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← Fungal Infection Trust

2021-04-30-accounts

REGISTERED COMPANY NUMBER: 08031174 REGISTERED CHARITY NUMBER: 1147658

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

REPORT AND ACCOUNTS

30 APRIL 2021

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

INDEX

Page

1 Reference and administrative details 2-6 Trustees’ Report 7 Independent examiner’s report 8 Statement of financial activities 9 Balance Sheet 10-14 Notes to the accounts 15 Appendix Scientific publications and presentations

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

Trustees Professor P J Folkman Mr P G Oxnam Mr J C Morgan Dr C Pankhurst Professor J Cooke Professor R Hay Hon Secretary Mr J C Morgan Bankers Royal Bank of Scotland 56 Chestergate Macclesfield Cheshire SK11 6BA Independent Examiner Roslyn Beattie Company Solutions Limited 2 Festival Square Little Germany Bradford BD1 5BD Registered Address P.O. Box 482, Macclesfield Cheshire SK10 9AR Charity Registration: 1147658 Company Registration: 08031174

1

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

TRUSTEES’ REPORT

The board of Trustees, who are also directors of the Charity for the purposes of the Companies Act 2006, present their report and financial statements of Fungal Infection Trust for the year ended 30 April 2021. The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the accounting policies as set out on page 10 and comply with the charity’s trust deed, the Companies Act 2006 and the Statement of Recommended Practice – Accounting and Reporting by Charities 2011.

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

The Fungal Infection Trust (“The Charity” or “The Trust” or “FIT”) is a company limited by guarantee and governed by its Memorandum and Articles of Association.

DIRECTORS AND TRUSTEES

The directors of the charitable company are its Trustees for the purpose of charity law and throughout this report are collectively referred to as the Tr ustees .

The Trustees serving during the year were as follows:

Mr P G Oxnam Chairman Mr J C Morgan Secretary Professor J Cooke

Professor P J Folkman

Professor R Hay

Dr C L Pankhurst

New trustees are interviewed and appointed by the existing trustees. Before taking up their positions, new trustees are sent on externally run training courses where appropriate.

Risk Management

The Tustees have examined the major strategic, business and operational risks which the charity faces and confirm that systems have been established to enable regular reports to be produced so that the necessary steps can be taken to lessen these risks.

Organisational Structure and Governance

The Trust is managed by the Trustees. The Trust has no paid or voluntary employees. Accounts are prepared by the Secretary on a regular basis and presented to the Trustees at their meetings. The financial status of the Trust is reviewed by a Trustee sub-committee prior to each Trustees’ meeting and its recommendations presented to the meeting. A minimum of three Trustees meetings are held each year.

Responsibilities of Trustees

Law applicable to charities in England & Wales requires the Trustees to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the incoming resources and application of the resources of the charity during the year and of its state of affairs at the end of the year. In preparing financial statements giving a true and fair view, the trustees should follow best practice and:

The Trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records which disclose with reasonable accuracy the financial position of the charity and which enable them to ascertain its financial position and to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006 and the Statement of Recommended Practice – Accounting and

2

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

TRUSTEES’ REPORT

Reporting by Charities 2005 and the Trust Deed. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the charity and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.

OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES

  1. To promote research in all aspects of mycology, mycotic diseases, fungal toxicology and microbial disease (of all living things) and to publish the useful results thereof.

  2. To advance education particularly among physicians and scientists about mycology, mycotic diseases, fungal toxicology and microbial diseases in general.

  3. To generally support basic research into fungi and fungal disease, train scientists in mycology and related disciplines.

  4. To provide information to patients suffering from fungal diseases, in particular aspergillosis .

  5. To raise awareness of fungal pathogens and fungal diseases amongst the general public in the UK and internationally .

Review of Activities

In 2020, the FIT redesigned its website to further support health professional education, public outreach and research. The FIT website (www.fungalinfectiontrust.org) averaged 1000 unique visitors per month in early 2020 (Google analytics), which is a lower number than previously, probably partly reflecting a different mode of data collection.

