. As part of our planning procedures, we assessed the risk of any noncompliance with laws and regulations on the Charity’s ability to continue trading and the risk of material misstatement to the accounts.

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

© Amy Constantine

Independent Auditor’s Report to the Trustees of South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute (continued)

OUR RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE AUDIT OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (continued)

Based on this understanding we designed our audit procedures to identify non-compliance with such laws and regulations. Our procedures involved the following:

» enquiries of management regarding their knowledge of any non-compliance with laws and regulations that could affect the financial statements. As part of these enquiries, we also discussed with management whether there have been any known instances, allegations or suspicions of fraud, of which there were none.

» reviewed filings with the Charity Commission and whether there were any serious incident reports made during the year, of which there were none.

» review of the group’s GDPR policy and enquiries to the Data Protection Officer as to the occurrence and outcome of any reportable breaches.

» reviewed legal and professional costs to identify any possible non-compliance or legal costs in respect of non-compliance.

» reviewed Trustee minutes.

As part of our enquiries, we discussed with management whether there have been any known instances, allegations or suspicions of fraud, of which there were none. We evaluated the risk of fraud through management override. The key risks we identified were management bias in accounting judgements and estimates. We also evaluated the risk of fraud through misapplication of grant funding.

In response to the identified risk, as part of our audit work we:

» reviewed estimates and judgements made in the accounts for any indication of bias and challenged assumptions used by management in making the estimates.

Because of the inherent limitations of an audit, there is a risk that we will not detect all irregularities, including those leading to a material misstatement in the financial statements. This risk increases the further removed non-compliance with laws and regulations is from the events and transactions reflected in the financial statements as we are less likely to become aware of instances of non-compliance. The risk of not detecting a material mis-statement due to fraud is higher than the risk of not detecting one resulting from error, as fraud may involve deliberate concealment, collusion, omission, or misrepresentation.

A further description of our responsibilities for the audit of the financial statements is located on the Financial Reporting Council’s website at: www.frc.org.uk/auditorsresponsibilities.

This description forms part of our auditor’s report.

USE OF OUR REPORT

This report is made solely to the Charity’s members, as a body, in accordance with Part 4 of the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008. Our audit work has been undertaken so that we might state to the Charity’s members those matters we are required to state to them in an auditor’s report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, we do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Charity’s members as a body, for our audit work, for this report, or for the opinions we have formed.

PKF FRANCIS CLARK, Chartered Accountants & Statutory Auditor

Centenary House, Peninsula Park Rydon Lane, Exeter EX2 7XE

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025 FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025 AS AT 30 JUNE 2025
UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
RESTRICTED
FUNDS
TOTAL FUNDS
TOTAL FUNDS
2025
2025
2025
2024
ee		 2025
2024
Note
£
£
FIXED ASSETS
ee
NOTE £ £ £ £ Intangible assets 14 - 537
INCOME FROM:
Tangible assets 15 131,276 142,269
Donations and legacies 3 108,744 575,328 684,072 875,272 Investments 16 1 -
Other trading activities 5 342,464 - 342,464 339,563 131,277 142,806
Other income 6 2,738 23,905 26,643 76,415 ~~——~~
Total income 453,946 599,233 1,053,179 1,291,250
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors 18 297,854 98,955
EXPENDITURE ON:
Cash at bank and in hand 25 271,406 326,287
Raising funds 4 193,325 - 193,325 226,280 569,260 425,242
Charitable activities 7 293,463 566,360 859,823 1,177,834 Creditors :amounts falling due within one year 19 (294,700) (162,429)
Total expenditure 486,788 566,360 1,053,148 1,404,114 Net current assets 274,560 262,813
Net income/(expenditure) (32,842) 32,873 31 (112,864) Total assets less current liabilities 405,837 405,619
Transfers between funds 21 98,320 (98,320) - - Provisions for liabilities 20 (187) -
Net movement in funds 65,478
(65,447)
31
(112,864)
~~—___~~		 Total net assets 405,650 405,619
RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS: CHARITY FUNDS
Total funds brought forward 176,537 229,082 405,619 518,483 Restricted funds 21 163,635 229,082
Net movement in funds 65,478 (65,447) 31 (112,864) Unrestricted funds 21 242,015 176,537
Total funds carried forward 242,015 163,635 405,650 405,619 Total Funds 405,650 405,619

The Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities includes all gains and losses recognised in the year.

