## THE PARISH OF ST ANDREW CHIPPENHAM
WITH ST NICHOLAS TYTHERTON LUCAS Reg Charity 1131163
**Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31[st] December 2020**
**ST ANDREW’S CHURCH OFFICE, MARKET PLACE, CHIPPENHAM, SN15 3HT** http://www.standrewschippenham.org.uk
Hold fast to that which is good. Love & Serve the Lord
28
## **ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31[st ] DECEMBER 2020**
## **Index**
|**Index**||
|---|---|
||Page|
|Aims and Purposes|3|
|Objectves and Actvites|3|
|Achievements and Performance|4|
|Financial Review|8|
|Reserves Policy|9|
|Structure, Governance & Management|9|
|Administratve Informaton|11|
|Independent Examiners Report|13|
|Statement of Financial Actvites|14|
|Balance Sheet|15|
|Notes to Financial Statements|16|
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
## **14 FUNDS (CONTINUED)**
## **FUNDS- COMPARATIVE**
|**FUNDS- COMPARATIVE**||
|---|---|
|**Unrestricted Funds**
General- St Andrews
General- St Nicholas
Designated (Fabric)
Choir
Organ restoration
Friends of St Andrews
Mission- designated
Hall
**Restricted Funds**
Mission- Syrian Refugees
Flower
Organ restoration
Traidcraft|**Bal b/f at**
**01/01/2019**
**Income**
**Expenditure Transfer**
**Gains/**
**(Losses)**
**Bal c/f at**
**31/12/2019**
£
£
£
£
£
£
317,351
127,381
(137,652)
105,000
-
412,080
15,983
6,440
(7,052)
-
-
15,371
297,999
23,164
(8,245)
(29,490)
20,638
304,066
1,495
-
-
-
-
1,495
2,780
-
(546)
-
-
2,234
3,825
5,125
(2,710)
-
-
6,240
766
-
(5,000)
5,000
-
766
81,340
27
(857)
(80,510)
-
-|
||721,539
162,137
(162,062)
-
20,638
742,252
2,222
-
(1,534)
-
-
688
962
1,587
(1,601)
-
-
948
52
5,884
-
-
-
5,936
700
4,143
(4,234)
-
-
609|
||3,936
11,614
(7,369)
-
-
8,181|
||725,475
173,751
(169,431)
-
20,638
750,433|
## **Transfers**
A transfer was made from the designated fabric fund to general- St Andrews fund in respect of capital additions made in the year.
There was an ongoing project to renovate the church hall, and as such, the trustees has transferred amounts from general funds and the designated fabric fund to a designated hall fund. This project was completed during 2019.
Transfers have also been made to reflect the allocation of a proportion of regular giving received to the mission designated fund.
## **Fund descriptions**
## **Restricted funds**
_Mission Fund - Syrian Refugees-_ This is a restricted fund held on behalf of local volunteers to assist with the settlement of Syrian Refugees in the Chippenham area.
_Flower Fund_ - This is a fund to support the activities of the Church's flower arrangers.
_Organ restoration fund_ - This is a fund set up towards a specific restoration project for the organ. _Traidcraft Fund_ - This is a fund which supports the Traidcraft charity from profits made in church through the sale of Traidcraft fairtrade goods.
## **Unrestricted and designated funds**
_General funds -_ these can be used for PCC ordinary purposes and are split between St Andrews and St Nicholas parish.
_Fabric Fund_ - This is an unrestricted fund for the maintenance and repair of the Church building.
_Choir Fund_ - This is a fund to support the activities of the Church Choir.
_Organ restoration fund_ - This is a fund set up to pay for the restoration and upkeep of the organ.
_Friends of St Andrew's Fund_ - This is a fund made up of funds raised by the Friends of St Andrew's to support church projects usually for the Church's Fabric.
_Mission -_ This is a fund to support charities for which collections in church have been made or which the PCC should be supporting through the transfer of funds from the general fund during the year. This was reclassified from restricted funds as a designated fund during the prior year.
_Hall -_ The money previously held by the Diocese from the sale of the St Catherine's room has been included in this fund to fund the hall project.
## **15 RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS**
No related party transactions took place during the year (2019: £Nil).
2
27
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
## **12 CREDITORS**
|**Creditors**
Trade creditors
**Accruals**
Independent examination fee
Other accruals|**2020**
**2019**
£
£
4,447
5,226
4,447
5,226
2,282
2,100
-
180
2,282
2,280|
|---|---|
## **13 SUMMARY OF ASSETS BY FUND**
|Tangible fixed assets
Investment fixed assets
Current assets
Liabilities|**Unrestricted**
**Funds**
**St Nicholas**
**Total**
**Unrestricted**
**funds**
**Restricted**
**Funds**
**Total 2020**
£
£
£
£
£
442,336
-
442,336
-
442,336
129,287
-
129,287
-
129,287
176,956
19,760
196,716
9,915
206,631
(10,897)
-
(10,897)
(306)
(11,203)|
|---|---|
||737,682
19,760
757,442
9,609
767,051|
## **SUMMARY OF ASSETS BY FUND - Comparative**
|Tangible fixed assets
Investment fixed assets
Current assets
Liabilities
**FUNDS**
**Unrestricted Funds**
General- St Andrews
General- St Nicholas
Designated (Fabric)
Choir
Organ restoration
Friends of St Andrews
Mission- designated
**Restricted Funds**
Mission- Syrian Refugees
Flower
Organ restoration
Traidcraft|**Unrestricted**
**Funds**
**St Nicholas**
**Total**
**Unrestricted**
**funds**
**Restricted**
**Funds**
**Total 2019**
£
£
£
£
£
407,466
-
407,466
-
407,466
125,987
-
125,987
-
125,987
200,974
15,371
216,345
8,181
224,526
(7,546)
-
(7,546)
-
(7,546)
726,881
15,371
742,252
8,181
750,433
**Bal b/f**
**01/01/2020**
**Income**
**Expenditure**
**Transfer**
**Gains/**
**(Losses)**
**Bal c/f**
**31/12/2020**
£
£
£
£
£
£
412,080
128,324
(133,682)
43,372
4,398
454,492
15,371
10,052
(5,663)
-
-
19,760
304,066
12,241
(3,788)
(35,353)
-
277,166
1,495
-
-
-
-
1,495
2,234
-
-
-
-
2,234
6,240
4,296
(1,988)
(6,253)
-
2,295
766
-
1,000
(1,766)
-
-|
|---|---|
||742,252
154,913
(144,121)
-
4,398
757,442
688
-
(688)
-
-
-
948
196
(369)
-
-
775
5,936
1,854
-
-
-
7,790
609
2,441
(2,006)
-
-
1,044|
||8,181
4,491
(3,063)
-
-
9,609|
||750,433
159,404
(147,184)
-
4,398
767,051|
## **14 FUNDS**
## **The Parish of St Andrew, Chippenham with St Nicholas, Tytherton Lucas**
Charity no 1131163
## **ANNUAL REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR**
## **THE YEAR ENDED 31[st] DECEMBER 2020**
## **Aims and Purposes**
The Parochial Church Council of St Andrew, Chippenham with St Nicholas, Tytherton Lucas (the PCC) has the responsibility of co-operating with the incumbent, the Rev. Rod Key, in promoting the ecclesiastical parish, the whole mission of the Church, pastoral, evangelistic, social and ecumenical. The PCC is also specifically responsible for the maintenance of the Church and other buildings of St Andrew’s and St Nicholas Church.
