Company No: 02920866 Charity No: 1037513
THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
(A company limited by guarantee)
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
Hentons
Chartered Accountants Ground Floor 31 Kentish Town Road London NW1 8NL
THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
CONTENTS
| Page | |
|---|---|
| Legal and administrative information | 1 |
| Report of the trustees | 2-6 |
| Independent examiner's report | 7 |
| Statement of financial activities | 8 |
| Balance sheet | 9 |
| Notes | 10-14 |
THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
Reference and administrative details
Charity registration number: 1037513 Company registration number: 02920866 Registered office Ground Floor, 31 Kentish Town Road London NW1 8NL
Directors and trustees
The directors of the charitable company (the charity) are its trustees for the purpose of charity law and throughout this report are collectively referred to as the trustees.
The trustees who served during the year and since the year end were as follows:
Professor M A Crawford PhD FRSB FRCPath (Chairman) R Keene OBE Dr Z Hassam MD FRCPath M D Pirkis Dip Agric Dr R Gow MSc PhD A Keene MA
Secretary
Dr R Gow MSc PhD
Independent examiner
J Davies Hentons Chartered Accountants Ground Floor, 31 Kentish Town Road London NW1 8NL
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
The trustees, who are also directors of the charity for the purposes of the Companies Act 2006, present their report with the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 30 April 2024.
The legal and administrative information set out on page 1 forms part of this report. The trustees confirm that the annual report and the financial statements of the charity comply with the current statutory requirements, the Memorandum and Articles of Association, and the Statement of Recommended Practice - Accounting and Reporting by Charities (Charities SORP FRS 102).
Structure, governance and management
Governing document
The Mother And Child Foundation is a charitable company limited by guarantee with no share capital, incorporated in England and Wales on 20 April 1994 and registered as a charity on 12 May 1994. The company was established under a Memorandum of Association which established the objects and powers of the charitable company and is governed under it's Articles of Association. In the event of the charity being wound up, members are required to contribute an amount not exceeding £10.
Some directors of the company are also trustees of the charity. The trustees provide a balance of expertise and knowledge ranging from the representation of parents and mothers to agronomists, science and medicine. The Foundation has no offices and does not employ staff, the work being done voluntarily.
Recruitment and appointment of the board of trustees
Trustees are recruited through personal contact, advertisement or a not for profit organisation.
Trustees induction and training
New trustees meet with the Chair and present members of the Board informally to discuss the working of the Foundation, its past, present and future commitments.
Risk Management
The trustees have examined the major risks (operational, financial and general) to which the company is exposed and confirm that appropriate steps are in place to mitigate these risks
In the present situation, we have funds underwritten for 12 months but the high cost of the recent clinical trial, combined with the loss of three trustees and our sponsor, has left the Foundation with a need to seek new trustees and new funding urgently.
The Foundation has no property and does not engage staff. All functions are voluntary, except for payment to our web master when requested.
All studies carried out on humans are before starting, covered by NHS ethical approval. The same applies to those conducted abroad where we insist on local ethical approval.
Objectives and activities for the public benefit
The trustees confirm that they have referred to the Charity Commission's general guidance on public benefit when reviewing the Foundation's aims and objectives and in planning future activities. The Foundation's primary goal is to foster good maternal health and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes. Dissemination of the Foundation’s work has been achieved by the publication in peer reviewed publications and its web site http://www.themotherandchildfoundation.org
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
Achievements during this current financial year
The Foundation continued to support the seminal work being carried out at the Chelsea and Westminster Hospital Campus from where three important peer reviewed papers were published. Reference 1 describes how the placenta selects fatty nutrients which the foetus requires for the post-natal development of the brain. These are arachidonic (ARA), adrenic (ADR) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. They are derived from parent fatty acids which cannot be made in the body and so are essential in the diet. These are linoleic acid which occur in seeds and seed oils, and α-linolenic acid which occur in the green aspect of plants. Linoleic acid is the precursor of ARA and ADR, while α-linolenic acid is the precursor of DHA (the latter two being omega-3 fatty acids). The Foundation's research has shown that the placenta only chooses to pass ARA, ADR and DHA to the foetus and severely reduces the proportions of the two precursors.