The notes on pages 84 to 101 form part of these financial statements.

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees and authorised for issue on 17 April 2026 and are signed on behalf of the Board by:

C. Peter Judge MBE Chairman

The notes on pages 84-101 form part of these financial statements.

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025 81

CHARITY BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30 JUNE 2025

Note 2025
£		 2024
£
FIXED ASSETS
Intangible assets
Tangible assets		 14
15		 -
113,822		 537
139,756
Investments 16 2
113,824		 1
140,294
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors 18 80,285 46,325
Cash at bank and in hand 260,554 309,246
340,839 355,571
Creditors :amounts falling due within one year 19 (123,813) (122,082)
Net current assets 217,026 233,489
Total assets less current liabilities 330,850 373,783
Total net assets 330,850 373,783
CHARITY FUNDS
Restricted funds 21 163,635 229,082
Unrestricted funds 21 167,215 144,701
Total charity funds 330,850 373,783

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS ce ee to fei ies iene Ci FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

2025 2024
NOTE £ £
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net Cash used in operating activities 24 (17,543) (117,806)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchase of tangible fixed assets (37,338) (25,335)
Net Cash used in investing activities (37,338) (23,355)
Change in cash and cash equivalents in the year (54,881) (143,141)
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year 326,287 469,428
Cash and Cash equivalents at the end of the year 25, 26 271,406 326,287

The notes on pages 84-101 form part of these financial statements.

These financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees and authorised for issue on 17 April 2026 and are signed on behalf of the board by:

C. Peter Judge MBE Chairman

The notes on pages 84-101 form part of these financial statements.

© Danni Thompson

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TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute is a Charitable Incorporated Organisation, registered with the Charity Commission in England & Wales with a registered number 1173105 on 17 May 2017. Its registered office is Falkland House, 14 Broadway, Westminster, London, SW1H 0BH.

The financial statements are presented in Sterling which is the functional currency of the Group and are rounded to the nearest £.

2. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

2.1 Basis of Preparation of Financial Statements

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Charities SORP (FRS 102) - Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) and the Charities Act 2011.

There is no material uncertainties in relation to the going concern.

The financial statements have been prepared to give a ‘true and fair’ view and have departed from the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 only to the extent required to provide a ‘true and fair’ view. This departure has involved following the Charities SORP (FRS 102) published in October 2019 rather than the Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice effective from 1 April 2005 which has since been withdrawn.

The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention with items recognised at cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant notes to these accounts.

No separate SOFA has been presented for the Charity alone. The income and expenditure account for the year for the Parent Charity, South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute, was a deficit of £42,933 (2024: deficit of £110,529).

South Atlantic Environmental Research Institute meets the definition of a public benefit entity under FRS 102. Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy.

The Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities (SOFA) and Consolidated Balance Sheet consolidate the financial statements of the Charity and its subsidiary undertaking. The results of the subsidiary are consolidated on a line-by-line basis.

2.2 Income

All income is recognised once the Charity has entitlement to the income, it is probable that the income will be received, and the amount of income receivable can be measured reliably.

Grant income in relation to projects is recognised when the Charity has entitlement, and the terms and conditions of the grant are met. The amount of grant income recognised in the Statement of Financial Activities reflects the approximate stage of completion of the individual projects based on budgeted costs. Income is accrued in line with budgets submitted to funders and deferred where funds are received in advance.

2.3 Expenditure

Expenditure is recognised once there is a legal or constructive obligation to transfer economic benefit to a third party, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably.

Support costs are those costs incurred directly in support of expenditure on the objects of the Charity and include project management carried out at Headquarters. Governance costs are those incurred in connection with administration of the Charity and compliance with constitutional and statutory requirements.

Costs of generating funds are costs incurred in attracting voluntary income, and those incurred in trading activities that raise funds.

2.4 Interest receivable

Interest on funds held on deposit is included when receivable and the amount can be measured reliably by the Charity; this is normally upon notification of the interest paid or payable by the institution with whom the funds are deposited.

2.5 Intangible assets and amortisation

Intangible assets are capitalised and recognised when future economic benefits are probable, and the cost or value of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets are initially recognised at cost and are subsequently measured at cost net of amortisation and any provision for impairment.

