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2022-12-31-accounts

The Parochial Church Council of Bath, St. Bartholomew

Annual Report and Accounts Year ended 31 December 2022

Registered Charity No. 1127684

Trustees Report

Administrative information

St. Bartholomew’s Church is situated in King Edward Road, Bath. It is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells within the Church of England. The correspondence address is St. Bartholomew’s Church Office, 1 King Edward Road, Bath BA2 3PB.

The Parochial Church Council (PCC) is a charity registered with the Charity Commission - THE PAROCHIAL CHURCH COUNCIL OF THE ECCLESIASTICAL PARISH OF BATH, ST. BARTHOLOMEW (Charity No. 1127684)

PCC members who have served from 1st January 2022 to 31[st] December 2022 are:

Incumbent: Rev'd Preb. Ian Lewis (Chair) (until retirement September 2022)

Assistant Rev’d Tim Ling Minister:

Associate: Rev’d Dr Jem Hovil (until August 2022) Minister Wardens: Dr John Fletcher (Co-Chair from September 2022) Mr Simon Tinling (Co-Chair from September 2022)

Representatives on Deanery Synod: Miss Mela Gillard Mr Tom King Mrs Christine Lewis Mr Colin Voutt

Elected members: Mrs Rosemary Bethell Mr Andrew Dawes (PCC Secretary) Mr Alan Dickson Mr Rob Eaton Mr Steve Edrich (until APCM 2022) Mr. Meirion Edwards (Assistant PCC Treasurer) Mrs Amy Glynn (from APCM 2022) Dr Alison Humphrey Mr Gideon King Mr James Norval Mrs Hannah Shepherd Mr Nathan Thomas (PCC Treasurer) Ms Helen Thorn Mr Charlie Ward Mrs Alexandra Williams (Parish Safeguarding Officer)

Structure, Governance and Management

The method of appointment of PCC members is set out in the Church Representation Rules. All Church attendees are encouraged to register on the Electoral Roll and stand for election to the PCC.

The PCC operates through a number of committees and groups that meet between full meetings of the PCC and when necessary. From May 2015 onwards we began to put a new structure in place. The following groups/committees met during 2022:

Standing Committee

Membership: Rev. Ian R. Lewis (Chair until September 2022), Charlie Ward, Nathan Thomas, Lucy Hovil (until August 2022), Andrew Dawes, Tim Ling, Hannah Shepherd, John Fletcher (Co-Chair from September 2022), Simon Tinling (Co-Chair from September 2022), Hilary Haig (following APCM 2022), Alison Humphrey (following APCM 2022).

~~2~~

The Standing Committee has power to transact the business of the PCC between its meetings, subject to any directions given by the PCC. The committee works on strategic priorities, the church budget, and the monitoring of our financial position. It supervises our employment of staff as a church, making recommendations on staffing, job-descriptions and salaries; overseeing advertising, interviewing and appointment to posts; overseeing the annual job appraisal process with all PCC employees. The committee seeks to keep up-to-date on employment legislation and makes recommendations to the PCC in that area. The Standing Committee also oversees Health and Safety issues and the implementation of the Safeguarding Policy. Our Health and Safety and Fire Officer is Andrew Dawes. Our Safeguarding Officers for child protection and vulnerable adults are Alex Williams and Hilary Haig.

Finance and Employment Committee

Membership: Rev Ian R. Lewis (Chair until September 2022), Nathan Thomas (Chair from September 2022), Meirion Edwards, Mark Williams, Andrew Dawes.

This committee has primary responsibility for the regular oversight of our finances, and for issues of employment in cooperation with the Standing Committee.

Missionary Committee

Membership: Ian Lewis (until September 2022 and Chair), John and Vanda Todman, Bev Probert (until August 2022), Jen Harper (until August 2022), Colin Voutt, Alex & Leanne Lee, Sarah Makroum, Alan Dickson, Ken Pearson (from September 2022 and Chair) and Andrew Dawes (from September 2022). This committee, which includes non-PCC members, supervises our support for World Mission. This is carried out through links with individuals, organisations and agencies working in the UK and overseas, stimulating interest and prayer within the church. This committee also recommends the allocation of the PCC missionary tithe and monitors its payment to organisations and individuals.