The biological conversion of the parent linoleic and α-linolenic acids to ARA and DHA is a slow process so clearly Nature is choosing the ready made ARA and DHA for the rapidly growing foetus which, in humans, the priority is the brain. During human foetal development the brain uses 70% of all the energy delivered by the mother for its growth. The majority of brain cells divide before birth which means maternal nutrition and health is critical for the future mental health of the child. Any disruption, disturbance, or damage during this period is irreparable. Hence it is important that the mother is well nourished both before and during pregnancy. ARA comes from land-based animal products but they have little DHA. The marine food web is rich in the omega-3, and DHA in particular derived from the extensive photosynthesis of the flora and phytoplancton. A fact known by us all but seldom thought about is that the brain evolved where only marine nutrients were available for its growth, function and evolution. Hence seafoods are especially important. In the UK the per capita fish landings fell by 40%from 1950 to 2019. This is the most likely explanation for the escalation of mental ill-health. The Children's Society claimed in 2024, that the referrals to the NHS for mental ill-health increased three fold in the last three years. Between 2005-2013 there were two EU, two UK and an independent audits of the cost of ill health. All five had brain disorders at the top of the list.
It will not just be the lack of DHA that is important in loss of fisheries due to pollution and ignorance in planning and policy-making that is causing this loss of brain capital. Fish and sea foods are rich in B12, other B vitamins and in particular trace elements. Copper, iron, manganese, zinc and selenium are used by enzymes in the brain to protect against peroxidation. The adult brain uses 20% of the energy consumed but is only 2% for the body. Both ARA and DHA are highly susceptible to peroxidation. Hence the whole seafood package is important for brain development prenatally and brain health throughout life.
Reference 2 indicates the international concern regarding the importance of maternal nutrition, with special treatment of the importance of seafood to pregnancy outcomes. In particular, it responds to the concern of the FDA-USA of mercury in fish and neurotoxicity for which there is no science base and the evidence is consistently of benefit to maternal and foetal health including brain health for the new born.
Reference 3 offers an explanation for the universal presence of high proportions of DHA in the retina and especially the photoreceptors. As early as 1973, Gene Anderson, then at the Cullen Eye Research Institute, Houston, Texas, showed that experimental deficiency of DHA in the retina interfered with the electrical properties involved in vision. Reference 3 now brings that evidence forward and offers a plausible explanation based on the quantum mechanical properties of the six methylene interrupted double bonds of DHA. This explains an important question raised by George Wald’s Nobel Prize acceptance speech in which he commented that the explanation for photon reception and vision did not explain the speed of information transfer to the brain.
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
Publications
Reference 1: Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Hall B, Ogundipe E, Wang Y, Bitsanis D, Djahanbakhch OB, Harbige L, Ghebremeskel K, Golfetto I, Moodley T, Hassam A, Sassine A, Johnson MR: "The imperative of arachidonic acid in early human development". Prog Lipid Res. 2023 Nov 6;25(11):1520. doi: 10.3390/e25111520. PMID: 37998212; PMCID: PMC10670429.
Reference 2: Spiller P, van Wijngaarden E, Adams HR, Strain JJ, McSorley EM, Mulhern MS, Conway MC, Yeates AJ, Carrington C, Bolger PM, Morgan KM, Taylor CM, Ralston NVC, Crawford MA, Hibbeln JR, Brenna JT, Myers GJ: "Net effects explains the benefits to children from maternal fish consumption despite methylmercury in fish". Neurotoxicology. 2023 Oct 20; 99:195-205. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.10.010 Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37866693.
Reference 3: Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Wang Y, Schmidt WF, Broadhurst CL, Dyall SC, Horn L, Brenna JT, Johnson MR: "Docosahexaenoic Acid Explains the Unexplained in Visual Transduction". Entropy (Basel). 2023 Nov 6;25(11):1520. doi: 10.3390/e25111520. PMID: 37998212; PMCID: PMC10670429.
Future
At Chelsea and Westminster Hospital the focus is to raise the funds to test our discoveries of the lipid malnutrition in preterm births with its irreparable, associated developmental disorders of the brain. The plan is to follow the leads from the study of 300 pregnancies which provided data positioning red cell membrane oleic acid as a powerful predictor of preterm birth. The data on the membrane also indicated that a poor status for arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid are likely involved in the causation of neurovascular disorders associated with very preterm births. A study of 5,000 pregnancies is planned to provide the evidence leading to preventive strategies.
In addition to progressing the Foundation’s contacts in India and Pakistan, with India having the highest prevalence of low birthweights and preterm births globally. This will be having a deleterious impact on brain capital affecting social and economic costs.
Appointed on 24th January 2024, a House of Lords Committee has just published its report: "Preterm Birth: reducing risks and improving lives”. This is a FIRST and highly important report. Preterm birth carries the highest risk of prenatal disorders of brain development which are irreparable leading to a life of physical and mental disabilities. In the committee report Professor Asma Khalil "highlighted that the challenge of the current two-step approach to screening is that most women who go on to give birth preterm do not have the risk factors that are assessed at the initial booking appointment".