2.6 Tangible fixed assets and depreciation

All assets costing more than £200 are capitalised. A review for impairment of a fixed asset is carried out if events or changes in circumstances indicate that

the carrying value of any fixed asset may not be recoverable. Shortfalls between the carrying value of fixed assets and their recoverable amounts are recognised as impairments. Impairment losses are recognised in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities.

Tangible fixed assets are carried at cost, net of depreciation and any provision for impairment. Depreciation is provided at rates calculated to write off the cost of fixed assets, less their estimated residual value, over their expected useful lives on the following bases:

2.7 Investments

Fixed asset investments are a form of financial instrument and are initially recognised at their transaction cost and subsequently measured at fair value at the Balance Sheet date, unless the value cannot be measured reliably in which case it is measured at cost less impairment. Investment

gains and losses, whether realised or unrealised, are combined and presented as ‘Gains/(Losses) on investments’ in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities.

Investments in subsidiaries are valued at cost less provision for impairment.

2.8 Debtors

Trade and other debtors are recognised at the settlement amount after any trade discount offered. Prepayments are valued at the amount prepaid net of any trade discounts due.

2.9 Cash at bank and in hand

Cash at bank and in hand includes cash and short-term highly liquid investments with a short maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition or opening of the deposit or similar account.

2.10 Liabilities

Liabilities and provisions are recognised when there is an obligation at the Balance Sheet date as a result of a past event, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefit will be required in settlement, and the amount of the settlement can be estimated reliably.

Liabilities are recognised at the amount that the Charity anticipates it will pay to settle the debt or the amount it has received as advanced payments for the goods or services it must provide.

Provisions are measured at the best estimate of the amounts required to settle the obligation. Where the effect of the time value of money is material, the provision is based on the present value of those amounts, discounted at the pre-tax discount rate that reflects the risks specific to the liability. The unwinding of the discount is recognised within interest payable and similar charges.

2.11 Deferred taxation

Full provision is made for deferred tax assets and liabilities arising from all timing differences between the recognition of gains and losses in the financial statements and recognition in the tax computation.

A net deferred tax asset is recognised only if it can be regarded as more likely than not that there will be suitable taxable surpluses from which the future reversal of the underlying timing differences can be deducted.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are calculated at the tax rates expected to be effective at the time the timing differences are expected to reverse.

2.12 Financial instruments

The Charity only has financial assets and financial liabilities of a kind that qualify as basic financial instruments. Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at transaction value and subsequently measured at their settlement value with the exception of bank loans which are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.13 Pensions

The Charity operates a defined contribution pension scheme and the pension charge represents the amounts payable by the Charity to the fund in respect of the year.

2.14 Fund accounting

General funds are unrestricted funds which are available for use at the discretion of the Trustees in furtherance of the general objectives of the Charity and which have not been designated for other purposes.

Restricted funds are funds which are to be used in accordance with specific restrictions imposed by donors or which have been raised by the Charity for particular purposes. The costs of raising and administering such funds are charged against the specific fund. The aim and use of each restricted fund is set out in the notes to the financial statements.

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NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

3. INCOME FROM DONATIONS AND LEGACIES

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS		 RESTRICTED
FUNDS		 TOTAL
FUNDS		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2025
£		 2025
£		 2025
£		 2024
£
Donations 80,000 - 80,000 84,850
Grants
Totals 2025		 28,744
108,744		 575,328
575,328		 604,072
684,072		 790,422
875,272

Included in the total income from donations and legacies of £684,072 (2024: £875,272) is £108,744 of unrestricted funds (2024: £110,014) and £575,328 of restricted funds (2024: £765,258).

4. TRADING ACTIVITES

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS		 TOTAL
FUNDS		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2025
£		 2025
£		 2024
£
Subsidiary trading income
SAERI (Falklands) Limited income 342,464 342,464 339,563
Subsidiary trading expenses
Staff costs - - 21,329
Staff Training - - -
Bank fees 483 483 425
Consulting 29,389 29,389 703
Direct Expenses 19 19 590
General Expenses 665 665 1,601
Travel and subsistence - - 549
Telephone and internet - - 10
IT software and consumables 108 108 240
Legal expenses 347 347 360
Subscriptions 1,471 1,471 1,446
Corporation Tax 10,295 10,295 -
Accountancy 2,010 2,010 2,000
Specialist consultants 77,273 77,273 133,465
Project delivery cost 70,938 70,938 60,492
Currency loss/ (gain) (348) (348) 49
Depreciation of tangible fixed assets 675 675 3,021
193,325 193,325 226,280
Net Income from Trading activities for 2025 149,139 149,139 113,283

Included in the total net income from trading activities of £149,139 (2024: £113,283) is £149,139 of unrestricted funds (2024: £113,283) and £nil of restricted funds (2024: £nil).