Objectives and Activities

Bath, St. Bartholomew PCC has the responsibility of co-operating with the incumbent, in promoting in the ecclesiastical parish the whole mission of the Church; pastoral, evangelistic, social and ecumenical. It also has maintenance responsibilities for St. Bartholomew’s Church and associated property.

In planning our activities throughout the year, the PCC and the incumbent have taken due regard to the guidance on public benefit published by the Charity Commission and we consider that the public benefit realised is adequately demonstrated in this report.

Achievements and Performance

Church attendance

The Electoral Roll Officer is Mrs. Jennifer Singh. Following a revision there are 207 members on the Church Electoral Roll. Of these, 44 live in the parish and 163 live outside the parish. This compares with a total of 205 on the roll in March 2022. Our membership for the purposes of Parish Share is 301 (compared with 301 in the previous year).

Review of the year

The PCC (and Standing Committee, which acts as an executive committee for the PCC) has considered a number of issues in relation to ministry during the year, but our main focus, inevitably, has been on managing church life and distribution of responsibilities before, during and following the September retirement of our longstanding Vicar Ian Lewis (31 years).

~~3~~

has been acting on new guidance published by the Church of England, including updating our social media and 1:1 policies plus rolling out training related to domestic abuse.

Standing Committee

The Standing Committee has focused its time primarily in a few areas: succession planning, allocation of responsibilities across senior staff, the ongoing management of our finances, and congregation leadership and church structure. The committee has also overseen decisions on staffing, and the detailed work on the budget.

The Mission Support Group

The Missionary Committee now has representation from all congregations. It met to set the tithe allocation for the 2023 budget. Notwithstanding the Covid pandemic and recovery period, the church has continued to be active in supporting mission in the UK and abroad.

Safeguarding:

St. Bartholomew’s Church has adopted and follows the Church of England/Diocese of Bath and Wells Safeguarding and Safer Recruitment Policies. Alex Williams and Hilary Haig are our church safeguarding officers and Andrew Dawes is responsible for our safer recruitment procedures (including DBS). We have continued to promote safeguarding training using the Church of England’s online products and more specialist training at the Diocese.

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Financial Review

As the PCC’s income is greater than £250,000, the accounts are presented on the accruals basis.

Unrestricted Funds : Unrestricted income over the year was £345,296, a 0.2% increase from 2021. This reflects the generous responses to Partnership Sunday in 2022.

Total expenditure during the year was £370,364, a 1% increase over the amount incurred in 2021 reflecting the full reopening after Covid and increasing utility costs over the year. This was partly offset by a reduction in staffing costs. The expenditure remains £7,000 below the amount incurred in 2019.

Overall, there was a net deficit on unrestricted reserves for the year of £2,386. The PCC budget for the year was to realise a significant deficit but the responses to Partnership Sunday ensured that the PCC was able to maintain the surplus at close to the reserves policy.

There were no significant capital purchases in 2022.

Restricted Funds: In addition to these unrestricted funds, the church operated nine restricted funds (2021: 9) for which the income is for specified purposes. Major income to/expenditure from these funds included:

Loans: The church did not receive nor have any outstanding loans at the end of 2022.

2023 Budget: The 2023 budget reflects an expected increase in expenditure due to significantly increased utility costs. The budget reflects the responses to Partnership Sunday resulting in a breakeven budget. The PCC considered this budgeted deficit and the forecast for the following years and noted that the budget would result in the reserves policy being met in 2025.

Reserves Policy: The PCC policy is hold sufficient reserves to cover one month’s expenditure.

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Parochial Church Council of St Bartholomew, Bath