## **Objectives and Activities**
The PCC is committed to enabling as many people as possible to worship at both St Andrew’s and St Nicholas and become part of our parish community. The PCC maintains an overview of worship throughout the parish and makes suggestions on how services can involve the many groups that live in the parish. Our services and worship put faith into practice through prayer and scripture, music and sacrament.
When planning our activities for the year, the incumbent and the PCC have considered the Commission’s guidance on public benefit and, in particular the specific guidance on charities for the advancement of religion. In particular, we try to enable people to live out their faith as part of our parish community through:
- Worship and prayer; learning about the Gospel; and developing their knowledge and trust in Jesus.
- Provision of Pastoral care for people living in the parish.
- Missionary and outreach work
To facilitate the work, it is important that we maintain the fabric of our Churches and other Buildings.
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3
## **Achievements and Performance**
## _**Chairman’s report**_
The scene for the 2020 report should be comments around life after Brexit but here we are in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no longer a normal or is there? As with any family St Andrew’s has adjusted to the new and variable conditions. The creative clergy and church officers have led us in maintaining, as far is possible, some of the important routines to the life and wellbeing of St Andrew’s.
Many of the regular functions and events, e.g. the weekly Wednesday Coffee Shop Mornings and the annual Autumn Fayre, were not possible due to the social mixing constraints to avoid spreading the virus and lockdown conditions. Apart from the social enjoyment of these regular functions they were also vital in helping to raise the funds necessary to assist in maintaining the church infrastructure. For similar reasons income was virtually eliminated from hiring out King Alfred’s Hall and the Club Room. Fortunately the regular giving and special appeals have been successful with generous donations which will help reduce the impact of the lost income.
Innovative changes in the regular Sunday services content and seating layout, with awareness meeting and spacing limitations, have allowed for two regular morning services. For those members of the congregation who were unable to attend these services a home service routine is prepared for each Sunday so we can be gathered together in spirit if not in body. The Christmas week walk-through events were a great success featuring music and displays for visitors to experience and enjoy during a slow journey on a meandering course through the church. Despite the difficulties the Car Park project was progressed and completed. We now have a much improved facility which will assist us and visitors to St Andrew’s.
As usual St Andrew’s has remained open to everybody for those who seek a place for private prayer and contemplation which again has been most welcome to visitors and residents of Chippenham. Weddings, Baptisms and funeral services have been maintained with due consideration for the prevailing conditions.
The reality is that we still have a difficult journey through 2021 with the task of winning through this Pandemic. But we will respond together to ride this storm and support each other.
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
## **9 TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS**
|**COST**
At 1st January 2020
Additions for year
At 31st December 2020
**DEPRECIATION**
At 1st January 2020
Charge for year
At 31st December 2020
**NET BOOK VALUE**
At 31st December 2020
At 31st December 2019|**Freehold**
**land &**
**Buildings**
£
404,000
36,000
440,000
-
-
-
440,000
404,000|**Office**
**Equipment**
**Total**
£
£
11,354
415,354
-
36,000
11,354
451,354
7,888
7,888
1,130
1,130
9,018
9,018
2,336
442,336
3,466
407,466|
|---|---|---|
The Church also has silverware on permanent loan to the Heritage Centre. These have been valued at £11,300.
## **10 FIXED ASSET INVESTMENTS**
|**MARKET VALUE**
At 1st January 2020
Sales
Change in market value
At 31st December 2020|**Listed**
**Investments**
£
125,987
(1,098)
4,398|
|---|---|
||129,287|
All investments are UK Investments or investments within a portfolio managed within the UK.
Split as follows:
|UK Index linked Government bonds
UK Investment Grade bonds
Active Managed fixed inc- diversified
UK Investment Companies
European Investments
North American Investments
Global Investments
Alternatives
Cash
**11 DEBTORS**
HMRC
Other|**2020**
**2019**
£
£
16,489
15,100
10,973
8,346
-
3,815
42,318
46,278
-
2,976
6,155
-
37,892
37,166
14,216
9,206
1,244
3,100
129,287
125,987
**2020**
**2019**
£
£
3,526
5,307
1,106
2,263
4,632
7,570|
|---|---|
4
25
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
## **8 COMPARATIVES FOR THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES**
|**INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS FROM:**
Donations and legacies
Other trading activities
Investments
Church activities
Total income and endowments
**EXPENDITURE ON:**
Raising funds
Church activities
Total expenditure
**NET INCOME/ (EXPENDITURE)**
**GAINS/(LOSSES) ON INVESTMENT ASSETS**
**TRANSFERS BETWEEN FUNDS**
**NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS**
**RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS:**
**FUNDS BROUGHT FORWARD**
**FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD**|**Unrestricted**
**Funds**
£
108,899
37,360
10,403
5,475
162,137
12,667
149,395
162,062
75
20,638
-
20,713
721,539
742,252|**Restricted**
**TOTAL FUNDS**
**Funds**
**2019**
£
£
5,306
114,205
2,165
39,525
-
10,403
4,143
9,618
11,614
173,751
1,601
14,268
5,768
155,163
7,369
169,431
4,245
4,320
-
20,638
-
-
4,245
24,958
3,936
725,475
8,181
750,433|
|---|---|---|
## _**Deanery Synod**_
The Deanery Synod had three meetings during 2020, two of which were by Zoom. St Andrew’s is represented by Rev. Rod Key, Dick and Eryl Spencer. The main focus of these meetings is to share good practice and ideas from member churches on how to make the Gospel meet modern day needs. This was accomplished by:
- Disseminating Deanery activities and initiatives via a Newsletter;
- Hearing presentations from Diocesan officers, individuals and churches on how growth can be achieved and existing congregations supported;
- Discussing in syndicates how ideas from these presentations can be applied to the participant`s churches.
