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2023-08-31-accounts

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING Trustees' Annual Report Year ended 31 August 2023

CONTENTS

2022-23 context and overview 3
Structure, governance and management 5
Objectives and activities 6
Continuing professional development /
In-service training for teachers 9
ALL’s partnership events 10
Areas requiring support 14
Website developments 15
Events for language learners 16
Global/International Activity 17
How our activities deliver public beneft 18
Membership 20
Financial review 22
Representation, partnership and infuence 37
Plans for future periods 38

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2022-23 CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW

There are forthcoming changes in the public examination at age 16 (GCSE) for French, German and Spanish announced by the Department for Education. As these will affect the GCSE courses from September 2024 and be tested in 2026, schools, and language teachers, are considering their choice of accreditation and plans.

There are still worries about the numbers of recruits into language teacher training, even following a renewed MFL training bursary and scholarships.

Continuing decline in numbers of students opting for language learning in key stage 4 and beyond has encouraged the engagement of HE bodies with ALL and cultural partners around the promotion of languages (German and French specifically.)

There are major shortages of language teachers in the school sector.

A new website The Languages Gateway seeks to signpost organisations and bodies who work in the Languages field (in its broadest definition) in the UK. It is part of the project ‘Towards a National Language Strategy’ led by the British Academy and partners.

https://www.thelanguagesgateway.uk/

https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/towards-national-languages-strategy-education-and-skills/

Language Trends 2023 headlines:

The DfE-funded National Consortium for Languages Education (NCLE) is developing its strategies and network of Language Hubs around England in 2023. They have a brief to support languages learning in KS3 and take-up in KS5, support German, support the Home, Heritage and Community Languages (HHCL) and support transition KS2-3.

https://www.britishcouncil.org/research-insight/language-trends-england-2023

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ioe/departments-and-centres/centres/international-centre-intercultural-studies/nationalconsortium-languages-education-ncle

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Within this context ALL has maintained a great deal of activity across the field, through the active engagement of our members and volunteers.

We held in March 2023 a very successful in-person Language World conference in Sheffield on the theme: What we value – past, present and future treasure and ALL local groups are now also hosting live events again.

Alongside that programme of activities, the extensive ALL webinar schedule continues to serve people across the country and more widely.

The ‘ACAPULCO’ online conference for Primary teachers attracted 200 delegates in Autumn 2022.

New regular termly webinars were also launched this year for:

For an overview of events see here: https://www.all-languages.org.uk/events/

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STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

ALL is the national association of teachers of foreign languages. It is now mainly a volunteer organisation.

ALL also has Corporate members: publishers, agencies, commercial businesses and cultural partners.

Administrative tasks are carried out by our contractor KC Jones conference&events Ltd, who employ one 0.6 FTE ALL Development Manager and one 0.6 FTE Events and Membership Administrator. All administrative roles are carried out through a contract in place since August 2018.

Volunteers are drawn from the membership. They serve on the Council (which advises and makes recommendations to the Management Board), in Language Networks (which represent the major languages taught by members), in Special Interest Groups, and in local Branches, Networks and Primary Hubs. Additionally, volunteers contribute to the Association’s practitioner magazine, Languages Today , to website content, to the online Language Zones as well as to our academic journal The Language Learning Journal.

A successful in-person Council meeting was held in December 2022 to explore ways forward for the Association. A further social meeting online was held to support better links between officers and Council members.

The Management Board comprises the elected Officers of the Association: President, President-Elect and Honorary Membership Officer and up to six persons invited by the Board to hold a three-year tenure as trustees, renewable up to two times, subject to the unanimous approval of the Board. The appointment of a Chair and a Treasurer is made from among the invited trustees. Details are here: https://www.all-languages.org.uk/about/what-is-all/who-we-are-2/ All members of the Management Board undertake this duty as volunteers.

The ALL Development Manager and the director of KC Jones conferences&events Ltd, our contractor for administration, join the Board meetings.

In October 2022, the Association was delighted to welcome Baroness Coussins, co-chair of the APPG Modern Languages, to join Professor David Crystal as an ALL Patron.

The administration of the Association is based at

Association for Language Learning 1A Duffield Road Little Eaton Derby DE21 5DR

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OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES

The Association is established to promote and support the learning and teaching of natural languages and to encourage an understanding of the importance of languages at all levels in our society. The Association promotes the development of languages education in the United Kingdom to support the language needs and linguistic diversity of the country and its population. It aims also to advance public understanding of the nature of language teaching.