Charity Number 1127684

Statement of financial activities

Year ended 31 December 2022

Unrestricted Unrestricted Restricted TOTAL FUNDS
Note Funds Funds 2022 2021
INCOMING RESOURCES £ £ £ £
Donations and legacies 2(a) 345,296
31,484
376,780
367,595
Income from investments 2(b) 71
-
71
5
Church activities 2(c) 20,864
26,190
47,054
36,358
Other incoming resources 2(d) 1,747
770
2,517
577
TOTAL INCOMING RESOURCES 367,978
58,444
426,422
404,535
RESOURCES EXPENDED
Charitable Activities 3(a) 36,416
13,128
49,544
54,493
Church activities 3(b) 332,853
27,406
360,259
358,929
Depreciation 3(c) 1,095
13,874
14,969
15,559
Governance costs 3(d) -
-
-
-
TOTAL RESOURCES EXPENDED 370,364
54,408
424,772
428,981
NET INCOMING RESOURCES (2,386) 4,036 1,650
(24,446)
TRANSFER BETWEEN FUNDS -
-
-
-
NET MOVEMENT IN FUNDS (2,386) 4,036 1,650
(24,446)
BALANCES B/FWD 1 JANUARY 28,630
392,682
421,312
445,758
BALANCES C/FWD 31 DECEMBER 26,244
396,718
422,962
421,312

The Notes on the following pages form part of these accounts

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Parochial Church Council of St Bartholomew, Bath

Charity Number 1127684

Balance Sheet

Year ended 31 December 2022

Unrestricted Unrestricted Restricted TOTAL FUNDS
Funds Funds 2022 2021
Note £ £ £ £
FIXED ASSETS
Tangible 5(a) 2,676 367,943 370,619 385,588
2,676 367,943 370,619 385,588
CURRENT ASSETS
Stock 100 - 100 100
Debtors 6 15,774 1,414 17,188 17,340
Cash at bank and in hand 16,981 27,700 44,681 27,214
32,855 29,114 61,969 44,654
LIABILITIES
Creditors: amount falling due in one year 7 9,287 339 9,626 8,930
Net current assets / (liabilities) 23,568 28,775 52,343 35,724
Total assets less current liabilities 26,244 396,718 422,962 421,312
Creditors: falling due after one year - - - -
TOTAL NET ASSETS 26,244 396,718 422,962 421,312
PARISH FUNDS
Unrestricted 26,244 - 26,244 28,630
Restricted - 396,718 396,718 392,682
26,244 396,718 422,962 421,312

The Notes on the following pages form part of these accounts. Approved by the Parochial Church Council on 24 April 2023

and signed on its behalf by John Fletcher & Simon Tinling (PCC Chairmen).

~~7~~

Notes to the financial statements

Year ended 31 December 2022

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2015) - (Charities SORP (FRS 102)), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) and the Charities Act 2011.

St Bart’s PCC meets the definition of a public benefit entity under FRS 102. Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy note(s).

The financial statements include all transactions, assets and liabilities for which the PCC is responsible in law. They do not include the accounts of church groups that owe their main affiliation to another body, nor those that are informal gatherings of church members.

Funds

Restricted funds represent (a) income from trusts or endowments which may be expended only on those restricted objects provided in the terms of the trust or bequest, and (b) donations or grants received for a specific object or invited by the PCC for a specific object. The funds may only be expended on the specific object for which they were given. Any balance remaining unspent at the end of each year must be carried forward as a balance on that fund. Details of the funds held are provided in Note 8.

Unrestricted funds are general funds which can be used for PCC ordinary purposes.

Income recognition

Planned giving, collections and donations are recognised when received. Tax refunds are recognised when the incoming resource to which they relate is received. Grants and legacies are accounted for when the PCC is legally entitled to the amounts due. Interest is accounted for when receivable. Rental income from the letting of church premises is recognised when the rental is due.

All other income is recognised when it is receivable. All incoming resources are accounted for gross.

Expenditure recognition

Grants and donations are accounted for when paid over, or when awarded, if that award creates a legal or constructive obligation on the PCC.

The PCC’s policy on missionary support and charitable giving was agreed by the PCC in 2005. In accordance with this policy the PCC allocates an annual missionary tithe currently comprising 10% of unrestricted funds, which is accounted for in the current year. Any unpaid tithe at 31 December will remain within unrestricted funds and will not be expended in a subsequent financial year.

The diocesan parish share is accounted for when due. Amounts received specifically for mission are dealt with as restricted funds. All other expenditure is generally recognised when it is incurred and is accounted for gross.

Fixed assets

Consecrated and benefice property is not included in the accounts in accordance with s.96(2)(a) of the Charities Act 1993.