- The November meeting was a good example of this with the Archdeacon of Malmesbury, Ven. Christopher Bryan, in attendance. After watching a video presentation by Bishop Viv, themes for transforming the church stimulated by the video were discussed and developed in syndicate groups. These ideas were noted by the Archdeacon for inclusion in planning for the next 5 years on how the church can be revitalised to meet today`s needs.
- The link with Mukono has been disbanded but it is hoped to start a link with a new community in the near future.
## _**Church Buildings**_
Due to COVID-19 restrictions, 2020 was a year of marking time. The benefit of prior years’ investment has been that there has been minimal intervention required during the year for maintenance.
The Church Flat tenants renewed their lease to November and following a short void of 2 weeks new tenants, a family, have taken a six-month lease. The fence works to demarcate the church flat garden from the King Alfred Hall have been on hold due to lockdown. These are commencing now.
The planned works to create the revised parking with upgraded landscaping were completed to schedule before the pandemic adversely impacted general activity. These are in use now. In the course of excavating a decommissioned font was uncovered. This likely dates to the 1440’s and it is suspected it was buried in line with Canon Law when the church was re-
24
5
modelled in the 1870’s and the present font installed. The original position of the font, including its draining channel, were identified in the Hungerford Chapel. The font is drying out slowly pending cleaning by an archaeologist and can then be restored to its original position subject to a decision being taken on that being the preferred option.
Minor but persistent roof leaks have previously been identified, principally along the line of the nave and the South Aisle. We are evaluating the revisions to the hoppers to see if this alleviates the problem.
The town council took over responsibility from Wiltshire Council for the maintenance of the churchyard in July. A health and safety evaluation identified two minor trip hazards (as defined by their guidance) which have been addressed. There is a concern for the health of one of the cedar trees in the Churchyard and the Council will evaluate this further. All other trees are healthy.
During the summer, the northern corner of the Church yard was allowed to grow out as a wildflower area to promote a natural in town habitat for wildlife. Bird boxes have also been installed throughout the churchyard. This initiative has inspired a plan by local residents to request permission to instal beehives in the Churchyard, with the added benefit that they discourage antisocial behaviour in their immediate vicinity, and to plant espaliered fruit trees against the retaining wall on St Mary St. The Town Council is supportive of both those initiatives.
## _**Pastoral Care & Volunteers**_
It has felt at times this year that we’ve been fighting for the very life of the church – both locally and nationally. I can’t speak for the national situation, but I know that St Andrew’s and St Nicholas’ will come through because of the undaunted goodwill of those we always rely on as the life-blood of our church family – our volunteers.
Pastorally, the normal tools of our trade – visiting, face-to-face contact, church, coffee shop, events and much more – were swept away. But within 2 weeks of lockdown, we had a group of people regularly phoning those we could identify as isolated or vulnerable, and they have continued that telephone contact all year where it is needed. There will have been gaps, I’m sure, for which I ask your forgiveness, but the goodwill has been there throughout.
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
|**GRANTS - MISSIONARY & CHARITABLE**
**MISSION FUND- DESIGNATED**
**BALANCE OF FUNDS AS AT 1st JANUARY 2020**
**TRANSFER TO / FROM GENERAL FUNDS**- Ordinarily 10%
of regular giving
**NET EXPENDITURE IN THE YEAR -**see below
**TOTAL FUNDS AS AT 31st DECEMBER 2020**
**_NET EXPENDITURE_**
**INCOME from Collections / Appeals**
Other Collections
**EXPENDITURE**
**Regular Giving Distributed :-**
International
US
Embrace the Middle East /Bible Lands
Hope & Homes for Children
Natron Healthcare Project
Wellboring
Local
Sisters of the Church
Chippenham Street Pastors
Relate
Sat7
Secret Gardens Project - Womens refuge
Doorway
Rise Trust-Springboard
**Other**
CLAPA
**Total**
**TOTAL NET EXPENDITURE IN THE YEAR**
**MISSION RESTRICTED FUND- SYRIAN REFUGEES**
**BALANCE OF FUNDS AS AT 1st JANUARY 2020**
**EXPENDITURE -**see below
**TOTAL FUNDS AS AT 31st DECEMBER 2020**
**_EXPENDITURE_**
Payment to Refugees for Driving lessons|**2,020**
**2,019**
£
£
766
766
(1,766)
5,000
1,000
(5,000)
-
766
-
-
-
-
(1,000)
1,000
-
500
-
250
-
300
-
200
(1,000)
2,250
-
500
-
500
-
250
-
250
-
250
-
500
-
500
-
2,750
-
-
(1,000)
5,000
1,000
(5,000)
688
2,222
(688)
(1,534)
-
688
688
1,534|
|---|---|
6
23
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
## **4 TRUSTEE AND KEY MANAGEMENT PERSONNEL REMUNERATION AND BENEFITS**
The PCC considers that its key management personnel comprises the trustees. There were no trustees' remuneration or other benefits for the year ended 31 December 2020 nor for the year ended 31 December 2019.
