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2022-12-31-accounts

Charity number: 1159980

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

UNAUDITED

TRUSTEES' REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

CONTENTS

Page
Reference and administrative details of the Charity, its Trustees and advisers 1
Trustees' report 2 - 4
Independent examiner's report 5 - 6
Statement of financial activities 7
Balance sheet 8
Notes to the financial statements 9 - 21

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS OF THE CHARITY, ITS TRUSTEES AND ADVISERS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Trustees Elzbieta Barrass, Chairperson
Aleksandra Podhorodecka, Honorary chairperson
Malgorzata Lasocka, Vice chairperson
Halina Stochniol, Vice chairperson
Antonina Machowska, Vice chairperson
Krystyna Olliffe
Teresa Górski
Aleksandra Ferrara
Marek Jakubowski
Katarzyna Kowalczyk
Joanna Mechelewska
Dorota Chmielewska
Minka Dyszynska-Bonnage
Renata Rams

Charity registered number 1159980 Principal office 238-246 King Street London W6 0RF Accountants Feltons Chartered Accountants 1 The Green London TW9 1PL

Page 1

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

TRUSTEES' REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

The Trustees present their annual report together with the financial statements of the Charity for the 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022.

Objectives and activities

a. Policies and objectives

The charity's purpose is to advance the education of young persons in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in the Polish language, history, culture and traditions.

The charity also uses the names Polish Educational Society and Polska Macierz Szkolna Zagranica (PES).

In setting objectives and planning for activities, the Trustees have given due consideration to general guidance published by the Charity Commission relating to public benefit, including the guidance 'Public benefit: running a charity (PB2)'.

b. Activities undertaken to achieve objectives

Income is largely derived from donations and legacies from various sponsors such as individuals and organisations to help PES facilitates their objectives to help young persons and teachers improve their education capabilities. The charity also receive income from setting up examinations and publishing educational materials.

c. Main activities undertaken to further the Charity's purposes for the public benefit

The Trustees have referred to the guidance contained in the Charity Commission’s general guidance on public benefit when reviewing the aims and objectives of the charity and in planning its future activities. The main activities undertaken are set out below:

The principal activities of the society throughout the year continued to be that of the publishing and sale of educational aids, the organisation of conferences, the administration of courses and examinations, the dissemination of educational material to schools and centres of education.

The charity is active in assisting Polish Saturday Schools throughout England, in organising conferences for teachers, and supplying teaching and related materials as well as organising public examinations for students in the Polish language.

Achievements and performance

Financial review

a. Going concern

After making appropriate enquiries, the Trustees have a reasonable expectation that the Charity has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. For this reason, they continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements

Page 2

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

TRUSTEES' REPORT (CONTINUED) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

b. Reserves policy

The charity enjoys a comfortable level of reserves, in excess of more than 2 years' commitment of expenditure on charitable activities. The level of 'free' reserves remains under review.

Free reserves comprise of total unrestricted funds, excluding fixed assets, that are freely available to use against any type of the charity's activities. As at 31 December 2022, the free unrestricted funds stood at £476,296 (2021: £581,384).

c. Financial overview

The net deficit for the year was £105,063 (2021 net surplus of £39,004) and the net assets currently stand at £483,550 (2021 - £588,613).

Structure, governance and management

a. Constitution

The charity was registered with the charity commission on 1159980 as a Charitable Incorporated Organisation on 16 January 2015 and took over the activities of another charity, Polish Educational Society - registered number 298254 - on 24 March 2016.

The assets and liabilities of PMS Bookshop Limited were transferred to the charity on 1 April 2019 and the charity carried on this activity after this date.

b. Methods of appointment or election of Trustees

The management of the Charity is the responsibility of the Trustees who are elected and co-opted under the terms of the Trust deed.

Page 3

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30 October 2023
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THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

INDEPENDENT EXAMINER'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Independent Examiner's Report to the Trustees of The Polish Educational Society ('the Charity')

I report to the charity Trustees on my examination of the accounts of the Charity for the year ended 31 December 2022.

Responsibilities and Basis of Report

As the Trustees of the Charity you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011 ('the 2011 Act').