Movable church furnishings held by the vicar and churchwardens on special trust for the PCC and which require a faculty for disposal are inalienable property, listed in the church's inventory, which can be inspected (at any reasonable time). For anything acquired prior to 2000, there is insufficient cost information available and therefore such assets are not valued

~~8~~

in the financial statements. Items acquired since 1 January 2000, and valued in excess of £1,000, have been capitalised and depreciated in the financial statements over their currently anticipated useful economic life on a straight-line basis.

The cost of the Church Centre up to its opening at the end of 2000 was £429,918. It is being depreciated on a straight line basis over 50 years with effect from that date, although its value (and hence depreciation) has increased annually in line with the additional expenditure on it since then.

Equipment used within the church premises is depreciated on a straight-line basis over five years for electrical equipment and 10 years for furniture and other items. Individual items of equipment with a purchase price of £1,000 or less are written off when the asset is acquired.

Preparation of accounts on a going concern basis

The PCC reported a deficit on unrestricted funds for the year of £2,386. The trustees have undertaken a review of the income and expenditure for the next 12 months and are of the view that the PCC will continue to operate on a going concern basis for the next 12 months.

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2.
INCOMING RESOURCES
2(a)
Donations and legacies
Gift Aid Planned
Gift Aid Other
Gift Aid Paid Gross
Other Planned Giving
Collections at Services
Other Giving
Income Tax Recovered
Grants
Legacies
2(b)
Income from investments
Interest
2(c)
Church activities
Bookstall
Church centre lettings
Other PCC trading
Fees
2(d)
Other incoming resources
Other income
TOTAL INCOMING RESOURCES
Unrestricted
funds
Restricted
funds
2022
2021
£
£
£
£
234,370
770
235,140
232,335
355
-
355
1,772
9,063
16,643
25,706
16,425
24,133
-
24,133
36,854
2,973
138
3,111
5,320
2,835
100
2,935
30
59,951
3,833
63,784
61,443
11,616
10,000
21,616
13,416
-
-
-
-
TOTAL FUNDS
345,296
31,484
376,780
367,595
71
-
71
5
423
-
423
355
9,878
-
9,878
5,802
9,804
26,190
35,994
29,605
759
-
759
596
20,864
26,190
47,054
36,358
1,747
770
2,517
577
367,978
58,444
426,422
404,535

~~10~~

3
RESOURCES EXPENDED
3(a)
Charitable Activities
Church overseas
Crosslinks (Jem Hovil)
Delhi Bible Institute (incl. S&I
Shaw schooling)
Lesley & Philippe
AWM
Short Term Mission Grants
Wycliffe Bible Translators: Lizzie
Poole
France Mission
John & Jenny Miller
Open Doors
Relief & development
Tear Fund
Mission support
Home mission & other church
UCCF / CUs / Relay Workers
Roger Carswell
Will & Jess Harvey
Pastoral Support / Grants
Project Timothy
Fellowship Fund
Ministry Training
Unrestricted
funds
Restricted
funds
TOTAL
TOTAL
2022
2021
£
£
£
£
4,770
-
4,770
4,704
1,020
980
2,000
2,000
4,780
-
4,780
4,502
500
-
500
502
-
-
-
500

8,700
-
8,700
8,700
2,000
-
2,000
1,500
3,330
-
3,330
3,204
2,000
-
2,000
1,000
-
12,148
12,148
1,329
3,680
-
3,680
-
500
-
500
500
3,550
-
3,550
3,504
-
-
-
-
1,586
-
1,586
3,640
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
18,908
36,416
13,128
49,544
54,493

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RESOURCES EXPENDED Unrestricted
funds
Restricted
funds
TOTAL TOTAL
2022 2021
£ £ £ £
3(b) Church Activities
Diocesan Parish Share 94,865 - 94,865 94,865
Staff Salaries & Grants 172,367 26,781 199,148 208,228
Expenses of the Incumbent 2,100 - 2,100 2,400
Assistant Staff Expenses 3,741 - 3,741 6,012
Upkeep of Church 1,234 - 1,234 1,729
Upkeep of Services 14,054 - 14,054 9,538
Upkeep of Grounds 885 - 885 1,017
Training, Mission & Pastoral 10,864 625 11,489 9,822
Administration 7,793 - 7,793 9,308
Church Utility Bills 6,017 - 6,017 4,394
Bookstall 1,029 - 1,029 342
Church Centre 9,787 - 9,787 8,249
Brunel Manor - - - -
Other PCC Trading 8,117 - 8,117 3,025
332,853 27,406 360,259 358,929
3(c) Depreciation
Depreciation Church Centre and chur 1,095 13,874 14,969 15,559
1,095 13,874 14,969 15,559
3(d) Governance Costs - - - -
TOTAL RESOURCES EXPENDED 370,364 54,408 424,772 428,981