Activities

The members of the Association are largely teachers of foreign languages in all sectors in the UK, and other language education professionals. All of our charitable activities focus on the promotion and support of foreign languages education in the UK. The Association comprises the Management Board (as above - the trustees and officers of the Association) which meets four times each year (in person or virtually), a Council (elected by the members) which meets once or twice each year, and Special Interest Groups, including Language Networks, which operate principally through virtual meetings and discussions as necessary.

The Association supports its members (and the wider community) through:

Updates – weekly ALLNet email newsletter to members, News features on the website and messaging through social media.

Publications – in hard copy and digital format online.

Events - locally and nationally, in person and online, and sometimes in collaboration with partners.

The many branches, networks and primary hubs of ALL organise their own programmes. They are supported by a Handbook available from the website, and by two termly Roadshow presentations (one for Primary Hubs and one for Branches/Networks), created by the HMO Team (HMO = Honorary Membership Officer) and sent out by email to ALL Local leaders using Mailchimp. They are invited to circulate them to their local members to keep them all abreast of events.

The HMO Team meets online regularly and sets priorities and actions for itself. Priorities have this year included Accessibility, exploration of an Annual Members Meeting, or annual consultation meeting / update, recruiting and supporting activists, and new communities.

The HMO Team has an internal ongoing working paper for preserving ideas and successes (and noting issues and solutions which may arise again) and to help track progress.

Broad public interest in matters relating to colonial history are impacting in teachers’ thinking about the curriculum and the ALL ‘Decolonise Secondary MFL Curriculum’ Special Interest Group (SIG) for Secondary teachers has now been joined by a Primary SIG who shares the webpage:

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/about/community/special-interest-groups/de-colonising-the-curriculum/

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Tangible achievements of the SIGs this year include:

ALL publications

The Association publishes one major academic journal, the peer-reviewed The Language Learning Journal (LLJ) (which is currently published on behalf of ALL six times a year by Routledge https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/ rllj20) and is a member benefit. The Editorial Advisory Board meets virtually twice a year. Editorial team and advisers undertake all their activities for the journal as volunteers. One of the LLJ editors contributes highlight articles to Languages Today magazine and/or to the termly Roadshows to build bridges between our publications.

The Language Learning Journal has had another very successful year, thanks to its editorial team, and publishing colleagues.

ALL has language-specific Language Zones (which were previously journals): Deutsch lehren und lernen - the German Zone, Francophonie - the French Zone, Rusistika, Tuttitalia and Vida Hispanica have existed since the creation of ALL and are housed in the Language Zone area of the ALL website, for members only.

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/research-practice/language-zones/

The two Language Zones created in 2021 – the Arabic Zone and the Chinese Language Zone are also in this area, but are open access, as is the Zone for teachers of Home, Heritage and Community Languages (HHCL):

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/rearch-practice/language-zones/home-heritage-community-languages/

Work is ongoing on developing a newsletter for HHCL colleagues, and is continuous on the refreshment of all these zones.

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ALL produces a members’ magazine, Languages Today, three times a year; it continues to receive excellent feedback.

From May 2019 the setting, printing and dispatch arrangements for the magazine changed provider. The arrangements continue to be very satisfactory both in terms of production quality and in terms of finance.

Articles are sought largely from members and from language professionals in specific fields, and this year have covered these major themes:

September 2022 - Issue 42 - Getting more skilled

Spring 2023 - Issue 43 - Fight the good fight

Summer 2023 - Issue 44 - Treasure Forever

Digital samplers of these magazines are available for open access in the website shop.