© Ewan Trégarot

86

SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

87

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

5. INCOME FROM NON-CHARITABLE TRADING ACTIVITIES

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
2025		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2025		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2024
£ £ £
Trading income - domestic 342,464 342,464 339,563
Total 2025 342,464 342,464 339,563

Included in the total income from other trading activities of £342,464 (2024: £339,563) is £342,464 of unrestricted funds (2024: £339,563) and £nil of restricted funds (2024: £nil).

6. OTHER INCOME RESOURCES

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
2025		 RESTRICTED
FUNDS
2025		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2025		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2024
£ £ £ £
Recharges 95 - 95 34,667
Other income 2,643 23,905 26,548 41,748
Total 2025 2,738 23,905 26,643 76,415

7.1 ANALYSIS OF DIRECT COSTS

7.1 ANALYSIS OF DIRECT COSTS
ACTIVITIES TOTAL TOTAL
2025
£		 2025
£		 2024
£
Staff Costs 160,669 160,669 299,532
Direct expenses 4,526 4,526 9,129
Project delivery costs 248,019 248,019 237,554
Specialist consultants
=		 - - _ 48,428
Travel and subsistence 16,999 16,999 30,501
IT costs - - -
Medical insurance and staff costs 14,380 14,380 9,839
Total 2025 444,593 444,593 634,983
Total 2024 634,983 634,983

Included in the total other income resources of £26,643 (2024: £76,415) is £2,738 of unrestricted funds (2024: £26,628) and £23,905 of restricted funds (2024: £49,787).

7. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE BY ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITIES
UNDERTAKEN DIRECTLY		 SUPPORT
COSTS		 TOTAL
FUNDS		 TOTAL
FUNDS
2025
£		 2025
£		 2025
£		 2024
£
Total 2025
Total 2024		 Total 2025
444,593
Total 2024
634,983
~~——~~		 415,230
542,851		 859,823
1,177,834		 1,177,834

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— pile ze : . a Sa ‘ -: =~ hy |
TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025 89
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88 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

7.2 ANALYSIS OF SUPPORT COSTS

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----- Start of picture text -----
ACTIVITIES TOTAL TOTAL
FUNDS FUNDS
2025 2025 2024
£ £ £
----- End of picture text -----

Staff costs
Depreciation
Amortisation
Advertising and marketing
Bank fees
Cleaning
Consulting
Entertainment
General expenses
Insurance
IT costs
Other staff costs
Motor vehicle expenses
Postage, freight and courier
Printing and stationery
Realised currency (gain)/ loss
Rent
Repairs
Subscriptions
Telephone and internet
Travel
Utilities
Restructuring Costs
Governance costs (see note 8)
Total 2025
Total 2024		 254,872
254,872
332,293
47,657
47,657
45,293
537
537
-
450
450
1,581
765
765
784
3,293
3,293
3,068
-
-
-
-
-
816
2,795
2,795
6,782
34,602
34,602
35,564
3,454
3,454
2,364
5,442
5,442
4,352
2,938
2,938
3,381
191
191
215
877
877
1,350
1,394
1,394
1,283
-
-
17,600
3,267
3,267
11,410
-
-
8,483
8,992
8,992
7,321
7,794
7,794
6,987
297
297
14,922
8,387
8,387
15,750
27,226
27,226
21,252
415,230
415,230
542,851
542,851
542,851