4(a) STAFF COSTS

During the year the PCC employed an average of 9 (2021: 9) staff with the following total costs:

Gross salaries
Social security
Pension contributions
Total
164,874
12,226
16,254
193,455

These are distributed in the accounts as follows:

During the year no (2021: 0) individual received employee benefits exceeding £60,000.

The PCC considers that its key management personnel during the year consisted of the Incumbant Vicar, the Assistant Ministers and the Operations Manager. Details of the amount of employee benefits and expenses received by the key management personnel are included in note 4(c).

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4(b) PENSIONS

Bath St Bartholomew PCC participates in the Pension Builder Scheme section of CWPF for lay staff. CWPF is administered by the Church of England Pensions Board, which holds the CWPF assets separately from those of the Employer and other participating employers.

CWPF has two sections:

  1. the Defined Benefits Scheme

  2. the Pension Builder Scheme, which has two subsections;

  3. a. a deferred annuity section known as Pension Builder Classic, and,

  4. b. a cash balance section known as Pension Builder 2014.

Pension Builder Scheme

Both sections of the Pension Builder Scheme are classed as defined benefit schemes.

Pension Builder Classic provides a pension, accumulated from contributions paid and converted into a deferred annuity during employment based on terms set and reviewed by the Church of England Pensions Board from time to time. Discretionary increases may also be added, depending on investment returns and other factors.

Pension Builder 2014 is a cash balance scheme that provides a lump sum which members use to provide benefits at retirement. Pension contributions are recorded in an account for each member. Discretionary bonuses may be added before retirement, depending on investment returns and other factors. The account, plus any bonuses declared is payable, unreduced, from age 65.

There is no sub-division of assets between employers in each section of the Pension Builder Scheme.

The scheme is considered to be a multi-employer scheme as described in Section 28 of FRS 102. This is because it is not possible to attribute the Pension Builder Scheme’s assets and liabilities to specific employers and means that contributions are accounted for as if the Scheme were a defined contribution scheme. The pensions costs charged to the SoFA in the year are the contributions payable (2022: £16,254, 2021: £17,200).

A valuation of the Pension Builder Scheme is carried out once every three years. The most recent valuation was carried out as at 31 December 2019. The next valuation is due as at 31 December 2022.

For the Pension Builder Classic section, the valuation revealed a deficit of £4.8m on the ongoing assumptions used. At the most recent annual review, the Board chose to grant a discretionary bonus of 10.1% following improvements in the funding position over 2022. There is no requirement for deficit payments at the current time.

For the Pension Builder 2014 section, the valuation revealed a surplus of £5.5m on the ongoing assumptions used. There is no requirement for deficit payments at the current time.

The legal structure of the scheme is such that if another employer fails, Bath St Bartholomew PCC could become responsible for paying a share of the failed employer’s pension liabilities.

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4(c) PAYMENTS TO PCC MEMBERS

During the year, three PCC members or those connected with them were employed by the PCC in the following capacities:

Name and Position Salary Costs inc
Expenses
£
Charlie Ward, Assistant Minister 39,220
Andrew Dawes, Operations Manager 18,132
Tim Ling, Assistant Minister 39,728

In addition, the Incumbent Vicar and Associate Minister, whilst not employed by the PCC, received the following:

he following:
Expenses and
Mission Support
Name and Position £
Ian Lewis, Vicar 2,100
Jem Hovil, Associate Minister 5,135

One sixth of Charlie Ward's employment costs (salary, tax & NICs and pension) was reimbursed to the PCC by the SWGP through donations to a restricted fund (see Note 8a).

