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← 'Just Love'

2024-08-31-accounts

Registered Charity no England and Wales. 1167174 Registered Charity no Scotland. SC048098

Just Love CIO

Trustees Annual Report and Accounts Year Ended 31st August 2024

Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Contents Page

Page
Legal and Administrative Information 1
Trustees Annual Report 2
Independent Examiners Report 6
Statement of Financial Activities 7
Statement of Financial Position 8
Notes to the Financial Statements 9

Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Legal and Administrative Information

Reference

Just Love is controlled by its governing document, a deed of trust, and constitutes a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO). The CIO was registered with the Charity Commission for England and Wales on 17 May 2016 (Charity Registration Number: 1167174), and is also registered with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) as a Scottish charity from 24 January 2018 (Scottish Charity Number: SC048098).

Registered Charity Number England and Wales

1167174 England and Wales Registered Charity Number SC048098 Scotland Registered Office 483 Green Lanes London N13 4BS Date of incorporation 17th May 2016

The Trustees

The trustees who have served during the year until the date this report was approved are:

Alison Coulter (Chair) Ben Gregg Jo Herbert-James Bethany Nonhebel David Pollard Nina Kurlberg Tayo Salami Key Management Personnel Chief Executive – Joshua Smedley Director of Groups & Funding – Anna Vernon Director of Operations, Finance & Strategy – Lisha Reece-Smith Primary Bankers The Co-operative Bank P.O. Box 101, 1 Balloon Street Manchester, M60 4EP Independent Examiner Jonathan Chartres FCA 117 Clockhouse Road Beckenham BR3 4JY

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Trustee's Annual Report

The trustees present their report with the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 August 2024. The trustees have adopted the provisions of Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) – effective 1 January 2019.

CONSTITUTION & LEGAL STATUS

Just Love is controlled by its governing document, a deed of trust, and constitutes a Charitable Incorporated Organisation (CIO).

The CIO was registered with the Charity Commission for England and Wales on 17 May 2016 (Charity Registration Number: 1167174), and is also registered with the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) as a Scottish charity from 24 January 2018 (Scottish Charity Number: SC048098).

OBJECTS OF THE CHARITY

Its objects are:

  1. to advance the kingdom of God through the inspiring and releasing of all Christian students (and others connected with universities);

  2. to engage with the prevention and relief of poverty, the advancement of health, the relief of those in need through any disadvantage, the promotion of human rights, harmony and equality, and the advancement of religion, through advocacy, practical action, prayer and partnering with other organisations.

Our vision to achieve these objectives is to equip students and support alumni to pursue justice with their whole lives. Our five values describe the way that we work together:

Devotion to Jesus

We care about justice because we love Jesus, and we care about the things he loves. Jesus’ life and teaching, death and resurrection set the pattern for our pursuit of justice and the way that we do it. We are committed to the journey of following Jesus and becoming more like Jesus together.

Doing Justice Well

We want to think deeply and critically about our pursuit of justice, seeking out and learning from those with greater expertise and experience than we have. We care deeply about the quality, impact, and sustainability of all that we do. We want to be biased towards action - doing justice well, not just talking about justice well. We won’t always get it right, but our desire is to learn and to serve others well.

Building Deep Relationships

Without exception, we want to treat everyone with generosity, dignity and kindness. We also recognise that we are only one small part of God’s mission in the world, and so we are committed to building excellent, mutual relationships across the global body of Christ, celebrating all of its diversity.

Raising Life-long Leaders

We want to form leaders of integrity, courage, compassion and resilience. We want our student groups to be spaces of incubation – forming leaders of the future and equipping them with the skills to seek Jesus and justice faithfully for the rest of their lives. We keep a long-term perspective, because it's in decades to come that the real impact of Just Love will be seen.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Trustee's Annual Report

Embracing Truth and Humility

In a culture where truth is increasingly contested, we care deeply about what is true, biblical and Christlike. But at the same time we want to be humble about our limited capacity to fully grasp all truth this side of new creation. We therefore welcome nuance as we engage with the complexities of injustice. We want to seek out challenge and make space for disagreement and dialogue. We always assume that we have more to learn and seek to understand before trying to be understood.

RISK REVIEW

The management committee regularly reviews the major risks to which the charity is exposed and systems are established to mitigate these risks. These procedures are periodically reviewed to ensure that they still meet the needs of the charity.

RESERVES POLICY

Our reserves policy requires sufficient unrestricted funds are held to cover three months’ normal costs.