## **Trustees' Expenses**
Trustees received £Nil (2019: £Nil ) for expenses incurred while carrying out duties as trustees.
## **5 COFFEE SHOP ACCOUNT**
|**2020**
£
**INCOME**
Cash takings for year
2,045
2,045
**EXPENDITURE**
Cash payments for coffee, milk, sugar, napkins etc
38
38
**SURPLUS FOR THE YEAR**
2,007
**6 SOCIAL EVENTS COMMITTEE**
**2020**
£
**INCOME**
Cash received at Sunday Services and other events, concerts
459
459
**EXPENDITURE**
Expenditure on refreshments
62
62
**SURPLUS FOR THE YEAR**
397|**2019**
£
12,173|
|---|---|
||12,173
807|
||807|
||11,366|
||**2019**
£
1,379|
||1,379
381|
||381|
||998|
Phoning round people to see if they needed practical support, I found our efforts were redundant. I think one person asked for one volunteer to pick up a prescription. That was it. Simply because everyone in church was already looking after each other, checking on neighbours, sorting deliveries … it was all in hand! We were able to direct some volunteers to help at St Peter’s with the wonderful “Food Box” work they have been doing.
Sadly, our retired priests all had to shield during the crisis (and Bryan had already decided to retire from ministry) and so did Margaret Gubbins, but I do thank them for their moral and prayer support. And especially thanks Eryl, who helped most willingly, and gave Sue and I much-needed breaks. We were all saddened by the death of Derek Copeland before Christmas – especially since his final year was bereft of the social gatherings and visiting he so much enjoyed. We pay tribute to his long and dedicated service to church and community.
Financially, our wardens and treasurer have kept us afloat – again through goodwill and loyalty to our church family – and Barry Hayward secured us an unbelievable government grant to help us through. And I was simply blown away by the generosity and goodwill that everyone showed on the amazing Gift Day.
The church has never been neglected – always clean and welcoming whenever it’s been open – and flowers have always brought our beautiful building alive. But Christmas was nothing short of a triumph. I’ve never seen the church look so beautiful, and I think we can be justly proud of our “walk through” carols – and of one stranger’s comment, “In the middle of a really rubbish Christmas, walking through the church last night was the most magical Christmas experience I can remember.”
A heartfelt thank you to everyone.
## _**Social Responsibility**_
Because of restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic preventive measures and the Chair`s underlaying health issues the Social Responsibly Committee only met once during 2020. The pandemic effectively curtailed the Committee`s usual activities in promoting the Gospel via social action.
However, the following did take place:
- St Andrew’s received a Bronze Eco Church Award; I would very much like to thank Rod and the Fabric Committee as well as my colleagues on the
22
7
Social Responsibility Committee for their encouragement, support and initiatives in gaining this award.
- Traidcraft sales have continued, in church when the COVID-19 restrictions were lifted and on line at all other times. This is an important part of St Andrew’s witness in supporting farmers and suppliers in developing countries by ensuring that they are paid adequately for their produce
- St Andrew’s continues to support Wellboring, Christian Aid and The Children’s Society.
## _**Ecumenical Relationships**_
St Andrew’s is a member of Chippenham Churches Together (CCT) and is actively involved in the running and development of that organisation, being represented on the Executive and the associated Ministers Meeting. Unfortunately, the COVID-19 Pandemic control restrictions meant that only one CCT Forum was held, the organisation mainly being a medium for sharing news and ideas from the member churches on line.
St Andrew’s continues to be represented on other ecumenical initiatives in Chippenham such as SAT – 7 and Chippenham Street Pastors.
## **Financial Review**
The accounts presented for the Parish incorporate those of St Andrew’s and St Nicholas, Tytherton Lucas.
For St Andrews, COVID-19 restrictions on activities reduced income in a number of areas, particularly the Coffee Shop, Autumn Fayre and Hall & Church Lettings. However, thanks to the generosity of our congregation a very successful Gift Day in October helped to offset this as have successful efforts to secure government grants. This has limited the deficit in the St Andrews General account to £5,358.
Designated funds (including the Fabric Fund) produced a surplus of £11,761. (Whilst the planned car park improvements were completed at a total cost to the Fabric fund of £36,000, this has been treated in the accounts as a Capital asset in the balance sheet rather than a day-to-day expense.) The overall position at St Andrew’s was therefore an unrestricted surplus of
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
|**3a)**
**3b)**|**EXPENDITURE COMPARATIVE**
**Raising funds**
Coffee Shop
Note 5
Social Events Committee
Note 6
Flowers
Fundraising activities
Autumn Fayre-expenses
Friends of St Andrew's
Church Flat Expenses
Investment management
Rathbones management charge
**Church activities**
Grants
Grants - Missionary and Charitable
Note 7
Ministry
Parish share
Clergy expenses
Other expenses
Other
Church running expenses
-heating & lighting
-insurance
-cleaning
-water
Church maintenance
Fabric maintenance
Major works
Unpaid cheque
Organ & Piano maintenance
Upkeep of services
Director of Music
Other organists
Music
Office Expenses
Miscellaneous expenses
Depreciation
Church Hall
-heating & lighting
-insurance
-cleaning
-maintenance
Churchyard
Memorial garden expenses
Magazine
Traidcraft purchases
Governance
Independent Examiner prior year fee
Independent Examiner current year fee