The Foundation's research at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital has uncovered a powerful predictor of preterm birth in the fatty acid composition of the mother's red blood cells when she reports for the initial booking for pregnancy care. By identifying those who are at risk it would then be plausible to have targeted science-based intervention to prevent preterm birth, and with it, prevent the irreparable brain disorders closely associated with prematurity. A recent Cochrane review of the studies done reported that DHA prevented 11% of preterm births and 42% of very preterm births, which is a group at highest risk for brain disorders including cerebral palsy.
There is now need to develop similar predictors for stunting, or disorders of the prenatal brain so as to prevent prematurity and the life long disorder of brain function. The Foundation’s work is crucial to prenatal brain development as well as brain health throughout life.
The House of Lords PreTerm Birth Committee Report: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld5901/ldselect/ldpreterm/30/30.pdf
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
References:
M.A. Crawford, Y. Wang, D. E. Marsh, M. R. Johnson, E. Ogundipe, A. Ibrahim, H. Rajkumar, S. Kowsalya, K.S.D. Kothapalli, J.T. Brenna, (2022) Neurodevelopment, nutrition and genetics.
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A contemporary retrospective on neurocognitive health on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 180, (2022). 102427, ISSN 0952-3278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102427
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Crawford MA, Sinclair AJ, Hall B, Ogundipe E, Wang Y, Bitsanis D, Djahanbakhch OB, Harbige L, Ghebremeskel K, Golfetto I, Moodley T, Hassam A, Sassine A, Johnson MR. The imperative of arachidonic acid in early human development. Prog Lipid Res. 2023 Jul;91:101222 doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101222. Epub 2023 Feb 4. PMID: 36746351.
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Book - published 2023, “The Shrinking Brain” by Crawford and Marsh.
Financial review
The Foundation has sufficient funds to operate for a further year. New funds are urgently needed.
In the year under review, the incoming resources was in excess of the resources expended by £18,317. At the balance sheet date, the reserves held was £25,223.
Reserve policy
The directors and trustees have continued the provision of £10,000 in the bank account at the National Westminster Bank.
Statement of trustees' responsibilities
The trustees (who are also directors of The Mother And Child Foundation for the purposes of company law) are responsible for preparing the trustees' report and the financial statements in accordance with applicable law and United Kingdom Generally Accepted Accounting Standards.
Company law requires the trustees to prepare financial statements for each financial year which give a true and fair view of the state of affairs of the charitable company and the incoming resources and application of resources, including income and expenditure, of the charitable company for that period. In preparing these financial statements, the trustees are required to:
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select suitable accounting policies and then apply them consistently;
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observe the methods and principles of the Charities SORP;
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make judgements and estimates that are reasonable and prudent;
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state whether applicable UK Accounting Standards have been followed, subject to any material departures disclosed and explained in the financial statements;
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prepare the financial statements on the going concern basis unless it is inappropriate to presume that the charity will continue in operation.
The trustees are responsible for keeping proper accounting records that disclose with reasonable accuracy at any time the financial position of the charitable company and enable them to ensure that the financial statements comply with the Companies Act 2006. They are also responsible for safeguarding the assets of the charity and hence for taking reasonable steps for the prevention and detection of fraud and other irregularities.
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
The trustees confirm that to the best of their knowledge there is no information relevant to the independent examination of which the examiner is unaware. The trustees also confirm that they have taken all necessary steps to ensure that they themselves are aware of all relevant examination information and that this information has been communicated to the examiner.
Members of the charity guarantee to contribute an amount not exceeding £10 to the assets of the charity in the event of winding up. The number of such guarantees at 30 April 2024 was 6 (2023: 6). The trustees are members of the charity but this entitles them only to voting rights. The trustees have no beneficial interest in the charity.
Small company provisions
The above report has been prepared in accordance with the small companies' regime under the Companies Act 2006.
This report was approved by the board of trustees on 20 January 2025 and signed on its behalf by
Professor M A Crawford PhD FRSB FRCPath Director and trustee
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
Independent examiner's report to the trustees of The Mother and Child Foundation Limited
I report to the charity trustees on my examination of the accounts of The Mother and Child Foundation Limited (the charity) for the year ended 30 April 2024, which are set out on pages 8 to 14.
Respective responsibilities of trustees and examiner
As the trustees of the company (and also its directors for the purposes of company law) you are responsible for the preparation of the accounts in accordance with the requirements of the Companies Act 2006 (the 2006 Act).