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Fight the good fight
SUCCESS STORIES: THE MULTILINGUAL AQUALENDARIUM TEACHING AND LEARNING: AND DEVELOPING PRACTICE SHARING STANDING UP FOR FAIRNESS IN EXAMS THE DEBATE ON... THE VIEW ON...STANDING UP FOR YOUR LANGUAGE OUR BEST TEN COMPETITIONS AND MORE
11/10/2022 09:32:33 Language Today - Issue 44 v2.indd 1
FOCUSON...
PRESIDENT'S BLOG ALL ABOUT EQUITY THE VIEW ON.. FOCUS ON.. THE BIG IDEA: REVIEWED SUPPORT MATERIALS THE LATEST LEARNING RESOURCES: THE VIEW FROM... LEARNING... TEACHING AND LANGUAGE WORLDREFLECTS ON ALL'S PRESIDENT PRESIDENT'S BLOG: AND IDENTITYLANGUAGE, ACCENT LANGUAGE WORLD OF
TREASURE
FOREVER
BRINGING TOGETHER PRACTICE PRACTICE MAKING BETTER LISTENERS. LANGUAGE LEARNERS EVER DONE FOR US?WHAT HAS TECHNOLOGY
EQUITYABOUTALL LANGUAGEWORLD OF
WHAT'S IN A NAME?
THE MAGAZINE FOR MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING
SUMMER 2023
ISSUE 44 |
WWW.ALL-LANGUAGES.ORG.UK
TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT ALL, AND TO JOIN US, GO TO
WWW.ALL-LANGUAGES.ORG.UK
TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT ALL, AND TO JOIN US, GO TO
THE MAGAZINE FOR MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING
WINTER 2023
ISSUE 43 |
WWW.ALL-LANGUAGES.ORG.UK
TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT ALL, AND TO JOIN US, GO TO
THE MAGAZINE FOR MEMBERS OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING
AUTUMN 2022
ISSUE 42 |
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Where authors have more to say than can be contained in the magazine they are invited to contribute longer articles available as ‘extra content’ on the website : https://www.all-languages.org.uk/research-practice/languages-today/

The ALL website now invites more dynamic contributions from members and others in the form of reports, reviews, anecdotes and blogs as well as the more traditional articles.

The page called ‘My story’ hosts contributions from all areas of the Languages community, to celebrate the impact of Languages on their life. This page is in the Teacher Trainee area in order to motivate prospective language teachers to continue in their study.

The online area Learning from the Classroom, which aims to bridge the gap between classroom research and practice, continues to develop:

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/research-practice/learning-from-the-classroom/

The changes to GCSE described above involved a wide-ranging ALL information and consultation programme, the legacy of which is published on the website here:

These offer a brief resumé of reports, policy document etc. along with suggested discussion points on issues for teachers and for Senior Leadership teams. Older Briefings have now been archived. Recent Briefings online are:

Date Number Title
August 2023 35 The Languages Gateway
August 2023 36 A-level results 2023

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CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT / IN-SERVICE TRAINING FOR TEACHERS

This remains one of ALL’s core activities. The Language World conference is the centrepiece of the year’s work in this area. The theme of ALL’s Language World Conference in 2023 , held in person was ‘What we value – past, present and future treasure’.

At the Conference Dinner ALL occasionally honours members of the Language community who have contributed significantly to the language world, or to ALL, or both, by awarding them the ALL Fellowship. This year we welcomed Jim Anderson, Gina Hall, Jane Harvey, who is a former ALL President and Trustee as new Fellows. The full list is here:

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/about/awards/fellowship-awards/

In addition to in person events, the accessibility and flexibility of online events has maintained interest.

Star Academies commissioned the Association for Language Learning to develop a professional language development short course for (aspiring) middle leaders. This was successfully delivered by Trustees and volunteers.

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ALL’S PARTNERSHIP EVENTS

For events, ALL works frequently in collaboration with partner organisation and agencies who share ALL’s priorities.

ALL collaborated once again with the British Council and cultural partners in the project around the celebration of Speaking. Express Yourself (#CelebrateSpeaking) is now a regular online activity for learners, and language speakers, of all ages, asking them to record a short oral presentation (a recitation, an anecdote etc.) which is uploaded into a YouTube channel. The celebration event ran again over several weeks and encouraged schools and colleges to run their own internal events on the same theme. It culminated with a live online event hosted by an ALL Trustee with British Council colleagues.

ALL collaborated with ISMLA (Independent Schools Modern Languages Association) to host a conference in person at Westminster School. The purpose was to provide targeted support to ECTs and trainee teachers . Participants’ feedback was very positive.

ERASMUS+ DIPS project (Developing International Projects programme) The extended project has continued, led by ALL Trustee Jane Harvey with Corporate Member LFEE , and completed in Summer 2023.

ERASMUS+ KA 1 Project ‘Exploring and Developing CLIL ‘activity has also continued and been completed.

Both sets of residential courses were very successful and teachers have written about the impact the courses have made.

In the range of student-facing activity, the North-East branch of ALL again ran a successful European Day of Languages Writing competition ‘Outside my window’, and collaborated once again with International Newcastle and partners in the North-East of England on the 2023 Express Yourself North-East Festival of Languages , which ran for several weeks but had a Festival Week at its heart; this includes recorded and live events and activities for learners (and for families) of all ages and cover a wide range of languages.