I report in respect of my examination of the Charity's accounts carried out under section 145 of the 2011 Act and in carrying out my examination I have followed the applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the 2011 Act.

Independent Examiner's Statement

Since the Charity's gross income exceeded £250,000 your examiner must be a member of a body listed in section 145 of the 2011 Act. I confirm that I am qualified to undertake the examination because I am a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, which is one of the listed bodies.

Your attention is drawn to the fact that the Charity has prepared the accounts in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) in preference to the Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice issued on 1 April 2005 which is referred to in the extant regulations but has been withdrawn.

I understand that this has been done in order for the accounts to provide a true and fair view in accordance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Practice effective for reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2015.

I have completed my examination. I confirm that no matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe that in any material respect:

  1. accounting records were not kept in respect of the Charity as required by section 130 of the 2011 Act; or

  2. the accounts do not accord with those records; or

  3. the accounts do not comply with the applicable requirements concerning the form and content of accounts set out in the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 other than any requirement that the accounts give a 'true and fair' view which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination.

I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.

This report is made solely to the Charity's Trustees, as a body, in accordance with Part 4 of the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008. My work has been undertaken so that I might state to the Charity's Trustees those matters I am required to state to them in an Independent examiner's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, I do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the Charity and the Charity's Trustees as a body, for my work or for this report.

Page 5

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL socIErY INDEPENDENT EXAMINER'S REPORT ICONTINUEDI FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022 Signed. led. 30 Tr) L3 Dave Alesbury Chartered Accountant Feltons Chartered Accountants 1 The Green London TW9 1PL Page 6

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

Note
Income from:
Donations and legacies
3
Charitable activities
4
Other trading activities
5
Investments
6
Total income
Expenditure on:
Raising funds
7
Charitable activities
8
Total expenditure
Net (expenditure)/income before net (losses)/gains
on investments
Net (losses)/gains on investments
Net movement in funds
Reconciliation of funds:
Total funds brought forward
Net movement in funds
Total funds carried forward
Unrestricted
funds
2022
£
47,142
106,796
135,058
53
289,049
144,125
214,083
358,208
(69,159)
(35,904)
(105,063)
588,613
(105,063)
483,550
Total
funds
2022
£
47,142
106,796
135,058
53
289,049
144,125
214,083
358,208
(69,159)
(35,904)
(105,063)
588,613
(105,063)
483,550
Total
funds
2021
£
68,537
103,113
83,072
-
254,722
71,210
158,871
230,081
24,641
14,363
39,004
549,609
39,004
588,613

The Statement of Financial Activities includes all gains and losses recognised in the year.

The notes on pages 9 to 21 form part of these financial statements.

Page 7

THEPOLISHEDUCATIONALSOCIETY THEPOLISHEDUCATIONALSOCIETY THEPOLISHEDUCATIONALSOCIETY THEPOLISHEDUCATIONALSOCIETY THEPOLISHEDUCATIONALSOCIETY
BALANCESHEET
ASAT31DECEMBER2022
2022 2021
Note £ £
Fixedassets
Tangible assets 13 7,254 7,229
Investments 14 296,417 335,321
303,671 342,550
Currentassets
Stocks 15 11,019 39,606
Debtors
Cash at bank and
inhand 16 8,217
169,726
5.325
212,282
188,962 257.213
Creditors:amountsfallingdue withinone
vear 17 (9,083) (11.150)
Netcurrentassets 179,879 246.063
Totalassetslesscurrent liabilities 483,550 588.613
Totalnet assets 483,550 588,613
Charityfunds
Restrictedfunds 19
Unrestrictedfunds 19 483,550 588,613
Totalfunds 483,550 588,613
The
financial
statements were approved and authorised for
issue
by
the
Trustees
30 October 2023 andsignedontheirbehalf by
Atonina Mackouka
Antonina Machowska
30 Oct2023 15:19:16(Z)
REASON:lam approvingthisdocument.
Elzbieta Barrass 62334Antonina Machowska
(ChairofTrustees) (Vicechairperson)
Thenotesonpages9to21formpartofthesefinancialstatements.
Page 8

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

1. General information

The Polish Educational Society was registered with the Charity Commission as a Charitable Incorporated Organisation on 16 January 2015. The address of the principal office is shown on page 1. The registered charity number is 1159980.