Online education in fungal microscopy and histology (www.microfungi.net/) The FIT continues to support the world’s first online Microscopy and Histology course (www.microfungi.net). There are now 1849 users from 132 countries. Typically 2 – 10 users login each day. The top countries are: UK (177 users), Mexico, Brazil, US, India, Nigeria, Argentina, Colombia, Spain, and Ghana (30 users). 1520 users work in English, 186 in Spanish, 82 in French, 55 in Portuguese and 4 in China.

Usage over the last year is shown here.

The Aspergillus Website (www.aspergillus.org.uk)

The Aspergillus Website @ www.aspergillus.org.uk

The Aspergillus Website (1998 - ) remains the world’s most comprehensive resource for the pathogenic and allergenic fungi Aspergillus and the diseases that they cause. It is completely free to all users. It is supported by the UK National Health Service and unrestricted educational grants from various corporate donors, notably Mayne Pharma, Pfizer, Dynamiker, Gilead and Zambon.

3

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

TRUSTEES’ REPORT

The Aspergillus Website provides free easy access to >74,000 pages, over 14,000 scientific articles (including a unique collection of 831 historical articles) and over 16,500 conference abstracts from 1974 onwards. Users access the website using their mobile phone in 56% of cases and 42% use their desktop.

The comprehensive list of drugs and drug interactions with antifungals is continually updated. The drug interaction database (including the antifungal drug interaction app for apple and android phones) is popular and well used.

The Aspergillus Website received over 750,000 users in the 12 months to the end of March 2021, viewing on average 2.4 pages each. Externally there are over 23,000 active links to www.aspergillus.org.uk and www.aspergillosis.org. The Website was re-configured into Wordpress 9 from Drupal) in 2020 and this saw a temporary fall in usage.

Mapping of www.aspergillus.org.uk (see figure below for 1 April 2020- 30 March 2021, darker shading = more users) shows that the website reaches people in over 170 countries. USA is the country with the most visitors (24.6%) with UK (13.9%) and China (8.7%) in the next 2 places. India (8.2%), Australia (2.7%), Canada (2.2%), Netherlands (2.2%), Russia (1.9%), Japan (1.8%) and South Korea (1.7%) are all substantial users. .

Website for patients and carers ( www.aspergillosis.org )

The Patients Website was transferred to the National Aspergillosis Centre in Manchester, UK and is run independently. This successful transfer has allowed a greater focus on patient needs than was possible previously and relieved the FIT of the burden of supervising and supporting it.

Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) (www.LIFE-Worldwide.org) The LIFE worldwide website received on average ~45,000 unique page views each month. These figures do not include the popular videos on YouTube, which include the following selection from >60 videos online:

Fluconazole >65,000 views

Itraconazole: >25,000 views Voriconazole: >17,000 views Amphotericin B: > 7,000 views Antifungals and pregnancy/breastfeeding: >5,800 views Flucytosine: >800 views

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FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

TRUSTEES’ REPORT

Invasive candidiasis: >2,000 views

Oesophageal candidiasis: >2,800 views

Intra-abdominal candidiasis: >3,800 views

Radiology of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: >500 views

Radiology of ABPA: >750 views

Galactomannan testing interpretation: >1,400 views

Surgical treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: >700 views

ABPA management: >2,400 views

Antifungal management of cryptococcal meningitis: >5000 views

Immune reconstitution syndrome of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS: >1,800 views

On the main website, English searches accounted for 56% of usage, Spanish for 30%, and the remainder not specified.

The US accounts for 24% of all users followed by Mexico (12.4%), India (9.9%), the UK (4.9%), Colombia (4.4%), Spain (3.5%), Argentina (2.3%), Peru (2.3%), Chile (2.2% and Philippines (2.1%). The majority of users (54%) use a mobile device to access LIFE worldwide.