This year it reached over 21, 000 students and teachers.

https://expressyourselfne.com/

ALL once again supported the Poetry Live event for Year 8 pupils hosted by Saint Mary’s University Twickenham by providing a judge.

ALL also supported once more the German Teacher of the Year awards, organised by the German Embassy and supported a Round Table in German in Schools and HE at University of Durham.

Local events for teachers (members or non-members) are varied and much appreciated.

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Example A: This example is from ALL Yorkshire:

2022/23 Professional Development Events for Teachers

Winter Series: Getting to Grips with the New GCSE

Winter Series:Getting to Grips with the New GCSE Winter Series:Getting to Grips with the New GCSE
Sessions at King Edward VII School Sessions via zoom
1. Wednesday
23rd November		 Setting the Scene
Juliet Park		 4. Tuesday
10thJanuary		 Supporting lower prior attainers/
SENDSilvia Bastow
1. Wednesday
23rd November		 Phonics: the First Pillar
Wendy Adeniji		 6. Thursday
26th January		 GCSE Reform: The draft
specifcation
Judith RowlandJones,AQA
3. Tuesday 6th
December		 On Target for unprepared Speaking
Dr Rachel Hawkes		 8. Wednesday
8th February		 See and say, hear and write
Jennifer Wozniak-Rush
5. Wednesday
18thJanuary		 Teaching VocabularyEffectively
Elaine Gelder
7. Wednesday
1st February		 Teaching GrammarInductively
James Stubbs

Student Events

Film Study Day for Y11/12 students (9 March 2023) Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus

Facilitators: Dr Isabelle Vanderschelden (French), Janine Turner (German), Alicia Sanchez Requeña (Spanish)

Example B: This example is from ALL London who also run the TILT webinars

ALL London June Event 2022 ALL Trainee Teacher Event 2022 ALL London ‘Show and Tell’ at Language Show 2022 ALL London January Event 2023 21/01/23 ALL London June Event 2023 10/06/23

Sample commentary:

On 21st January 23 we had a very successful ‘January Event’ held at the BFI, thanks to Mark Reid who hosted us. https://all-london.org.uk/all-events/the-all-london-january-event-2023/ As always, we ensured that there was something for everyone by holding parallel sessions. While primary/KS3 ideas were shared, with special guest star, Chevonne James from ‘Into Film’, another session gave a balanced picture of the new GCSE in a structured presentation by Helen Myers, 2 HODs (Adam Lamb and Oliver Hopwood) and exam boards, followed by q/a with the audience, chaired by ALL Fellow, David Blow. We had good feedback from this approach and are repeating it for January 2924. Tim Crapper and Mike Elliott gave another excellent session about A level teaching and Nick Mair did his usual session for trainee teachers with guidance on writing CVs and job interviews. Corporate members and Language Institutes held attractive stands during the breaks and financed our refreshments: AQA, Consejeria, Eduqas, European Schoolbooks, LanguageNut, L’Institut français, Goethe Institut, Maison Claire Fontaine, Pearson Edexcel, and Thisislanguage. Many, many thanks to Angela Murphy who coordinated this, even though she was not able to be with us on the day. A real star!

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Finally, Judith Rowland-Jones of AQA gave us an update to AQA for 2023 and Pearson updated us on exams 2023 on Tuesday 24th January at 7.30pm in our Zoom room.

Many thanks to so many people who made ALL London’s June Event 2023 (10th June) such a good day, hosted by Romain Devaux of l’institut français. https://all-london.org.uk/all-events/the-all-london-june-event-2023/ We were delighted to welcome back Steven Fawkes who talked about a topic which is close to the heart of many of our members: Decolonising the curriculum. HIs presentation was, as always, superbly crafted, bringing in the voices of other people who each contributed their own take on the topic, and punctuating this with personal reflections on experience, and a range of interesting, interactive, information-gap based activities which could be replicated in the classroom and allow learners to grow in their understanding of language and culture. We then provided parallel sessions for primary and secondary, both continuing the topic of decolonising the curriculum (the primary one delivered by Darnelle Constant-Shepherd, Ellie Chettle Cully and Amy Lennon and the secondary by Nathalie Blondeau and Ali Koubaa) and the secondary also had a short session to update information on the new GCSE with Helen Myers and Adam Lamb.