2. Accounting policies

2.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the Charities SORP (FRS 102) - Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) and the Charities Act 2011.

The financial statements have been prepared to give a 'true and fair' view and have departed from the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 only to the extent required to provide a 'true and fair' view. This departure has involved following the Charities SORP (FRS 102) published in October 2019 rather than the Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice effective from 1 April 2005 which has since been withdrawn.

The Polish Educational Society meets the definition of a public benefit entity under FRS 102. Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy.

2.2 Going concern

After making appropriate enquiries, the Trustees have a reasonable expectation that the Charity has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. For this reason, they continue to adopt the going concern basis in preparing the financial statements

2.3 Income

All income is recognised once the Charity has entitlement to the income, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount of income receivable can be measured reliably.

Grants are included in the Statement of financial activities on a receivable basis. The balance of income received for specific purposes but not expended during the period is shown in the relevant funds on the Balance sheet. Where income is received in advance of entitlement of receipt, its recognition is deferred and included in creditors as deferred income. Where entitlement occurs before income is received, the income is accrued.

Page 9

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

2. Accounting policies (continued)

2.4 Expenditure

Expenditure is recognised once there is a legal or constructive obligation to transfer economic benefit to a third party, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. Expenditure is classified by activity. The costs of each activity are made up of the total of direct costs and shared costs, including support costs involved in undertaking each activity. Direct costs attributable to a single activity are allocated directly to that activity. Shared costs which contribute to more than one activity and support costs which are not attributable to a single activity are apportioned between those activities on a basis consistent with the use of resources. Central staff costs are allocated on the basis of time spent, and depreciation charges allocated on the portion of the asset’s use.

Expenditure on charitable activities is incurred on directly undertaking the activities which further the Charity's objectives, as well as any associated support costs.

All expenditure is inclusive of irrecoverable VAT.

2.5 Government grants

Government grants relating to tangible fixed assets are treated as deferred income and released to the Statement of financial activities over the expected useful lives of the assets concerned. Other grants are credited to the Statement of financial activities as the related expenditure is incurred.

2.6 Interest receivable

Interest on funds held on deposit is included when receivable and the amount can be measured reliably by the Charity; this is normally upon notification of the interest paid or payable by the institution with whom the funds are deposited.

2.7 Tangible fixed assets and depreciation

Tangible fixed assets costing £500 or more are capitalised and recognised when future economic benefits are probable and the cost or value of the asset can be measured reliably.

Tangible fixed assets are initially recognised at cost. After recognition, under the cost model, tangible fixed assets are measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and any accumulated impairment losses. All costs incurred to bring a tangible fixed asset into its intended working condition should be included in the measurement of cost.

Depreciation is charged so as to allocate the cost of tangible fixed assets less their residual value over their estimated useful lives, on a reducing balance basis.

Depreciation is provided on the following bases:

Page 10

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

2. Accounting policies (continued)

2.8 Investments

Fixed asset investments are a form of financial instrument and are initially recognised at their transaction cost and subsequently measured at fair value at the Balance sheet date, unless the value cannot be measured reliably in which case it is measured at cost less impairment. Investment gains and losses, whether realised or unrealised, are combined and presented as ‘Gains/(Losses) on investments’ in the Statement of financial activities.

2.9 Stocks

Stocks are valued at the lower of cost and net realisable value after making due allowance for obsolete and slow-moving stocks. Cost includes all direct costs and an appropriate proportion of fixed and variable overheads.

2.10 Debtors

Trade and other debtors are recognised at the settlement amount after any trade discount offered. Prepayments are valued at the amount prepaid net of any trade discounts due.

2.11 Cash at bank and in hand

Cash at bank and in hand includes cash and short-term highly liquid investments with a short maturity of three months or less from the date of acquisition or opening of the deposit or similar account.

2.12 Liabilities and provisions

Liabilities are recognised when there is an obligation at the Balance sheet date as a result of a past event, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefit will be required in settlement, and the amount of the settlement can be estimated reliably.