**Total**
**TOTAL EXPENDITURE**|**St Andrews St Nicholas Designated**
**Total**
£
£
£
£
807
-
-
807
381
-
-
381
-
-
-
-
-
-
437
437
-
-
2,710
2,710
7,237
-
-
7,237
-
-
-
1,095
1,095
**Unrestricted Funds**|**Restricted**
**TOTAL**
**Funds**
**2019**
£
£
-
807
-
381
1,601
1,601
-
437
-
2,710
-
7,237
-
-
-
1,095|
|---|---|---|---|
|||8,425
-
4,242
12,667
-
-
5,000
5,000
90,000
3,750
-
93,750
1,194
641
-
1,835
180
67
-
247
5,861
170
-
6,031
5,442
878
-
6,320
1,304
-
-
1,304
79
-
-
79
1,591
611
-
2,202
-
-
4,647
4,647
-
-
2,158
2,158
-
30
-
30
1,214
-
-
1,214
1,188
-
-
1,188
4,557
-
-
4,557
160
585
-
745
432
-
-
432
5,115
54
-
5,169
157
-
1,311
1,468
1,597
-
-
1,597
2,280
-
-
2,280
2,063
-
-
2,063
931
-
-
931
113
-
-
113
-
266
-
266
308
-
-
308
1,263
-
-
1,263
-
-
-
-
98
-
-
98
2,100
-
-
2,100|1,601
14,268
1,534
6,534
-
93,750
-
1,835
-
247
-
6,031
-
6,320
-
1,304
-
79
-
2,202
-
4,647
-
2,158
-
30
1,214
-
1,188
-
4,557
-
745
-
432
-
5,169
-
1,468
-
1,597
-
2,280
-
2,063
-
931
-
113
-
266
-
308
1,263
4,234
4,234
-
98
-
2,100|
|||129,227
7,052
13,116
149,395|5,768
155,163|
|||||
|||137,652
7,052
17,358
162,062|7,369
169,431|
8
21
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
|**EXPENDITURE**
**Raising funds**
Coffee Shop
Note 5
Social Events Committee
Note 6
Flowers
Fundraising activities
Autumn Fayre-expenses
Friends of St Andrew's
Church Flat Expenses
Investment management
Rathbones management charge
**Church activities**
Grants
Grants - Missionary and CharitableNote 7
Ministry
Parish share
Clergy expenses
Other expenses
Other
Church running expenses
-heating & lighting
-insurance
-cleaning
-water
Church maintenance
Fabric maintenance
Major works
Unpaid cheque
Organ & Piano maintenance
Upkeep of services
Organist and music leader
Other organists
Music
Office Expenses
Miscellaneous expenses
Depreciation
Church Hall
-heating & lighting
-insurance
-cleaning
-maintenance
Churchyard
Memorial garden expenses
Magazine
Traidcraft purchases
Governance
Independent Examiner prior year fee
Independent Examiner current year fee
**Total**
**TOTAL EXPENDITURE**|**St Andrews St Nicholas Designated**
**Total**
£
£
£
£
38
-
-
38
62
-
-
62
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,988
1,988
715
-
-
715
-
-
1,098
1,098
**Unrestricted Funds**|**Restricted**
**Funds**
£
-
-
369
-
-
-
-|**2020**
**2019**
£
£
38
807
62
381
369
1,601
-
437
1,988
2,710
715
7,237
1,098
1,095
**TOTAL FUNDS**|
|---|---|---|---|
||815
-
3,086
3,901
-
-
(1,000)
(1,000)
96,550
3,750
-
100,300
109
-
-
109
-
-
-
-
4,932
194
-
5,126
5,541
888
-
6,429
1,347
-
-
1,347
81
-
-
81
1,463
-
-
1,463
-
-
2,690
2,690
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1,186
-
-
1,186
1,481
-
-
1,481
1,635
-
-
1,635
140
255
-
395
107
-
-
107
7,002
26
-
7,028
272
-
-
272
1,130
-
-
1,130
2,407
-
-
2,407
2,101
-
-
2,101
-
-
-
-
1,209
-
-
1,209
33
550
-
583
727
-
-
727
951
-
-
951
-
-
-
-
363
-
-
363
2,100
-
-
2,100|369
688
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,006
-
-|4,270
14,268
(312)
6,534
100,300
93,750
109
1,835
-
247
5,126
6,031
6,429
6,320
1,347
1,304
81
79
1,463
2,202
2,690
4,647
-
2,158
-
30
1,186
1,214
1,481
1,188
1,635
4,557
395
745
107
432
7,028
5,169
272
1,468
1,130
1,597
2,407
2,280
2,101
2,063
-
931
1,209
113
583
266
727
308
951
1,263
2,006
4,234
363
98
2,100
2,100|
||132,867
5,663
1,690
140,220|2,694|142,914
155,163|
|||||
||133,682
5,663
4,776
144,121|3,063|147,184
169,431|
## **3a) Raising funds**
## **3b) Church activities**
£6,403. As a result, it has been possible to maintain the Church’s Parish Share pledge to the Diocese at the increased level agreed in November 2019. Looking to the future, provision will need to be made in the Fabric account for the work necessary to meet the requirements of the latest Quinquennial report that was deferred due to the COVID-19 restrictions during 2020.
For St Nicholas, a small surplus of £4,389 was achieved mainly as a result of the Gift Day which helped to make up for reduced income.
At the time of writing COVID-19 restrictions are still in place and whilst they continue, will have a further impact on the Parish’s finances and activities in 2021. However, the Trustees have considered the impact on the Church’s current and future financial position and believe that the Church’s level of reserves will enable it to continue as a Going Concern for at least 12 months from the date that these Accounts were approved.
## **Reserves Policy**
**I** t is PCC policy to try to maintain a balance on unrestricted funds which equates to at least six months unrestricted payments. This equates on average to around £150,000. It is held to smooth out fluctuations in cash flow and meet emergencies. The cash balance held on unrestricted funds at the end of 2020 was approximately £190,000.
## **Structure, Governance and Management**
The method of appointment of PCC members is set out in the Church Representation Rules. At St Andrew’s with St Nicholas, the membership of the PCC consists of the incumbent (the Priest in charge) who is the Chairman, a Vice Chairman, Churchwardens and members elected by those members of the congregation on the electoral roll of the church. All members of the congregation are encouraged to register on the Electoral Roll and stand for election to the PCC.
The PCC members are responsible for making decisions on all matters of general concern and importance to the parish including how the funds of the PCC are spent.
The full PCC meets six times a year. The PCC has eight active SubCommittees:
20
9
**St Nicholas Church** - to order the affairs of St Nicholas’ Church, Tytherton Lucas.
**Standing and Finance Committee** - general management of church and finances.
**Fabric Committee** - to look after the maintenance of Church buildings and churchyard.
**Organ Committee** – to plan the restoration of the organ and raise funds through donations and grants to complete the work required.