A component of the LIFE effort was to boost public awareness of fungal infections generally. This has involved estimating the burden of serious fungal disease in over 100 countries, to highlight the seriousness of a range of primary and secondary fungal diseases. Additions since last year’s report are underlined.

The FIT also supported a number of interesting and significant findings. There were 11 peer-reviewed publications in calendar year 2020 as a direct consequence of FIT grants and collaborations. Burden of fungal disease estimates (as above) and infrastructure support in prior years are shown in Appendix 1. The notable outputs include:

During the year support was given to research projects at the University of Manchester, the Gulu University Medical School, Uganda, the University of Buea, Yaoundé, Cameroon and to St George’s University Hospitals Trust, London. Travel and Living Allowance Grants for attendance and presentation at scientific conferences totalling Nil (2020 £2,517) were made during the year as part of the Trust’s policy to support scientists in the early stages of their careers in mycology. No grant requests were received in the year because of the restrictions placed on global travel by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Who benefited from the Trust’s Activities?

Research workers in mycology, respiratory medicine and infectious diseases from all over the world Medical doctors, especially through the Drug Interactions database

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FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

TRUSTEES’ REPORT

Patients and their carers.

Students of medicine, pharmacy, biology and microbiology The public – school children, their teachers and parents.

How do the Trust’s Activities Benefit the Public?

Awareness of fungal disease remains low among the general public. The FIT website enables the public to access reliable information quickly on this topic, augmented by the more specialised web resources at LIFE-Worldwide and the Aspergillus Website. The rebranded FIT website also re-posts press and general stories and explanatory articles for easy access for all.

Future plans

The LIFE-Worldwide website and resource has been rebranded and will be relaunched in Q3 2021. The educational videos section of this website is gradually being expanded with additional material. Social media efforts are also being expanded. The Aspergillus Website continues to provide a valuable resource internationally. The FIT will respond to grant requests as it has done previously.

FINANCIAL REVIEW,

The results for the period are set out on page 8. There was a surplus of Income over Expenditure for the year of £-36,150, (2020 - £76,951). Corporate Governance expenditure represented 14.50% of total income (2020 2.20%). During the period the Fungal Infection Trust Website was re-designed at a cost of £15,383. As a result of the restrictions placed upon us because of the COVID-19 Pandemic all Trustees meetings were held using Zoom as a consequence no Trustees Expenses or Meeting Costs were incurred.

During the year a donation was received in memory of the late Mrs Stella Huskisson, who had suffered from ABPA. This money has been used to create a Designated Fund to support research in the United Kingdom into Aspergillosis (see Note 10).

Investment Policy

The trustees do not consider that they have sufficient free reserves to invest surplus funds for any medium to long term. Consequently, funds are maintained in a bank deposit account

Reserves Policy

The charity have established a policy to maintain unrestricted funds not committed or invested in fixed assets i.e. ‘free reserves’ at a level of between one and two years of unrestricted expenditure. This provides sufficient levels of funds to be able to continue the current activities of the charity and to provide sufficient time to consider and replace existing funding sources should there be a significant change in present funding arrangements. The reserves policy is reviewed annually .

Secretariat

The Trustees wish to express their appreciation of the work undertaken by Mr J Morgan in running the secretariat and administrative functions of the Trust during the past year.

Independent Examiner

In accordance with the Trust Deed, a proposal to re-appoint Company Solutions Limited for the forthcoming year will be put to the general meeting.

On behalf of the Trustees

Phillip Oxnam

22 September 2021

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FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

INDEPENDENT EXAMINER’S REPORT TO THE TRUSTEES OF THE FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

I report to the trustees on my examination of the financial statements of Fungal Infection Trust (the charity) for the year ended 30 April 2021.

Responsibilities and basis of report

As the trustees of the charity (and also its directors for the purposes of company law) you are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 (the 2006 Act).