~~14~~

5. FIXED ASSETS

5(a) Tangible Fixed Assets

5(a)
Tangible Fixed Assets
Freehold
land & Church Church
buildings equipment equipment Total
(restricted) (restricted) (unrestricted)
ACTUAL/DEEMED COST £ £ £ £
At 1 January 2022 647,639 22,709 14,254 684,602
Release of restricted reserves 0
Additions at cost 0
At 31 December 2022 647,639 22,709 14,254 684,602
DEPRECIATION
At 1 January 2022 270,426 18,105 10,483 299,014
Charge for year 12,953 921 1,095 14,969
At 31 December 2022 283,379 19,026 11,578 313,983
Total 364,260 3,683 2,676 370,619

The freehold land and buildings comprise the Church Centre.

5(b) Investments

No investment assets are currently held by the PCC.

6
DEBTORS
Tax recoverable
Prepayments and accrued income
Other debtors
7
LIABILITIES
Amounts falling due in one year
Income received in advance
Accruals for utilities and other costs
Amounts falling due after one year
Unrestricted
funds
Restricted
funds
2022
2021
£
£
£
£
15,749
300
16,049
16,008
25
1,114
1,139
444
-
-
-
767
TOTAL FUNDS
15,774
1,414
17,188
17,219
-
-
-
-
9,287
339
9,626
6,629
9,287
339
9,626
6,629
-
-
-
-

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FUNDS

8a Restricted Funds

The accounts include a number of restricted funds.

Certain funds have been established to encourage giving for specific purposes, these being the Fellowship Fund for local needs and the Ministry Training and Support Fund to support church members undertaking training and others supported by the church.

Other funds are set up in response to donations made or income received for specific purposes. The final group of funds relates to accounting for particular activities within the life of the church: gifts towards the Brunel Manor church weekend; the SWGP and Partners in Service (see Note 4b).

Restricted Funds

Restricted Funds
Balance at 1 January 2022
Incoming resources
Resources expended
Balance at 31 December 2022
Balance at 1 January 2022
Incoming resources
Resources expended
Balance at 31 December 2022
Balance at 1 January 2022
Incoming resources
Resources expended
Balance at 31 December 2022
Missionary Fellowship fund
Ministry Fund
Brunel Manor
1,899
6,075
25
(2,101)
12,085
70
-
-
(13,129)
(525)
-
-
855
5,620
25
(2,101)
Partners in
Service
SWGP
Baptistry Fund
Student Events
44
-
5,000
-
12,570
13,014
-
605
(12,565)
(14,215)
-
-
49
(1,201)
5,000
605
Specific gifts
Fixed assets
-
381,740
100
20,000
(100)
(13,874)
-
387,866

8b Designated Funds

There were no designated funds during the year ended 31 December 2022 (2021: 0).

10. LEGACIES

There were no legacies made in 2022 (2021: 0).

~~16~~

Independent Examiners report

I report to the trustees on the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 December 2022, which are set out on pages 2 to 16.

Respective responsibilities of trustee and examiner

The charity’s trustees are responsible for the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with the requirements of the Charities Act 2011 (“the Act”). The charity’s trustees consider that an audit is not required for this year under section 144 of the Charities Act 2011 (the 2011 Act) and that an independent examination is needed.

It is my responsibility to:

I report in respect of my examination of the Trust’s accounts carried out under section 145 of the 2011 Act and in carrying out my examination, I have followed all the applicable Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the Act.

Basis of independent examiner’s statement

My examination was carried out in accordance with general Directions given by the Charity Commission. An examination includes a review of the accounting records kept by the charity and a comparison of the accounts presented with those records. It also includes consideration of any unusual items or disclosures in the accounts, and seeking explanations from the trustees concerning any such matters. The procedures undertaken do not provide all the evidence that would be required in an audit, and consequently no opinion is given as to whether the accounts present a ‘true and fair’ view and the report is limited to those matters set out in the statement below.

Independent examiner's statement

The charity’s gross income exceeded £250,000 and I am qualified to undertake the examination by being a qualified member of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy.

In connection with my examination, no matter has come to my attention which gives me reasonable cause to believe that in, any material respect,

I have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.

Iain Nettleton CPFA 56 Woodstock Road St Albans 15 May 2023

~~17~~