**Hall Committee** – to promote and market the newly refurbished King Alfred Hall to generate income for the Church
**Children and Young People** - to oversee children’s and young people’s activities in Church.
**Social Events Committee** – the co-ordination of social activities and catering in church.
**Social Responsibility Committee -** World Development and social responsibility issues and initiatives; distribution of mission and charitable giving.
**Friends of St Andrew’s Committee** – to promote the aims of the Friends of St Andrew’s to the wider community and to raise funds for the maintenance and improvement of St Andrew’s Church. This Committee is not currently active.
The Committees are all responsible to the PCC and report back to it regularly with minutes of their decisions being received by the full PCC and discussed as necessary.
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
|**INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS COMPARATIV**
**Donations and legacies**
Planned giving
Income tax recovered
Collections
Gift Day
Sundry donations
Legacies
Feoffees
**Other trading activities**
Church Hall lettings
Use of Church
Coffee Shop
Note 5
Social Events Committee
Note 6
Flowers
Fundraising activities
Autumn Fayre
Friends of St Andrews
Other Fundraising
St Nicholas Fundraising
**Investment Income**
Rent-Church Flat
Dividends
Bank Interest
Sheldon Road Trust income
**Church activities**
Parish magazine
Fees for weddings & funerals
Traidcraft
Memorial garden fees
Miscellaneous Income
**TOTAL INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS**|**St Andrews St Nicholas Designated**
**Total**
**E**
£
£
£
£
61,453
2,892
-
64,345
15,162
674
113
15,949
5,886
2,050
-
7,936
4,215
-
-
4,215
2,215
-
2,039
4,254
-
-
1,500
1,500
-
-
10,700
10,700
88,931
5,616
14,352
108,899
6,257
-
-
6,257
6,323
-
-
6,323
12,173
-
-
12,173
1,379
-
-
1,379
-
-
-
-
-
-
5,302
5,302
-
-
5,110
5,110
60
60
-
756
-
756
26,132
756
10,472
37,360
5,458
-
-
5,458
-
-
2,260
2,260
3
68
1,232
1,303
1,382
-
-
1,382
6,843
68
3,492
10,403
1,184
-
-
1,184
3,537
-
-
3,537
-
-
-
-
734
-
-
734
20
-
-
20
5,475
-
-
5,475
127,381
6,440
28,316
162,137
**Unrestricted Funds**|**Restricted**
**TOTAL**
**Funds**
**2019**
£
£
-
64,345
599
16,548
-
7,936
-
4,215
4,707
8,961
-
1,500
-
10,700
5,306
114,205
-
6,257
-
6,323
-
12,173
-
1,379
1,587
1,587
-
5,302
-
5,110
578
638
-
756
2,165
39,525
-
5,458
-
2,260
-
1,303
-
1,382
-
10,403
-
1,184
-
3,537
4,143
4,143
-
734
-
20
4,143
9,618|
|---|---|---|
|||11,614
173,751|
10
19
## **Notes to the Financial Statements**
|2 **INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS**
2a) **Donations and legacies**
Planned giving
Other planned giving
Income tax recovered
Collections
Gift Day
Sundry donations
Legacies
Feoffees
2b) **Other trading activities**
Church Hall lettings
Use of Church
Coffee Shop
Note 5
Social Events Committee
Note 6
Flowers
Fundraising activities
Autumn Fayre
Friends of St Andrews
Other fundraising
St Nicholas Fundraising
2c) **Investment Income**
Rent-Church Flat
Dividends
Bank Interest
Sheldon Road Trust income
2d) **Church activities**
Parish magazine
Fees for weddings & funerals
Traidcraft
Memorial garden fees
Listed Places of Worship Grant
Miscellaneous Income
**TOTAL INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS**|**St Andrews St Nicholas**
**Designated**
**Total**
£
£
£
£
64,901
2,920
-
67,821
682
-
-
682
16,356
1,958
104
18,418
3,785
201
-
3,986
8,218
4,657
-
12,875
1,261
27
-
1,288
-
-
-
-
-
-
9,100
9,100
95,203
9,763
9,204
114,170
4,895
-
-
4,895
2,094
-
-
2,094
2,045
-
-
2,045
459
-
-
459
-
-
-
-
-
-
621
621
-
-
4,190
4,190
1,405
-
-
1,405
-
250
-
250
**Unrestricted Funds**|**Restricted**
**Funds**
**2020**
**2019**
£
£
£
-
67,821
64,345
-
682
-
64
18,482
16,548
-
3,986
7,936
-
12,875
4,215
1,094
2,382
8,961
-
-
1,500
-
9,100
10,700
**TOTAL FUNDS**|
|---|---|---|
|||1,158
115,328
114,205
-
4,895
6,257
-
2,094
6,323
-
2,045
12,173
-
459
1,379
196
196
1,587
-
621
5,302
-
4,190
5,110
696
2,101
638
-
250
756|
||10,898
250
4,811
15,959
6,168
-
-
6,168
-
-
1,905
1,905
2
39
617
658
1,451
-
-
1,451|892
16,851
39,525
-
6,168
5,458
-
1,905
2,260
-
658
1,303
-
1,451
1,382
-
10,182
10,403
-
650
1,184
-
3,977
3,537
2,441
2,441
4,143
-
1,652
734
-
323
-
-
8,000
20|
||7,621
39
2,522
10,182
650
-
-
650
3,977
-
-
3,977
-
-
-
-
1,652
-
-
1,652
323
-
-
323
8,000
-
-
8,000||
||14,602
-
-
14,602|2,441
17,043
9,618|
||128,324
10,052
16,537
154,913|4,491
159,404
173,751|
## **Administrative information**
St Andrew’s Church is situated in the Market Place, Chippenham, Wiltshire. St Nicholas Church is situated in the village of Tytherton Lucas. The Parish is part of the Diocese of Bristol within the Church of England. The Church’s correspondence address is the Church Office, Market Place, Chippenham, SN15 3HT. The Church’s website is http://standrewschippenham.org.uk
The PCC is a body corporate (PCC Powers Measure 1956, Church Representation Rules 2006) and a charity currently registered with the Charity Commission.