Liabilities are recognised at the amount that the Charity anticipates it will pay to settle the debt or the amount it has received as advanced payments for the goods or services it must provide.

2.13 Financial instruments

The Charity only has financial assets and financial liabilities of a kind that qualify as basic financial instruments. Basic financial instruments are initially recognised at transaction value and subsequently measured at their settlement value with the exception of bank loans which are subsequently measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method.

2.14 Pensions

The Charity operates a defined contribution pension scheme and the pension charge represents the amounts payable by the Charity to the fund in respect of the year.

Page 11

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

2. Accounting policies (continued)

2.15 Fund accounting

General funds are unrestricted funds which are available for use at the discretion of the Trustees in furtherance of the general objectives of the Charity and which have not been designated for other purposes.

Investment income, gains and losses are allocated to the appropriate fund.

3. Income from donations and legacies

Donations
Legacies
Grants
Government grants
Total 2021
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
550
-
46,592
-
47,142
68,537
Total
funds
2022
£
550
-
46,592
-
47,142
68,537
Total
funds
2021
£
1,427
14,104
22,691
30,315
68,537

Page 12

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

4. Income from charitable activities

Income from charitable activities - Publishing and
educational courses
Income from charitable activities - Membership fees
Total 2021
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
61,948
44,848
106,796
103,113
Total
funds
2022
£
61,948
44,848
106,796
103,113
Total
funds
2021
£
58,576
44,537
103,113

5. Income from other trading activities

Income from non charitable trading activities

Income from the bookshop
Total 2021
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
135,058
83,072
Total
funds
2022
£
135,058
83,072
Total
funds
2021
£
83,072

6. Investment income

Income from local listed investments
Investment income - bank interest
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
20
33
53
Total
funds
2022
£
20
33
53
Total
funds
2021
£
-
-
-

Page 13

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

7. Expenditure on raising funds

Other trading expenses

Trading expenses - bookshop
Trading expenses - staff costs
Total 2021
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
107,858
36,267
144,125
71,210
Total
funds
2022
£
107,858
36,267
144,125
71,210
Total
funds
2021
£
25,620
45,590
71,210

8. Analysis of expenditure on charitable activities

Summary by fund type

Publishing and educational courses
Total 2021
Unrestricte
d funds
2022
£
214,083
158,871
Total
funds
2022
£
214,083
158,871
Total
funds
2021
£
158,871

Page 14

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

9. Analysis of expenditure by activities

Publishing and educational courses
Total 2021
Activities
undertaken
directly
2022
£
144,436
87,810
Support
costs
2022
£
69,647
71,061
Total
funds
2022
£
214,083
158,871
Total
funds
2021
£
158,871

Analysis of direct costs

Staff costs
Cost of examination
Cost of Conferences
Cost of periodicals
Membership fees
Competition events cost
Sundry expenses
Total 2021
Publishing
and
education
2022
£
57,511
17,337
40,389
6,407
50
22,268
474
144,436
87,810
Total
funds
2022
£
57,511
17,337
40,389
6,407
50
22,268
474
144,436
87,810
Total
funds
2021
£
46,113
22,411
7,252
1,585
111
10,197
141
87,810

Page 15

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

9. Analysis of expenditure by activities (continued)

Analysis of support costs

Depreciation
Travel expenses
Communication costs
Computer expenses
Insurance
General office expenses
Light and heat
Printing and stationery
Bank charges and interest
Rent and rates
Advertising and marketing
Repairs and maintenance
Entertaining
Governance costs
Total 2021
10.
Independent examiner's remuneration
Publishing
and
education
2022
£
1,315
6,188
3,098
4,366
341
5,055
978
8,537
1,367
22,350
300
81
232
15,439
69,647
71,061
Total
funds
2022
£
1,315
6,188
3,098
4,366
341
5,055
978
8,537
1,367
22,350
300
81
232
15,439
69,647
71,061
Total
funds
2021
£
468
742
1,375
2,168
1,691
3,012
382
5,951
584
31,741
88
4,668
1,023
17,168
71,061
2022 2021
£ £
Fees payable to the Charity's independent examiner for the independent
examination of the Charity's annual accounts 1,185 1,120
Fees payable to the Charity's independent examiner in respect of:
All other services not included above 4,020 2,280

Page 16

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

11. Staff costs

Wages and salaries
Social security costs
Contribution to defined contribution pension schemes
2022
£
89,295
2,487
1,997
93,779
2021
£
88,033
1,842
1,827
91,702

The average number of persons employed by the Charity during the year was as follows:

2022 2021
No. No.
Staff 4 4

No employee received remuneration amounting to more than £60,000 in either year.