8. GOVERNANCE COSTS

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
RESTRICTED
FUNDS
TOTAL
FUNDS
TOTAL
FUNDS
2025
2025
2025
2024
£
£
£
£
Auditors’ remuneration
15,441
-
15,441
12,690
Auditors’ other assurance services
-
2,000
2,000
6,600
Accountancy Fees
7,374
-
7,374
7,605
Board expenses
2,411
-
2,411
957
Total 2025
25,226
2,000
27,226
27,852
9. ANALYSIS OF EXPENDITURE BY EXPENDITURE TYPE
Included in the total governance costs of £27,226 (2024: £27,852) is £25,226 of unrestricted funds (2024: £21,2
and £2,000 of restricted funds (2024: £6,600).
Board expenses include hotel, travel and subsistence costs for board meetings.		 15,441
-
15,441
12,690
-
2,000
2,000
6,600
7,374
-
7,374
7,605
2,411
-
2,411
957
25,226
2,000
27,226
27,852
STAFF
COSTS
DEPRECIATION
COSTS
OTHER
COSTS
TOTAL
TOTAL
2025
2025
2025
2025
2024
£
£
£
£
£
Cost of raising funds
Expenditure on fundraising trading
Total 2025
Total 2024
Charitable activities
Direct costs
Expenditure on governance
Total 2025
Total 2024		 -
675
192,650
193,325
226,280
-
675
192,650
193,325
226,280
21,329
3,021
201,930
226,280
420,983
48,194
363,420
832,597
1,149,982
-
-
27,226
27,226
27,852
420,983
48,194
390,646
859,823
1,177,834
636,177
45,292
496,365
1,177,834

Included in the total governance costs of £27,226 (2024: £27,852) is £25,226 of unrestricted funds (2024: £21,252) and £2,000 of restricted funds (2024: £6,600).

90 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025 91

© Samuel Arkwright, Unsplash

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

10. NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE)

This is stated after charging:

10. NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE)
This is stated after charging:
2025 2024
£ £
Depreciation of tangible fixed assets: - owned by the charitable group
48,331		 48,314
Amortisation of intangible fixed assets
537		 -
Auditor’s remuneration - audit
15,441		 12,690
64,309 61,004
11. AUDITOR’S REMUNERATION
The auditor’s remuneration amounts to an auditor fee of £15,441 (2024: £12,690), other assurance services of
£2,000 (2024: £6,600).
12. STAFF COSTS
GROUP
GROUP
CHARITY
CHARITY
2025
2024
2025
2024
£
£
£
£
Wages and salaries
392,480
605,803
392,480
588,849
Na
Social security costs
13,488
16,654
13,488
12,279
Contribution to defined contribution pension schemes
15,015
35,049
15,015
35,049
420,983
657,506
420,983
636,177
~~—.~~
~~<< —_ re~~
~~— —~~
~~—~~
~~a~~
During the year to 30 June 2024, the Charity made termination payments totalling £15,750. This was recognised
in the 2023/24 annual financial statements with no provision required in the year ended 30 June 2024.		 During the year to 30 June 2024, the Charity made termination payments totalling £15,750. This was recognised
The average number of persons employed by the Charity during the year as follows:
GROUP
2025		 GROUP
2024
Employees
12		 14

During the year to 30 June 2024, the Charity made termination payments totalling £15,750. This was recognised in the 2023/24 annual financial statements with no provision required in the year ended 30 June 2024.

13. TRUSTEES’ REMUNERATION AND EXPENSES

During the year ended 30 June 2025, no Trustees received any remuneration or other benefits in their capacity as Trustee and Trustee expenses of £1,860 have been incurred for board meeting travel costs (2024: £nil).

14. INTANGIBLE ASSETS

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----- Start of picture text -----
PATENTS
£
Cost
At 1 July 2024 537
At 30 June 2025 537
ll BLE <>"a e s es
Amortisation
-
At 1 July 2024
Charge for the year 537
At 30 June 2025 537
aad = =
- o ail a 2 F -
Net book Value
At 1 July 2024 537
At 30 June 2025 - - — Pa - Se as -
----- End of picture text -----

The number of employees whose employee benefits (excluding employer pension costs) exceeded £60,000 was:

The number of employees whose employee benefits (excluding employer pension costs) exceeded
£60,000 was:		 The number of employees whose employee benefits (excluding employer pension costs) exceeded The number of employees whose employee benefits (excluding employer pension costs) exceeded
GROUP GROUP
2025 2024
In the band £60,001 - £70,000 - 2
In the band £70,001- £80,000 1 1

The Board considers that the Trustees, the Chief Executive Officer, the Deputy Director – Science and the Head of Business and Finance are the key management personnel of the Charity. During the year, the total remuneration of key management personnel, including employers’ pension contributions, amounted to £162,113 (2024: £263,634).