PCC Members who have served at any time from 1[st] January 2020 until the date this report was approved are:
**Chair:** Rod Key (Priest in charge)
**Vice Chair:** George Silk (2018)
**Churchwardens:** Jenny Norris (2017) and Barry Hayward (2018)
**Deputy Churchwardens, St. Andrew’s** : Margaret Harrison (2018) and Maurice Chadwick (2017)
**Deputy Churchwarden, St Nicholas:** Brian Elliott (2017)
**Licenced Lay Minsters** : Eryl Spencer, Margaret Gubbins
**Deanery Synod Representatives:** Richard Spencer (2018), Eryl Spencer (2019), Rod Key (2019)
**Secretary:** Pip Higman (2020)
**Treasurer:** Chris Norris (2017)
**Assistant Treasurer:** Sue Wood (2019)
## **Additional Members:**
James Adman (2018), Maurice Chadwick (2017), Ros Harford (2018), Dorryta Hayward (2018), Gavin Macrae (2020), Wendy Reeves (2017), Richard Spencer (2017), Allen Watkins (2020), Chris Watkins (2020), Paul Wilson (2018), and Barbara Parry (St. Nicholas)
The Priest in Charge, Licenced Lay Minsters, Churchwardens, and Deanery Synod representatives are ex-officio members of the PCC.
(Years in Brackets indicate year when elected)
**Investment Manager:** Rathbones, 10, Queen Square, Bristol BS1 4NT
**Accountants:** MHA Monahans, 14a Forest Gate, Chippenham Wilts SN15 3RS
18
11
## **Electoral Roll Report:**
The number on the Electoral Roll as of 31[st] January 2021 was 147 (134 St Andrew’s, 13 St Nicholas)
The comparable numbers for the same date the previous year were 146
## **ACCOUNTING POLICIES (CONTINUED)**
## **Fixed assets**
## _**Consecrated benefice property**_
In so far as consecrated and benefice property of any kind is excluded from the statutory definition of “charity” by Section 10(2) (a) and (c) of the Charities Act 2011 such assets are not capitalised in the financial statements.
## _**Moveable church furnishings**_
(132 St Andrew’s, 14 St Nicholas)
**Number of Baptisms in 2020 (2019 in brackets)**
0 (10) St. Andrew’s; 0 (1) St. Nicholas
Moveable church furnishings held by the vicar and churchwardens on special trust for the PCC and which require a faculty for disposal are inalienable property, listed in the church's inventory, which can be inspected (at any reasonable time). For anything acquired prior to 2000 there is insufficient cost information available and therefore such assets are not valued in the financial statements. Subsequently no individual item has cost more than £1,000 so all such expenditure has been written off when incurred.
## **Number of Thanksgivings in 2020**
3 (7) St Andrew’s
**Number of Marriages in 2020**
## _**Tangible fixed assets for use by the PCC**_
Tangible fixed assets are stated at cost (or deemed cost) or valuation less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment losses. Cost includes costs directly attributable to making the asset capable of operating as intended.
3 (4) St Andrew’s; 0 (0) St Nicholas
**Candidates presented for Confirmation in 2020**
0 (5) St. Andrew’s; 0 (0) St. Nicholas
**Approved by the PCC on 3[rd] April 2021 and signed on their behalf by the Rev. Rod Key (PCC Chairman)**
Equipment used within the church premises is depreciated on a straight-line basis over 3 or 5 years depending on the expected life of the asset.
Buildings are included at cost. No depreciation is provided on buildings as the currently estimated residual value of the properties is not less than their carrying value and the remaining useful life of these assets currently exceeds 50 years, so that any depreciation charges would be immaterial. Land is not depreciated.
## **Investments**
Investments are recognised initially at fair value which is normally the transaction price excluding transaction costs. Subsequently, they are measured at fair value with changes recognised in ‘net gains / (losses) on investments’ in the SOFA if the shares are publicly traded or their fair value can otherwise be measured reliably. Other investments are
## **Funds**
## _**Unrestricted funds**_
Unrestricted funds represent the remaining income funds of the PCC that are available for use at the discretion of the trustees in furtherance of the general objectives of the PCC and which have not been designated for other purposes.
## _**Designated funds**_
Designated funds comprise unrestricted funds that have been set aside by the trustees for particular purposes, such as for purchasing for fixed assets or for spending on a future project. The aim and use of each designated fund is set out in the notes to the financial statements.
## _**Restricted funds**_
Restricted funds represent (a) income from trusts or endowments which may be expended only on those restricted objects provided in the terms of the trust or the bequest, and (b) donations or grants received for a specific object or invited by the PCC for a specific object. The funds may only be expended on the specific object for which they were given. Any balance remaining unspent at the end of the year must be carried forward as a balance on that fund. The PCC does not generally invest separately for each fund. Where there is no separate investment, interest is apportioned to individual funds on an average balance basis.
## **Going Concern**
The financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis as the trustees believe that no material uncertainties exist. The trustees have considered the level of funds held and the expected level of income and expenditure for 12 months from authorising these financial statements and have taking into account the potential ongoing impact of the coronavirus Covid-19 pandemic. The budgeted income and expenditure is sufficient with the level of reserves for the PCC to be able to continue as a going concern.
12
17
## **Notes to Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 December 2020**
## 1 **ACCOUNTING POLICIES**
## **Basis of preparation**
The PCC is an unincorporated charity registered in England and Wales. The address of the PCC is given and nature of the PCC's operations and principal activities are set out in the PCC's Annual Report.
The PCC is a public benefit entity within the meaning of FRS 102. The financial statements have been prepared under the Charities Act 2011 and in accordance with the Church Accounting Regulations 2006 governing the individual accounts of PCCs, and with the Regulations’ “true and fair view” provisions, together with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) issued in October 2019, the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102), and UK Generally Accepted Practice.
The financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis under the historical cost convention, modified to include investment assets at fair value. The financial statements are presented in sterling which is the functional currency of the PCC and rounded to the nearest £.