Having satisfied myself that the financial statements of the charity are not required to be audited under Part 16 of the 2006 Act and are eligible for independent examination, I report in respect of my examination of the charity’s financial statements carried out under section 145 of the Charities Act 2011 (the 2011 Act).

In carrying out my examination I have followed all the applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the 2011 Act.

Independent examiner’s statement

Since the charity’s gross income for the year to 30 April 2020 exceeded £250,000 your examiner must be a member of a body listed in section 145 of the 2001 Act. I confirm that I am qualified to undertake the examination because I am a member of The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales, which is one of the listed bodies.

I have completed my examination. I confirm that no matters have come to my attention in connect with the examination giving me cause to believe that in any material respect:

I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the financial statements to be reached.

Roslyn Beattie FCA Company Solutions Limited

Date 27 October 2021

7

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES PERIOD ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

General Total Total funds
Unrestrict Designated funds Year to
ed funds Year to 30 April
funds 30 April 2020
Note 2021 2021 2021 £
£ £ £
INCOMING RESOURCES
Incoming resources from generated funds
Voluntary income_:_
Donations and grants 2 17,535 - 17,535 36,434
Activities for generating funds_:_
Investment income 3 48 - 48 296
Incoming resources from charitable
activities
Donations and grants 4 - 119,503 119,503 235,738
TOTAL INCOMING RESOURCES 17,583 119,503 137,086 272,468
RESOURCES EXPENDED
Costs of charitable activities
Charitable activities 5 81,656 71,703 153,359 189,513
Governance costs 5 19,877 - 19,877 6,004
TOTAL RESOURCES EXPENDED 101,533 71,703 173,236 195,517
NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS -83,950 47,800 -36,150 76,951
Transfers between funds 109,721
-109,721		 - -
Total Funds brought forward 79,446 178,136 257,582 180,631
TOTAL FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD 105,217 116,215 221,432 257,582

The statement of financial activities includes all gains and losses recognised in the period.

All income and expenditure derive from continuing activities.

The statement of financial activities also complies with the requirements of an income and expenditure account under the Companies Act 2006.

8

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

BALANCE SHEET AS AT 30 APRIL 2021

Note
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors
8

Cash at bank


CREDITORS
Amounts falling due within one year
9

NET CURRENT ASSETS
NET ASSETS
ACCUMULATED FUNDS
Restricted funds
Designated funds
10
General unrestricted funds
11



£

26,162
229,181
255,343
33,911
 2021
£
£

152,721
132,695
285,416
27,834
221,432
221,432
116,215
105,217
221,432		 2020
£
257,582
257,582
178,136
79,446
257,582

The charitable company is entitled to exemption from audit under Section 477 of the Companies Act 2006 for the period ended 30 April 2021.

The Trustees have not required the charitable company to obtain an audit of its financial statements for the period ended 30 April 2021 in accordance with Section 476 of the Companies Act 2006.

The Trustees acknowledge their responsibilities for:

These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the special provisions of Part 15 of the Companies Act 2006 relating to small charitable companies and with the Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller Entities (effective April 2008).

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees on 22[nd] September 2021 and were signed on its behalf by:

Mr J C Morgan Mr P Oxnam

9

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

CHARITY INFORMATION

Fungal Infection Trust is a private company limited by guarantee incorporated in England and Wales. The registered office is P.O.B 482, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 9AR

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The principal accounting policies adopted, judgements and key sources of estimation of uncertainty in the preparation of the financial statements are as follows:

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2015) – (Charities SORP (FRS 102)), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) and the Companies Act 2006.

FIT meets the definition of a public benefit entity under (FRS 102). Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy note(s).

b) Going Concern

At the time of approving the financial statements, the trustees have a reasonable expectation that the charity has adequate resources to continue in operational existence for the foreseeable future. Thus, the trustees continue to adopt the going concern basis of accounting in preparing the financial statements.

c) Fund Structure

The charity maintains the following types of funds:

Designated funds represent grants, donations and legacies received which are allocated by the donor for specific purposes.