GOING CONCERN

The financial statements of the charity have been prepared on a going concern basis as the trustees have assessed the going concern position and have no reason to believe that there are any material uncertainties that would affect the ability of the charity to continue as a going concern for the foreseeable future. The largest expense is staff costs and before making staff appointments, the trustees review year on year cash flow. The trustees have considered the next 12 months and have reviewed post-date reports for that period in making their assessment.

FINANCIAL REVIEW

The trustees have considered the financial position at the balance sheet date and are pleased that the finances are improving. Our income exceeded budgetary expectations and we ended the year with a higher level of reserves than was predicted. The trustees are confident that the goal of 3 months running costs in the bank will be maintained during the year 23/ 24 and that the organisation is still a going concern.

ACHIEVEMENTS & PERFORMANCE

Summary of main achievements during the year; Just Love

  1. Groups ran 458 events with an aggregate attendance of 5,714 students.

  2. Raised £13,733 and gave 2,713 volunteer hours.

  3. Ran three high quality student training events and a national gathering.

  4. Successfully raised enough funds to grow the capacity of the staff team by two employees and increase our reserves.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Trustee's Annual Report

Significant Activities

The Board met 6 times during this year. We are very pleased to report that last year our giving increased and we reported an income of £419,754. We have also had a successful year with our grant income of £58,495.

By August 2024, we inducted a new staff member to the team and said goodbye to two, making the Just Love staff team now number 12. Just Love currently has 18 groups in the following Universities: Aberdeen, Bath, Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Cardiff, Dundee, Durham, Edinburgh, Exeter, Glasgow, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham, Oxford, St Andrews, Sussex, Warwick. Seven groups (Falmouth, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield and York) are taking a break for a little while.

The 18 Just Love student groups across England and Scotland run projects and events tackling injustice from a Christian perspective. Additionally, Just Love runs regional and national training events so that the groups can run effective projects and events. We had 50 students attend our Autumn training event and 62 attended our Easter training event.

The activities (fundraising, volunteering, campaigning, and prayer and learning events) have taken the total outputs from Just Love groups to:

Particular highlights this year have been seeing groups respond to injustice in such creative and proactive ways, for example:

Alongside our work with students, Just Love also runs the Just Love Network, a lifelong space of support and action in the pursuit of justice in the way of Jesus. The majority of Network members are alumni from Just Love student groups, but membership is open to all. The Network activities include: running one national conference every year, supporting three regional justice groups called “Hubs” where people can meet others locally and learn from each other in their pursuit of justice (with a fourth launching later in 2025), hosting career-specific "Sphere Groups" (currently on pause, but re-starting in 2025-26), running regular Retreats for members to connect, learn and be refreshed, and supporting two national Projects, Teach Clean Air and Bank Well. The Network is also developing the Justice Practices Course, an 8-week online course facilitating learning, reflection and practical application of the six Justice Practices the Network gathers around, which forms the frame of our pursuit of justice. The Network has over 800 members currently and continues to grow. The Just Love Board is considering how to support and resource this growth. The national conference – called the National Gathering – takes place annually in October/ November, and from 2024 to 2029 will be themed around one of the six Justice Practices each year. The 2024 Gathering took place in Birmingham with the theme of Change Structures: Political Discipleship. The National Gathering 2025 will take place in London, with the theme of Serve Humbly: Using our Work, Time & Vocation for Jesus.

The work of the staff team with our groups takes up 25% of staff time, therefore costing us approximately £73k per annum. Supporting the network takes up around 13% of staff time and costs

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Trustee's Annual Report

approximately £38k per annum. Additionally, in the 2023-24 financial year we spent around 16% of staff time on fundraising, costing approximately £47k.

Over the next year, we have decided to pause some of our groups which have been struggling. Instead we will focus our energy on supporting our growing network. We are also going to be focussing on embedding our impact strategy across the organisation

Public Benefit

The main activities that the charity has undertaken to further the charity's purposes for the public benefit come through our Just Love groups and network. The charity supports the student leaders of the Just Love groups in their own personal development and in the organising of fundraising, campaigning, volunteering and educational and prayer events. These occur to engage other Christian students in issues of injustice. This work ensures that Christian students are continuing to become personally convicted of the need for justice as part of their discipleship and as part of that they are theologically rooted and have the tools and practices they need to sustain this practice after graduation. They are also practically active in their response to injustice, engaging critically with it, and doing all this in a community that supports them.

The trustees confirm that they have referred to the guidance contained in the Charity Commission's general guidance on public benefit when reviewing the charity's aims and objectives and in planning future activities.

RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE TRUSTEES

Charity law requires the trustees to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the Trust as at the balance sheet date and of its incoming resources and application of resources, including income and expenditure for the financial year.

In preparing those financial statements the trustees should follow best practice and

The trustees are responsible for maintaining proper accounting records which disclose at any time the financial position of the charity and to enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with charity legislation. The trustees are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the charity and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

Approved by the trustees and signed on their behalf

………………………………………………..

David Pollard Trustee

Date 29/05/2025

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Independent Examiners Report

I report to the trustees on my examination of the financial statements of Just Love CIO ('the charity') for the year ended 31 August 2024.

Responsibilities and basis of report

As the trustees of the charity you are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011 (‘the Act’).

I report in respect of my examination of the charity's financial statements carried out under section 145 of the 2011 Act and in carrying out my examination I have followed all the applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the Act.

Independent examiner's statement

I confirm that I am qualified to undertake the examination because I am a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), which is one of the listed bodies.

I have completed my examination. I confirm that no material matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe that in any material respect:

  1. accounting records were not kept in respect of the charity as required by section 130 of the Act; or

  2. the financial statements do not accord with those records; or

  3. the financial statements do not comply with the applicable requirements concerning the form and content of accounts set out in the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 other than any requirement that the accounts give a ‘true and fair' view which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination.

I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.

30/05/2025 Jonathan Chartres FCA Date:

117 Clockhouse Road Beckenham United Kingdom BR3 4JY

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Statement of Financial Activities

Statement of Financial Activities
2024 2023
Unrestricted Restricted Total Total
Funds Funds Funds Funds
Note £ £ £ £
Income
Donations and legacies 2 382,934 36,820 419,754 372,511
Charitable activities 3 21,762 - 21,762 26,390
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total Income 404,696 36,820 441,516 398,901
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Expenditure
Expenditure on charitable activities 4 316,223 35,653 351,876 385,031
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total Expenditure 316,223 35,653 351,876 385,031
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Net income / (expenditure) 88,473 1,167 89,640 13,870
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Net Income and Net Movement In Funds
Total funds brought forward 11 76,198 7,482 83,680 69,810
Transfers 11 - - - -
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total Funds Carried Forward 11 164,671 8,649 173,320 83,680
────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────

All income and expenditure derive from continuing activities.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Statement of Financial Position

Statement of Financial Position
2024 2023
Note £ £
Fixed Assets
Tangible fixed assets 8 398 446
Current Assets
Debtors 9 36,176 12,810
Cash at bank and in hand 140,242 75,691
────────── ──────────
176,418 88,501
Creditors: Amounts Falling Due Within One Year 10 3,496 5,267
────────── ──────────
Net Current Assets 172,922 83,234
────────── ──────────
Total Assets Less Current Liabilities 173,320 83,680
────────── ──────────
Net Assets 12 173,320 83,680
────────── ──────────
Funds of the Charity
Restricted funds 8,649 7,482
Unrestricted funds 164,671 76,198
────────── ──────────
Total Charity Funds 11 173,320 83,680
────────── ──────────

Directors Responsibilities

These financial statements were approved by the board of trustees and authorised for issue :

Name of Trustee: Signed on behalf of the Trustees:

David Pollard

───────────────────────────────────────────────────

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── 29/05/2025

Date of approval:

───────────────────────────────────────────────────

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

1 Accounting Policies

Basis of Preparation

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Statement of Recommended Practice: Accounting and Reporting by Charities Financial Reporting Standards applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (Charities SORP 2019 FRS 102) and the Charities Act 2011.

Assessment of Going Concern

Preparation of the accounts is on a going concern basis. The trustees consider that there are no material uncertainties about the charity's ability to continue as a going concern.

Fund Accounting

Unrestricted income funds comprise those funds which the trustees are free to use for any purpose in furtherance of the charitable objects. Unrestricted funds include designated funds where the trustees, at their discretion, have set aside resources for a specific purpose.

Restricted funds are funds which are to be used in accordance with specific restrictions imposed by the donor.

Further explanation of the nature and purpose of each fund is included in the notes to the accounts.

Incoming Resources

All incoming resources are recognised once the charity has entitlement to the resources, it is probable that the resources will be received, and the monetary value of incoming resources can be measured with sufficient reliability.

• All voluntary income from supporters are recognised as donations and are included in full, with associated Gift Aid receivable in the Statement of Financial Activities.