92 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

93

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

15. TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS

Group

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PLANT & MOTOR OFFICE COMPUTER TOTAL
MACHINERY VEHICLES EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT
£ £ £ £ £
----- End of picture text -----

Cost or valuation
As at 1 July 2024
Additions
Disposals
At 30 June 2025
Depreciation
At 1 July 2024
Charge for the year
On Disposals
At 30 June 2025
Net book Value
At 30 June 2025
At 30 June 2024		 181,163
33,000
3,349
160,777
378,289
31,319
-
-
6,019
37,338
-
-
-
-
-
212,482
33,000
3,349
166,796
415,627
134,459
12,601
3,349
85,611
236,020
31,642
2,041
-
14,648
48,331
-
-
-
-
-
166,101
14,642
3,349
100,259
284,351
46,381
18,358
-
66,537
131,276
46,704
20,399
-
75,166
142,269

16. FIXED ASSET INVESTMENTS

INVESTMENTS IN
JOINT VENTURES
TOTAL
£
Group
Cost or Valuation
At 1 July 2024
Additions
At 30 June 2025		 -
-
1
1
1
1
INVESTMENTS
IN SUBSIDARY
COMPANIES
INVESTMENTS IN
JOINT VENTURES
TOTAL
£
Charity
Cost or Valuation
At 1 July 2024
Additions
At 30 June 2025		 1
-
1
-
1
1
1
1
2

Charity

17. PRINCIPAL SUBSIDIARIES

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PLANT & MOTOR OFFICE COMPUTER TOTAL NAME REGISTERED OFFICE PRINCIPLE CLASS OF HOLDING
MACHINERY VEHICLES EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT ACTIVITY SHARES
£ £ £ £ £ SAERI (Falklands) Limited PO Box 609, Environmental Ordinary 100%
Stanley Cottage North and
Cost or valuation
Ross Road consultancy
As at 1 July 2024 156,163 33,000 3,349 149,178 341,690 Falkland Islands and support
- -
Additions 17,118 4,604 21,722 Stanley
Disposals - - - - - FIQQ 1ZZ
At 30 June 2025 173,281 33,000 3,349 153,782 363,412 South Atlantic Laboratories Limited 45 John Street Environmental Ordinary 50%
Stanley and
Depreciation
Falkland Islands consultancy
At 1 July 2024 111,972 12,601 3,349 74,012 201,934
FIQQ 1ZZ and support
-
Charge for the year 30,996 2,041 14,619 47,656
- - - - -
On Disposals The financial results of the subsidiary for the year were:
At 30 June 2025 142,968 14,642 3,349 88,631 249,590 INCOME EXPENDITURE DEFICIT NET ASSETS
Net book Value
Name £ £ £ £
At 30 June 2025 30,313 18,358 - 65,151 113,822
SAERI (Falklands) Limited 2025 324,464 312,877 29,587 74,801
At 30 June 2024 44,191 20,399 - 75,166 139,756 SAERI (Falklands) Limited 2024 339,563 341,898 (2,335) 34,834
----- End of picture text -----