General unrestricted fund represents unrestricted income which is expendable at the discretion of the trustees in the furtherance of the objects of the charity. Such a fund may be held in order to finance both working capital and capital investment.

There are no restricted funds in the Charity.

d) Incoming Resources

All incoming resources are recognised once the charity has entitlement to the resources, it is certain that all the resources will be received and the monetary value of incoming resources can be measured with sufficient reliability.

10

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

e) Resources Expended

Expenditure is recognised on an accrual basis as a liability is incurred. Expenditure includes any VAT which cannot be fully recovered, and is reported as part of the expenditure to which it relates:

f) Taxation

The charity is exempt from corporation tax on its charitable activities.

2. DONATIONS AND GRANTS

ONATIONS AND GRANTS
Total Total
General funds funds
Unrestricted Designated Year to Year to
Funds Funds 30 April 30 April
2021 2021 2021 2020
£ £ £ £
General donations 17,535 - 17,535
=		 36,434

General donations include sundry amounts donated to the charity by members of the public. No gifts in kind have been received in either the current or previous year.

3. ACTIVITIES FOR GENERATING FUNDS

INVESTMENT INCOME

TMENT INCOME
General Total Total
Unrestricted Designated funds funds
Funds Funds Year to Year to
2021 2021 30 April 30 April
2021 2020
£ £ £ £
Bank interest 48 - 48 296

11

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

4 . INCOMING RESOURCES FROM CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

DONATIONS AND GRANTS

DONATIONS AND GRANTS DONATIONS AND GRANTS DONATIONS AND GRANTS DONATIONS AND GRANTS DONATIONS AND GRANTS
General
Unrestricted
Funds
2021
£
Designated
Funds
2021
£		 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2021
£		 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2020
£
Gilead - 23,700 23,700 90,064
Pfizer - 34,625 34,625 145,674
Zambon
Mayne Pharma
Huskisson
Sundry		 -
-
-		 17,009
11,042
31,250
1,877		 17,009
11,042
31,250
1,877		 -
-
-
-
- 119,503 119,503
235,738

5. COSTS OF CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

General Total Total
Unrestricted Designated funds funds
funds funds Year to Year to
Note 30 April 30 April
2021 2021 2021 2020
£ £ £ £
Donations and grants 81,656
36,729		 118,385
134,437
Project costs 6 - 34,974 34,974 52,559
Travel grants - - - 2,517
Governance costs 7 19,877 - 19,877 6,004
101,533 71,703 173,236 195,517

12

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

6. COSTS OF CHARITABLE ACTIVITIES

PROJECT COSTS

University of Manchester Research Team
Other activity costs
7.
GOVERNANCE COSTS		 General
Unrestricted
funds
2021
£
Designated
funds
2021
£
Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2021
£
-
10,000
10,000
-
24,974
24,974
__
-
34,974
34,974		 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2020
£
42,446
10,113
52,559
Insurance
Legal and professional
Travel and meeting costs
Printing/postage/stationery
Accountancy fees
Bank charges
Promotion Costs
FIT Website Costs
8.
DEBTORS		 General
Unrestricted
funds
2021
£
810
13
0
681
1,150
138
953
16,132
19,877		 Designated
funds
2021
£
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2021
£
810
13
0
681
1,150
138
953
16,132
19,877
 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2021
£
810
13
0
681
1,150
138
953
16,132
19,877
 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2020
£
810
13
2,357
563
1,150
133
978
178		 Total
funds
Year to
30 April
2020
£
810
13
2,357
563
1,150
133
978
178
6,004
2021
 2020
£
 £
Invoiced 26,162
 152,721
9.
CREDITORS: Amounts falling due within one-year
Accruals