Having satisfied myself that the accounts of the company are not required to be audited under Part 16 of the 2006 Act and are eligible for independent examination, I report in respect of my examination of the charity's accounts as carried out under section 145 of the Charities Act 2011 (the 2011 Act). In carrying out my examination, I have followed the Directions given by the Charity Commission under section 145(5)(b) of the 2011 Act.
Basis of independent examiner's report
I have completed my examination. I confirm that no matters have come to my attention in connection with the examination giving me cause to believe that:
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accounting records were not kept in respect of the charity as required by section 386 of the 2006 Act; or
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the accounts do not accord with those records; or
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the accounts do not comply with the accounting requirements of section 396 of the 2006 Act other than any requirement that the accounts give a 'true and fair' view which is not a matter considered as part of an independent examination; or
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the accounts have not been prepared in accordance with the methods and principles of the Statement of Recommended Practice for accounting and reporting by charities applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102).
I have no concerns and have come across no other matters in connection with the examination to which attention should be drawn in this report in order to enable a proper understanding of the accounts to be reached.
This report is made solely to the charity's trustees, as a body, in accordance with Part 4 of the Charities (Accounts and Reports) Regulations 2008. My work has been undertaken so that I might state to the charity's trustees those matters I am required to state to them in an Independent examiner's report and for no other purpose. To the fullest extent permitted by law, I do not accept or assume responsibility to anyone other than the charity and the charity's trustees as a body, for my work or for this report.
J Davies Hentons Chartered Accountants Ground Floor, 31 Kentish Town Road London NW1 8NL
20 January 2025
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES
(Incorporating an Income and Expenditure Account) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
| Unrestricted Note funds £ Income Donations and gifts 2 64,821 Income from charitable activities: Medical research projects 4 - Investment income 3 310 Total income 65,131 Expenditure Expenditure on charitable activities: Medical research projects 6 2,056 Total expenditure 2,056 Net income / (expenditure) and net movement 63,075 in funds for the year Reconciliation of funds: Total funds brought forward 47,786 Total funds carried forward 9 110,861 |
Restricted funds £ - - - - 44,758 44,758 (44,758) (40,880) (85,638) |
Total funds 2024 £ 64,821 - 310 65,131 46,814 46,814 18,317 6,906 25,223 |
Total funds 2023 £ 43,318 9,000 - 52,318 72,971 72,971 (20,653) 27,559 6,906 |
|---|---|---|---|
The Statement of Financial Activities also complies with the requirements for an income and expenditure account under the Companies Act 2006.
All income and expenditure derive from continuing activities. There were no other recognised gains or losses other than those stated above. Movement in funds is shown in note 9 to the financial statements.
The notes on pages 10 to 14 form part of these accounts.
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
BALANCE SHEET 30 APRIL 2024
| Note Current assets Cash at bank and in hand Total current assets Liabilities Creditors falling due within one year 8 Net current assets Total assets less current liabilities The funds of the charity: Unrestricted funds 9 Restricted (deficit)/funds 9 Total charity funds |
£ £ 26,491 26,491 (1,268) 25,223 25,223 110,861 (85,638) 25,223 2024 |
£ £ 9,042 9,042 (2,136) 6,906 6,906 47,786 (40,880) 6,906 2023 |
|---|---|---|
For the year ended 30 April 2024 the company was entitled to exemption from audit under section 477 of the Companies Act 2006 relating to small companies.
The members have not required the company to obtain an audit of its financial statements for the year in question in accordance with section 476 of the Companies Act 2006.
The directors acknowledge their responsibilities for complying with the requirements of the Act with respect to accounting records and the preparation of accounts.
These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions applicable to companies subject to the small companies' regime and in accordance with FRS 102 SORP.
The financial statements on page 8 to 14 were approved by the board of directors and trustees on 20 January 2025 and signed on its behalf by:
Professor M A Crawford PhD FRSB FRCPath Director and trustee
Company registration no: 02920866
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
1 Accounting policies
(a) Basis of accounting
The financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (Charities SORP (FRS 102)), the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102), the Charities Act 2011 and the Companies Act 2006.
The charity has taken advantage of the disclosure exemption, otherwise requiring a Statement of Cash Flows, as permitted by Update Bulletin 1.
The Mother And Child Foundation meets the definition of a public benefit entity under FRS 102. Assets and liabilities are initially recognised at historical cost or transaction value unless otherwise stated in the relevant accounting policy note(s).