• Grants where entitlement is not conditional on the delivery of specific performance by the charity are recognised when the charity becomes unconditionally entitled to the grant.

• Income resources from charitable trading activities such as the letting of the building are accounted for when invoices are drawn up (as the point of entitlement).

• Donated services and facilities are included at the value to the charity where this can be quantified and the donation is material to the accounts.

• Gifts in Kind are accounted for at a reasonable estimate of their value to the charity or the amount actually realised.

• Volunteer time, the value of voluntary support for the work of the charity, is not included in the accounts but is described in the accounts.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

Resources Expended

Expenditure is recognised on an accrual basis as a liability is incurred. Liabilities are recognised where it is more likely than not that there is a legal or constructive obligation committing the charity to pay out the resources and the amount of the obligation can be measured with reasonable certainty.

Governance Costs

Include costs of the preparation and examination of statutory accounts, the costs of the trustees' meetings and cost of any legal advice to trustees on governance or constitutional matters.

Liability Recognition

Liabilities are recognised as soon as there is a legal or constructive obligation committing the charity to pay out resources.

Tangible Fixed Assets

All assets costing more than £500 are capitalised and at historic cost. Fixed assets are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is charged on furniture and equipment which is written off on a straight-line basis over time, estimated useful life of the asset.

Computer Equipment 25% straight line

Pensions

The charity operates a defined contribution pension scheme. Contributions are charged to the Statement of Financial Activities as they become payable in accordance with the rules of the scheme.

Operating Leases

Rental charges payable under operating leases are charged on a straight line basis over the terms of the lease.

Taxation

The charity is exempt from tax on its charitable activities.

Judgements and Key Sources of Estimation Uncertainty

There have been no significant judgements (apart from those involving estimates) made in the process of preparing the financial statements. There have been no key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at the reporting date that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities within the next financial year.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

2 Donations and Legacies

Donations and Legacies
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2024
£ £ £
Donations
Gift Aid 45,313 - 45,313
Donation - General Public 125,380 - 125,380
Donation - From Students 15,624 - 15,624
Donation - From Alumni 50,034 - 50,034
Donation - From Partner Raising 17,381 - 17,381
Donation - From Churches 4,711 - 4,711
Donation - From Major Donors 102,816 - 102,816
Donation – Groups - - -
Donation – Staff Training - - -
────────── ────────── ──────────
361,259 - 361,259
Grants
Grants 21,675 36,820 58,495
────────── ────────── ──────────
21,675 36,820 58,495
────────── ────────── ──────────
Total 382,934 36,820 419,754
────────── ────────── ──────────
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2023
£ £ £
Donations
Gift Aid 25,822 1,646 27,468
Donation - General Public 88,526 - 88,526
Donation - From Students 17,086 - 17,086
Donation - From Alumni 71,824 634 72,458
Donation - From Partner Raising 3,225 28,867 32,092
Donation - From Churches 4,008 - 4,008
Donation - From Major Donors 73,195 8,878 82,073
Donation – Groups 500 - 500
Donation – Staff Training 1,300 - 1,300
────────── ────────── ──────────
285,486 40,025 325,511
Grants
Grants 44,500 2,500 47,000
────────── ────────── ──────────
44,500 2,500 47,000
────────── ────────── ──────────
Total 329,986 42,525 372,511
────────── ────────── ──────────

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

3 Charitable Activities

Charitable Activities
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2024
£ £ £
Events 21,762 - 21,762
────────── ────────── ──────────
21,762 - 21,762
────────── ────────── ──────────
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2023
£ £ £
Events 25,837 553 26,390
────────── ────────── ──────────
25,837 - 26,390
────────── ────────── ──────────
Expenditure on Charitable Activities by Expenditure Type
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2024
£ £ £
Staff Costs 263,055 31,820 294,875
National Level Support 18,238 - 18,238
Local Level Support - - -
Operations 16,643 782 17,425
Fundraising 438 - 438
Team Development 17,349 3,051 20,400
Governance Costs 500 - 500
────────── ────────── ──────────
316,223 35,653 351,376
────────── ────────── ──────────
Governance Costs**
Trustee Expenses and Meeting Costs - - -
Independent Examination 500 - 500
────────── ────────── ──────────
500 - 500
────────── ────────── ──────────