The financial statements have been prepared to give a ‘true and fair’ view and have departed from the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 only to the extent required to provide a ‘true and fair view’. This departure has involved following the Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Ireland issued in October 2019 rather than the Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice effective from 1 April 2005 which has since been withdrawn.
## **INDEPENDENT EXAMINER'S REPORT TO THE PCC OF ST ANDREW'S PARISH CHURCH, CHIPPENHAM WITH ST NICHOLAS CHURCH, TYTHERTON LUCAS**
I report to the members on my examination of the accounts of the PCC for the year ended 31 December 2020, which are set out on pages 14 to 27.
## **RESPONSIBILITIES AND BASIS OF REPORT**
As the charity's members you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011 ('the Act').
I report in respect of my examination of the charity’s accounts carried out under section 145 of the Act and in carrying out my examination I have followed all the applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the Act.
## **INDEPENDENT EXAMINER'S STATEMENT**
I have completed my examination. I confirm that no material matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe that in any material respect:
1. accounting records were not kept in respect of the charity as required by section 130 of the Act; or
2. the accounts do not accord with those records; or
3. the accounts do not comply with the applicabel requirements concerning the form and content of accounts set out in the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008 other than any requirement that the accoungs give a 'true and fair view' which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination.
## **Recognition of income and endowments**
All incoming resources are included in the Statement of Financial Activities (SOFA) when the charity is legally entitled to the income after any performance conditions have been met, the amount can be measured reliably and it is probable that the income will be received.
I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.
## _**Grants and donations**_
Grants and donations are included in the SOFA when any pre-conditions preventing their use by the PCC have been met. For collections and planned giving this is when the funds are received.
## _**Gift Aid Tax claims on donations**_
Gift Aid and other tax claims are included in the SOFA at the same time as the cash donations to which they relate.
## _**Legacies**_
For legacies, entitlement is the earlier of the PCC being notified of an impending distribution or the legacy being received. At this point income is recognised.
## _**Volunteer help**_
The value of any voluntary help received is not included in the accounts but is described in the annual report.
## _**Other trading activities**_
Income from trading activities includes income earned from fundraising events and trading activities to raise funds for the PCC. Income is received in exchange for supplying goods and services in order to raise funds and is recognised when entitlement has occurred. Funds raised from events and trading activities are reported gross in the SOFA – i.e., before any related costs that may have been deducted from the gross proceeds.
Simon Cooper FCA MHA Monahans 14a Forest Gate Pewsham Chippenham Wiltshire SN15 3RS
Date 6th May 2021
## _**Investment income**_
Investment income is earned through holding assets for investment purposes such as shares and property. It includes dividends, interest and rent. Where it is not practicable to identify investment management costs incurred within a scheme with reasonable accuracy the investment income is reported net of these costs. It is included when the amount can be measured reliably. Interest income is recognised using the effective interest method and dividend and rent income is recognised as the PCC’s right to receive payment is established.
## **Recognition of liabilities**
Liabilities are recognised as soon as there is a legal or constructive obligation and settlement is probable and quantifiable. Grants payable are recognised in the accounts when a commitment has been made externally and there no pre-conditions still to be met for entitlement to the grant which remain within the control of the PCC. The diocesan parish share is accounted for when due.
16
13
## **STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 DECEMBER 2020**
|**INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS FROM:**
**Note**
Donations and legacies
2(a)
Other trading activities
2(b)
Investments
2(c)
Church activities
2(d)
Total income and endowments
**EXPENDITURE ON:**
Raising funds
3(a)
Church activities
3(b)
Total expenditure
**NET INCOME**
**GAINS ON INVESTMENT ASSETS**
10
**TRANSFERS BETWEEN FUNDS**
**NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS**
**RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS:**
**FUNDS BROUGHT FORWARD**
**FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD**|**Unrestricted**
**Funds**
£
114,170
15,959
10,182
14,602
154,913
3,901
140,220
144,121
10,792
4,398
-
15,190
742,252
757,442|**Restricted**
**Funds**
£
1,158
892
-
2,441
4,491
369
2,694
3,063
1,428
-
-
1,428
8,181
9,609|**2020**
**2019**
£
£
115,328
114,205
16,851
39,525
10,182
10,403
17,043
9,618
159,404
173,751
4,270
14,268
142,914
155,163
147,184
169,431
12,220
4,320
4,398
20,638
-
-
16,618
24,958
750,433
725,475
767,051
750,433
**TOTAL FUNDS**|
|---|---|---|---|
## **BALANCE SHEET AS AT 31 DECEMBER 2020**
|**Note**
**Fixed Assets**
Tangible Fixed Assets
9
Investments
10
**Current Assets**
Debtors
11
Expenses prepaid
Investments
Cash
**Current Liabilities**
Creditors
12
Accruals
12
Income in advance
**Net Current Assets**
**Net Assets**
**Funds**
14
**Restricted**
Mission- Syrian Refugees
Flower
Organ restoration
Traidcraft
**Unrestricted**
General
St Nicholas
Designated (Fabric)
Choir
Organ restoration
Friends of St Andrews
Mission- designated|**Unrestricted**
**Funds**
£
442,336
129,287
571,623
4,511
291
88
191,826
196,716
4,141
2,282
4,474
10,897
185,819
757,442
-
-
-
-
-
454,492
19,760
277,166
1,495
2,234
2,295
-
757,442
757,442|**Restricted**
**Funds**
£
-
-
-
121
-
-
9,794
9,915
306
-
-
306
9,609
9,609
-
775
7,790
1,044
9,609
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9,609|**2020**
**2019**
£
£
442,336
407,466
129,287
125,987
571,623
533,453
4,632
7,570
291
446
88
83
201,620
216,427
206,631
224,526
4,447
5,226
2,282
2,280
4,474
40
11,203
7,546
195,428
216,980
767,051
750,433
-
688
775
948
7,790
5,936
1,044
609
9,609
8,181
454,492
412,080
19,760
15,371
277,166
304,066
1,495
1,495
2,234
2,234
2,295
6,240
-
766
757,442
742,252
767,051
750,433|
|---|---|---|---|
The financial statements were approved by the Parochial Church Council on 3rd April 2021 and signed on its behalf by:
14
15