(b) Going concern
The accounts have been prepared on the assumption that the charity is able to continue as a going concern, which the trustees consider appropriate having regard to the current level of reserves and further guarantee of support up to £60,000 if needed.
(c) Funds accounting
Funds held by the charity are:
Unrestricted funds: these are available for use at the discretion of the trustees in furtherance of the general objectives of the charity.
Restricted funds: are subjected to restrictions on their expenditure imposed by the donor or where funds have been raised for a specific purpose.
(d) Income
All incoming resources receivable during the year are accounted for in the Statement of Financial Activities. The following specific policies are applied to particular categories of income:
Voluntary income: includes donations and gifts that provide core funding or are of a general nature is recognised where the charity has entitlement to the funds, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount can be measured with sufficient reliability.
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
Income from includes income received under contract or where entitlement to grant funding is charitable activities: subject to specific conditions and is recognised as earned. Grant income included in this category provides funding to support the undertaking of activities and is recognised where there is entitlement, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount can be measured with sufficient reliability.
(e) Expenditure
Expenditure is recognised once there is a legal or constructive obligation to make a payment to a third party, it is probable that the settlement will be required and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably.
Expenditure is classified under the following activity headings:
Charitable activities: include expenditure associated with medical research projects and include both the direct costs and support costs relating to these activities.
Support costs: include central functions and have been allocated to activity cost categories to reflect the use of resources. Costs relating to a particular activity are allocated directly; they also include governance costs associated with the constitutional and statutory requirements of the charity.
2 Income from donations and gifts
| Unrestricted funds £ Donations 64,821 Gift aid repayments - 64,821 |
Restricted funds £ - - - |
Total 2024 £ 64,821 - 64,821 |
Total 2023 £ 42,148 1,170 43,318 |
|---|---|---|---|
During the year, the charity received donations of £20,821 (2023: £nil) from Friends of the Mother and Child Foundation Inc. (US).
3 Investment income
The charity's investment income arises from bank interest receivable.
| Bank interest receivable | 2024 £ 310 310 |
2023 £ 4 4 |
|---|---|---|
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
4 Income resources from charitable activities
The income was primarily from grants to undertake medical research projects.
| Unrestricted | Restricted | Total | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| funds | funds | 2024 | 2023 | |
| £ | £ | £ | £ | |
| Grants receivable | - | - | - | 9,000 |
During the year £nil (2023: £9,000) was received from Suntory, Japan. The funds were used solely in medical research, training, diagnosis or treatment.
5 Allocation of support and governance costs
The charity allocates its support costs as shown below. Support costs are allocated on a basis consistent with the use of resources and identifies those costs which relate to the governance function.
| Bank charges Independent examiner's fee Other costs |
Support Costs £ - - - - |
Governance Costs £ 64 1,680 312 2,056 |
Total £ 64 1,680 312 2,056 |
|---|---|---|---|
6 Analysis of expenditure on charitable activities
The charity undertakes direct charitable activities for medical research projects.
| Imperial College - IBCHN Governance costs Note 5 |
£ 44,758 2,056 46,814 |
|---|---|
(IBCHN - Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition)
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
7 Taxation
The charitable company is exempt from corporation tax on its charitable activities.
8 Creditors: amounts falling due within one year
| Other creditors and accruals | 2024 £ 1,268 1,268 |
2023 £ 2,136 2,136 |
|---|---|---|
9 Movement in funds
| Unrestricted funds General funds Restricted funds Grants and donations Total funds |
Opening balance £ 47,786 (40,880) 6,906 |
Income £ 65,131 - 65,131 Movement |
Expenditure £ 2,056 44,758 46,814 in resources |
Transfer between funds £ - - - |
Closing balance £ 110,861 (85,638) 25,223 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
10 Purposes of restricted funds
Grants and donations receivable were used for the studies on maternal and child nutrition and health.
11 Analysis of net assets between funds
| Unrestricted funds Restricted deficit |
Net current assets £ 110,861 (85,638) 25,223 |
Total £ 110,861 (85,638) 25,223 |
|---|---|---|
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THE MOTHER AND CHILD FOUNDATION LIMITED
NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 30 APRIL 2024
12 Trustees' remuneration
The trustees received no remuneration or benefits in kind during the year.
13 Related party transactions
During the year, the following trustees made donations to the charity:
| 2024 | 2023 | |
|---|---|---|
| £ | £ | |
| Professor M A Crawford | 44,000 | 42,000 |
At the balance sheet date, the charity owed Professor M A Crawford £nil (2023: £nil).
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