12. Trustees' remuneration and expenses

During the year, one or more Trustees has been paid remuneration or has received other benefits from an employment with the Charity. The fees were paid to trustees for exam assessments. The value of Trustees' remuneration and other benefits was as follows:

2022 2021
£ £
Elzbieta Barrass Remuneration 220 610
Aleksandra Podhorodecka Remuneration - 492
Halina Stochniol Remuneration - 464
Katarzyna Kowalczyk Remuneration - 584
Joanna Mechelewska Remuneration - 480
Dorota Chmielewska Remuneration - 528
Renata Rams Remuneration - 416
Malgorzata Lasocka Remuneration 370 -

During the year ended 31 December 2022, expenses totalling £ 7,946 were reimbursed or paid directly to 11 Trustees (2021 - £732 to 4 Trustees) . The expenses related to the cost of trophies, and travel, hotel and subsistence costs.

Page 17

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

13. Tangible fixed assets

Cost or valuation
At 1 January 2022
Additions
At 31 December 2022
Depreciation
At 1 January 2022
Charge for the year
At 31 December 2022
Net book value
At 31 December 2022
At 31 December 2021
Office
equipment
£
9,781
1,339
11,120
4,122
922
5,044
6,076
5,659
Computer
equipment
£
3,747
-
3,747
2,177
393
2,570
1,177
1,570
Total
£
13,528
1,339
14,867
6,299
1,315
7,614
7,253
7,229

Page 18

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

14. Fixed asset investments

Cost or valuation
At 1 January 2022
Additions
Disposals
Revaluations
At 31 December 2022
Net book value
At 31 December 2022
At 31 December 2021
15.
Stocks
Finished goods and goods for resale
16.
Debtors
Due within one year
Other debtors
Prepayments and accrued income
2022
£
11,019
2022
£
6,716
1,501
8,217
Listed
investments
£
335,321
310
(5,030)
(34,184)
296,417
296,417
335,321
2021
£
39,606
2021
£
3,662
1,663
5,325

Page 19

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

17. Creditors: Amounts falling due within one year

2022 2021
£ £
Accruals and deferred income 9,083 11,150

18. Financial instruments

Financial assets
Financial assets measured at amortised cost
Financial liabilities
Financial liabilities measured at amortised cost
2022
£
169,726
2022
£
9,083
2021
£
212,282
2021
£
11,150

Financial assets measured at amortised cost comprises bank balances and other debtors, excluding VAT.

Other financial liabilities measured at amortised cost comprises accruals.

Page 20

THE POLISH EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2022

19. Statement of funds

Statement of funds - current year

Balance at 1
January
2022
£
Unrestricted funds
General Funds - all funds
588,613
Statement of funds - prior year
Balance at
1 January
2021
£
Unrestricted funds
General Funds - all funds
549,609
Income
£
289,049
Income
£
254,722
Expenditure
£
(358,208)
Expenditure
£
(230,081)
Gains/
(Losses)
£
(35,904)
Gains/
(Losses)
£
14,363
Balance at
31
December
2022
£
483,550
Balance at
31
December
2021
£
588,613

20. Pension commitments

The charity operates a defined contribution pension scheme. The assets of the scheme are held separately from those of the group in an independently administered fund. The pension cost charge represents contributions payable by the group to the fund and amounted to £1,997 (2021 - £1,827). No amounts were included in creditors as payable to the fund at the balance sheet date.

21. Related party transactions

The Charity has not entered into any related party transaction during the year, nor are there any outstanding balances owing between related parties and the Charity at 31 December 2022.

Page 21