94 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

95

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

21. STATEMENT OF FUNDS

Statement of funds – current year

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18. DEBTORS BALANCE AT INCOME EXPENDITURE TRANSFERS BALANCE AT
1 JULY 2024 IN/(OUT) 30 JUNE 2025
GROUP GROUP CHARITY CHARITY
£ £ £ £ £
2025 2024 2025 2024 Unrestricted Funds
Due within one year £ £ £ £ General Funds 144,701 111,120 (186,926) 98,320 167,215
Trade debtors 182,430 13,944 25,555 1,479 SAERI (Falklands) Limited 31,836 342,826 (299,862) - 74,800
Other debtors 586 2,239 16 98 176,537 453,946 (486,788) 98,320 242,015
Prepayments and accrued income 114,838 82,772 54,714 44,748 Restricted Funds
297,854 98,955 80,285 46,325 MSP 5,168 7,500 (9,226) - 3,442
- - -
Coastal Mapping 2,166 2,166
SELINA (322) 33,465 (32,491) 322 974
19. CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR
Illex 10,795 - (10,795) - -
GROUP GROUP CHARITY CHARITY
TRICUSO - 7,204 (3,159) - 4,045
2025 2024 2025 2024
Ellerman Core 75,192 17,166 (65) (52,700) 39,593
£ £ £ £
GSGSSI Invasives (3,232) 39,263 (31,959) (905) 3,167
Trade creditors 53,581 8,138 10,313 6,547 GSGSSI Climate Change 4,251 - (4,251) - -
Amounts owed to subsidiaries - - - 2,355 SG Ladybirds - 42,266 (42,038) (228) -
Other creditors 9,588 3,801 1,618 3,801 - -
GSGSSI Terrestrial Protected 29,418 (19,372) 10,046
Accruals and deferred income 231,531 150,490 111,882 109,379 Area Research
294,700 162,429 123,813 122,082 D+148 CC Fisheries FI 9,960 - - (9,960) -
D+139 Falkland Higher Predators 1 - - (1) -
GROUP GROUP CHARITY CHARITY
D+168 Seal Bycatch 20,485 54,790 (47,664) (27,611) -
2025 2024 2025 2024 -
NNF Blue Action Fund NIMPA (4,796) 43,167 (12,973) 25,398
OOH Strathclyde 5 - (10) 5 -
Deferred income at 1 July 2024 110,049 54,375 53,095 112,360 Gas Flux DEFRA_FC 20,035 47,986 (54,320) 192 13,893
Movement in the year 67,717 55,674 24,671 (59,265) D+ 0098 Prion Surveys - 43,300 (42,764) (536) -
177,766 110,049 77,766 53,095 D+ Local GIS (529) - - 522 (7)
- -
Carbon Neutral Fishing Patrick (10,440) (3) (10,443)
Davy Civic Fund
Deferred income comprises monies received in advance for projects where the costs have not yet been
incurred. -
PhD Students 52,526 68,944 (99,078) 22,392
JNCC EMODnet - 43,013 (37,142) - 5,871
20. DEFERRED TAXATION Other 9,894 2,100 (9,406) 2,000 4,588
The deferred tax liability is made up as follows: DP00047- Thermal Imaging 18,202 - (6,189) - 12,013
Group Piloting new solutions - 17,063 (4,184) - 12,879
2025 2024 Freshwater (279) 71,941 (66,631) 4 5,035
£ £ Petrells 20,000 19,222 (28,895) (9,424) 903
- - - -
Opening balance Rockhopper 5,700 (2,986) 2,714
Movement in year 187 - Diddle Dee - 5,725 (759) - 4,966
Closing balance 187 - 229,082 599,233 (566,360) (98,320) 163,635
Total of Funds 405,619 1,053,179 (1,053,148) - 405,650
----- End of picture text -----

96 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025 97

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

21. STATEMENT OF FUNDS (Continued)

Statement of funds – prior year

BALANCE AT
1 JULY 2023
£		 INCOME
£		 EXPENDITURE
£		 TRANSFERS
IN/(OUT)
£		 BALANCE AT
30 JUNE 2024
£
Unrestricted Funds
General Funds 173,907 136,642 (241,352) 75,504 144,701
SAERI (Falklands) Limited 34,171
208,078		 339,563
476,205		 (341,898)
(583,250)		 -
75,504		 31,836
176,537
Restricted Funds
MSP
Coastal Mapping
SELINA
Illex		 1,590
2,166
-
11,878		 9,721
-
8,946
41,305		 (6,143)
-
(9,268)
(40,158)		 -
-
-
(2,230)		 5,168
2,166
(322)
10,795
Paul Angell - - (5,505) 5,505 -
Ellerman 9,123 15,301 (18,367) (6,057) -
Ellerman Core 46,330 34,334 (5,472) - 75,192
D+144 Durham 9,830 12,502 (13,425) (8,907) -
GSGSSI Invasives 246 55,089 (58,567) - (3,232)
GSGSSI Climate Change (347) 39,189 (34,613) 22 4,251
D+153 TCI Marine Management 8,260 83,024 (87,562) (3,722) -
D+148 CC Fisheries FI 51,433 66,343 (70,195) (37,621) 9,960
D+139 Falkland Higher Predators 13,008 27 (14,060) 1,026 1
D+168 Seal Bycatch 82,500 82,300 (143,799) (516) 20,485
NNF Blue Action Fund NIMPA - 11,945 (16,741) - (4,796)
OOH Strathclyde 28,802 71,838 (82,159) (18,476) 5
Gas Flux DEFRA_FC 16,900 35,584 (32,449) - 20,035
D+ Local GIS (286) 46,325 (46,568) - (529)
Carbon Neutral Fishing Patrick (6,376) 23,750 (27,814) - (10,440)
Davy Civic Fund
PhD Students 21,646 89,405 (57,097) (1,428) 52,526
JNCC Misc - 1,600 - (1,600) -
JNCC EMODnet 13,702 32,054 (44,256) (1,500) -
Other - 9,894 - - 9,894
DP00047 - 24,569 (6,367) - 18,202
Freshwater - - (279) - (279)
Petrells
Total of Funds		 -
20,000
-
-
20,000
310,405
815,045
(820,864)
(75,504)
229,082
518 483
1 291 250
(1,404,114)
-
405,619
~~—~~
~~TTT~~
~~SE~~