2021
£
33,911

2020
£
27,834

13

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

10. MOVEMENT IN DESIGNATED FUNDS

10.
MOVEMENT IN DESIGNATED FUNDS
1 May
2020
£
Income
£
Expenditure,
Gains, losses
& Transfers
£
Aspergillus Website
66,312
62,120
43,467
Stella Huskisson Memorial Fund
Chinese and SE Asia Education
Pfizer Covid-19 Project
Recording of AAAM Conference for
Chinese Audience
0
41,070
0
70,754
31,250
0
34,626
3,106
0
41,070
34,626
73,860
178,136
131,102
193,023
11.
RECONCILIATION OF MOVEMENTS IN GENERAL FUNDS
2021
2020
£ £
Surplus of income over expenditure for the year
25,771
49,662
Funds at the beginning of the year
79,446
29,784
Funds to carry forward
105,217
79,446
======
======
12.
ANALYSIS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES BETWEEN FUNDS
General
Unrestricted
funds
£
Designated
funds
£
Current assets
Cash at bank and in hand
Debtors
128,543
585
100,638
25,577
Current liabilities
-23,911
-10,000
105,217
116,215		 30 April
2021
£
84,965
31,250
0
0
0
116,215





Total
funds
2021
£
229,181
26,162
-33,911

221,432





14

FUNGAL INFECTION TRUST

NOTES TO THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2021

Publications supported by the Fungal Infection Trust in 2020

  1. Furukawa T, van Rhijn N, Fraczek M, Gsaller F, Davies E, Carr P, Gago S, FortuneGrant R, Rahman S, Gilsenan JM, Houlder E, Kowalski CH, Raj S, Paul S, Cook P, Parker JE, Kelly S, Cramer RA, Latgé JP, Moye-Rowley S, Bignell E, Bowyer P, Bromley MJ. The negative cofactor 2 complex is a key regulator of drug resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Commun . 2020 Jan 22;11(1):427. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-14191-1.

  2. Bongomin F, Out A, Harris C. Foden P. Kosmidis C, Denning DW. Risk factors for relapse of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis after discontinuation of antifungal therapy. Clin Infect Pract 2020;5:100015.

  3. Amona FM, Denning DW, Moukassa D, Hennequin C. Current burden of serious fungal infections in Republic of Congo. Mycoses 2020;63:543-552.

  4. Bongomin F, Garcez T, Denning DW. Impact of high baseline Aspergillus -specific IgG levels on weight and quality of life outcomes of patients with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis. Med Mycol 2020;58:1000-1004.

  5. Buil JB, Meijer EFJ, Denning DW, Verweij PW, Meis JF. Burden of serious fungal infections in the Netherlands. Mycoses 2020;63:543-552.

  6. Osmanov A, Farooq Z, Richardson MD, Denning DW. The antiseptic miramistin: a review of its comparative in vitro and clinical activity. FEMS Microbiol Rec 2020;44:399-417.

  7. Seidel C, Moreno-Velásquez SD, Ben-Ghazzi N, Gago S, Read ND, Bowyer P. Phagolysosomal Survival Enables Non-lytic Hyphal Escape and Ramification Through Lung Epithelium During Aspergillus fumigatus Infection. Front Microbiol . 2020;11:1955. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01955.

  8. Beswick E, Amich J, Gago S. Factoring in the Complexity of the Cystic Fibrosis Lung to Understand Aspergillus fumigatus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Interactions. Pathogens . 2020;9(8):639. doi: 10.3390/pathogens9080639.

  9. Zhou LH, Li RY, Denning DW, Zhu LP. Risk-based Estimate of Human Fungal Disease Burden, China: Old Pathogen, New Host, and New Patterns. Emerg Infect Dis 2020;26:2137-2147.

  10. Alfouzan W, Al-Wathiqi F, Altawalah H, Asadzadeh M, Khan Z, Denning DW. Human Fungal Infections in Kuwait-Burden and Diagnostic Gaps. J Fungi (Basel) . 2020;6(4):E306.

  11. Al-Hatmi AMS, Al-Shuhoumi MA, Denning DW. Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Oman. J Fungi 2020;7:5.

15