4 Expenditure on Charitable Activities by Expenditure Type

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2023
£ £ £
Staff Costs 319,545 - 319,545
National Level Support 22,404 - 22,404
Local Level Support - - -
Operations 13,771 - 13,771
Fundraising 7,610 26 7,636
Team Development 21,675 - 21,675
Governance Costs 300 - 300
────────── ────────── ──────────
15,046 230,229 385,031
────────── ────────── ──────────
Governance Costs**
Trustee Expenses and Meeting Costs - - -
Accounts and Independent Examination 300 - 300
────────── ────────── ──────────
300 - 300
────────── ────────── ──────────
**5 ** Independent Examination Fees
Fees payable to the independent examiner for:
2024 2023
£ £
Independent examination of the financial statements 500 300
────────── ──────────
500 300
────────── ──────────
**6 ** Staff Costs

The total staff costs and employee benefits for the reporting period are analysed as follows:

2024 2023
£ £
Wages and salaries 270,877 293,876
Social security costs 15,929 17,117
Employer contributions to pension plans 8,070 8,553
────────── ──────────
294,876 319,546
────────── ──────────
The average headcount of employees during the year was as follows:
2024 2023
Average headcount 14 15

No employee received employee benefits of more than £60,000 during the year.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

Key Management Personnel

The charity considers its key management personnel to be the Chief Executive, Director of Groups & Funding and the Director of Operations, Finance & Strategy. The total employee benefits received by key management include employers national insurance and employers pension contributions were as follows:

2024 2023
£ £
Key management personnel employee benefit 78,380 79,647

7 Trustee Expenses and Transactions

There were no trustee expenses during the year (2023: £0). The total donations made by the trustees during the year was £3,800.

8 Tangible Fixed Assets

Tangible Fixed Assets
Computer
Equipment Total
£ £
Cost as at 1st September 2023 729 729
Additions 179 179
────────── ──────────
Cost as at 31st August 2024 908 908
────────── ──────────
Depreciation as at 1st September 2023 283 283
Depreciation Charge 227 227
────────── ──────────
Depreciation as at 31st August 2024 510 510
────────── ──────────
────────── ──────────
Net Book Value 31st August 2024 398 398
────────── ──────────
Net Book Value 31st August 2023 446 446
Debtors
2024 2023
£ £
Accrued Income 36,176 12,810
────────── ──────────
36,176 12,810
────────── ──────────
Creditors: Amounts Falling Due Within One Year
2024 2023
£ £
Accruals 1,608 -
Other creditors 1,888 5,267
────────── ──────────
3,496 5,267
────────── ──────────

9 Debtors

10 Creditors: Amounts Falling Due Within One Year

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

11 Analysis of Charitable Funds

1 Sep 2023 Income Expenditure Transfers 31 Aug 2024 Transfers 31 Aug 2024
£ £ £ £ £
Unrestricted Funds
General Fund 76,198 404,696 (316,223) - 164,671
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total 76,198 404,696 (316,223) - 164,671
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Restricted Funds
Matthew 25:35 1,149 - - - 1,149
Staff Training 3,051 - (3,051) - -
Glasgow 782 - (782) - -
Howard - 1,250 (1,250) - -
Benefact - 10,000 (10,000) - -
P P Trust - 1,500 (1,500) - -
St Paul's & St George - 6,570 (6,570) - -
Charles Plater Trust - 7,500 - - 7,500
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total 7,482 36,820 (35,653) - 8,649
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────
Total Funds 83,680 441,516 (351,876) - 173,320
────────── ────────── ────────── ────────── ──────────

Fund Descriptions For Material Funds

Matthew 25:35 Staff Training Glasgow Howard Benefact P P Trust St Paul's & St George Charles Plater Trust

For use to improve key areas of the Alumni Network – Spheres and Sixes. For the support of Just Love Staff.

Support work of Just Love in Glasgow. Support work of Just Love in Cambridge. Further work of the Network.

Support work of Just Love in Bristol. Support work of Just Love in Scotland. Student training.

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Just Love CIO

Year Ended 31st August 2024

Notes to the Financial Statements

12 Analysis of Net Assets between Funds

Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2024
£ £ £
Fixed Assets 398 - 398
Current Assets 167,769 8,649 176,418
Creditors less than 1 year (3,496) - (3,496)
────────── ────────── ──────────
164,671 8,649 173,320
────────── ────────── ──────────
Unrestricted Restricted Total Funds
Funds Funds 2023
£ £ £
Fixed Assets 446 - 446
Current Assets 81,019 7,482 88,501
Creditors less than 1 year (5,267) - (5,267)
────────── ────────── ──────────
76,198 7,482 83,680
────────── ────────── ──────────

13 Related Party Transactions

No related party transactions took place during the year (2023: £0).

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