22. SUMMARY OF FUNDS

Summary of funds – Current year

BALANCE
AT 1 JULY
2024
£		 INCOME
£		 EXPENDITURE
£		 TRANSFERS
IN/(OUT)
£		 BALANCE AT 30
JUNE 2025
£
General Funds 176,537 453,946 (486,788) 98,320 242,015
Restricted funds 229,082 599,233 (566,360) (98,320) 163,635
405,619 1,053,179 (1,053,148) - 405,650
Summary of funds – Prior year
BALANCE
AT 1 JULY
2023
£		 INCOME
£		 EXPENDITURE
£		 TRANSFERS
IN/(OUT)
£		 BALANCE AT 30
JUNE 2024
£
General Funds 208,078 476,205 (583,250) 75,504 176,537
Restricted funds 310,405 815,045 (820,864) (75,504) 229,082
518,483 1,291,250 (1,404,114) - 405,619

Summary of funds – Prior year

98 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

99

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 JUNE 2025

23. ANALYSIS OF NET ASSETS BETWEEN FUNDS

Analysis of net assets between funds – current year

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
RESTRICTED
FUNDS
TOTAL FUNDS
2025
2025
2025
£
£
£
Tangible fxed assets
Investments
Current assets
Creditors due within one year
Provisions for liabilities and charges
Total 2025		 108,486
22,790
131,276
1
-
1
337,967
231,293
569,260
(204,252)
(90,448)
(294,700)
(187)
-
(187)
242,015
163,635
405,650

Analysis of net assets between funds – prior year

UNRESTRICTED
FUNDS
RESTRICTED
FUNDS
TOTAL FUNDS
2024
2024
2024
£
£
£
Tangible fxed assets
Intangible fxed assets
Current assets
Creditors due within one year
Provisions for liabilities and charges
Total 2024		 109,936
32,333
142,269
537
-
537
143,500
281,742
425,242
(77,436)
(84,993)
(162,429)
-
-
-
176,537
229,082
405,619

24. RECONCILIATION OF NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS TO NET CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

==> picture [499 x 48] intentionally omitted <==

----- Start of picture text -----
GROUP GROUP
2025 2024
£ £
----- End of picture text -----

Net income for the year (as per Statement of Financial Activities)
ADJUSTMENTS FOR:
Depreciation charges
Amortisation charges
Loss on disposal of fxed assets
Decrease/(increase) in debtors
Increase/(decrease) in creditors
(Decrease)/increase in provisions (deferred tax)
Net cash provided by operating activities		 31
(112,864)
48,331
48,314
537
-
-
2,436
(198,900)
1,877
132,271
(57,569)
187
(17,543)
(117,806)

25. ANALYSIS OF CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS

GROUP
2025
GROUP
2024
£
£
Cash in hand
Total cash and cash equivalents		 271,406
326,287
271,406
326,287

26. ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NET DEBT

AT 1 JULY
2024
CASH
FLOWS
AT 30 JUNE
2025
£
£
£
Cash at bank in hand 326,287
(54,881)
271,406
326,287
(54,881)
271,406

27. PENSION COMMITMENTS

The group operates a defined contributions pension scheme. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the group in an independently administered fund. The pension cost charge represents contributions payable by the group to the fund and amounted to £15,015 (2024: £35,049). Contributions totalling £nil (2024: £nil) were payable to the fund at the balance sheet date and are included in creditors.

28. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

There were no related party transactions during the year to 30 June 2025 (2024: Dr Paul Brickle was paid £32,637 for his role as Chief Executive Officer while acting as Trustee. Dr Paul Brickle resigned as a Trustee 7 December 2023.)

100 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

101

TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

—— TRUSTEES’ ANNUAL REPORT YE2025

102 SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE

103

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SOUTH ATLANTIC ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE www.south-atlantic-research.org

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