Thanks to Camilla Smith for hosting our annual Teacher Trainee Reception at the Institute of Education, UCL on Monday 2nd October https://all-london.org.uk/all-events/2023-trainee-teacher-event/ After an icebreaker activity put together by Wanda Marshall [‘Find someone who..’] Helen presented information about ALL and urged everyone to join our lovely language family. Committee members then shared their ‘top tips’.

On November 11th 2023 we hosted the popular ‘Show and Tell’ at the Language Show where we had a packed session of great ideas. Thanks to Joe Dale for jointly leading the session and thanks to Jonathan Scott and Linguascope for hosting this excellent conference. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hl1RLNG0ORA

We are into our twelfth year of using digital spaces for our committee meetings and webinars and we really thank the speakers who have given their time to present to people keen enough to be at their computers in the evening and at the weekend. We are especially grateful to Joe Dale who spots the talent on offer! These have included Melinda Bailey, Caroline Schlegel, Aubrey Swisher, Julia Moris and Maureen Gassert Lamb.

Example C: From ALL Manchester Report

Having not been able to meet or host events because of Covid, it was exciting to be able to thrash out ideas again for the year. The result? We planned an exciting year of events and were looking forward to a good range of sessions to cater for all stages of language provision.

Of course, there was a certain element of sadness at the meeting: this was the first committee planning meeting held since the death in August, 2021 of Geoff Brammall, our former Chair and hero of language teachers. At the end of the academic year 2021/22, we had also had to say ‘Good-bye’ to Paul O’Brien, who was retiring after years of service in teaching and on the Manchester Branch committee; Paul had organized and hosted two events per year for us at Manchester High School for Girls for many, many years, and had done so with good humour, incredible efficiency and skill. We are very grateful to Paul for his dedication to language teaching, language teachers and to the Manchester Branch; I am sure that everyone involved with the Manchester Branch will join us in wishing him all the best for his retirement.

Welcome to FLAs and ECTs, had to be ‘put on ice’ because of difficulties with dates and clashes of events. We were not put off!

In November, we were delighted to welcome back Dr. Rachel Hawkes who came to talk to us about The New GCSE – What needs doing NOW?

In January, Ian Rodmell, AQA, came to ‘investigate’ the Manchester Branch and deliver our (usually annual) GCSE and A Level – Update.

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During this academic year, we had already enjoyed and gained much from sessions related to exams, but we still wanted, needed even, to host an event which would be both extremely useful and enjoyed by everyone in language teaching; we just had to salvage Steven Fawkes’ session on Using Songs for Learning Languages (including for phonics, vocabulary and grammar). So, in May, we did welcome Steven Fawkes as planned, despite numbers being again considerably lower than we had hoped. Let us be clear: Steven is brilliant online, but there is absolutely no doubt whatsoever that any event where Steven is the main speaker is best experienced ‘live’ and ‘face-to-face’. Steven recognizes this as well as anyone; he enjoys being with his audience too. What never comes across from the printed description is the true atmosphere of such an event. Yes, knowing Steven as many of you do, we expected to be entertained and to have to participate with gusto, but the reality is even more vibrant: stunning ideas for intensive language acquisition, combined with singing and actions to test even the fittest brains and bodies! Ideas batted around the room like a magical cricket ball, people falling about with amazement and laughter: have you ever tried to chant grammar or verb conjugations whilst singing and doing the ‘can-can’? Need I say more? Was there a buzz? Gosh, yes! There were people from every teaching sector, including U3A, and that despite trains being cancelled: ‘I couldn’t possibly miss this one!’ Can you possibly imagine teachers of any other subject (not related to performing arts!) being able to let their hair down like the linguists do? And what a superb change from the insularity of the Covid era! If you missed it, you missed something very special!

That was brilliant! Really inspiring! And being able to exchange ideas with colleagues from other schools is so important for someone like me in a small department. (I’m the only teacher of French.)

There is nothing like a face-to-face event to experience the enthusiasm and buzz of language teachers together. It’s not just the great speakers, it’s also about being with a group of like-minded, passionate language teachers, the exchange of ideas, and learning from the experience and advice of colleagues too. Zoom just doesn’t do it! (Group of participants over coffee, May 2023)

Other volunteer events:

The volunteer-planned German Day, in Summer 2022, in Derbyshire was followed by a similar day in Summer 2023 in London, which was well attended. Similar events are planned for the future.

ALL volunteers coordinate an informal Action Group for German, in light of the decline in numbers studying this language. The Group offers mutual support and inspiration and plans events including a termly webinar for their teachers of German.

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AREAS REQUIRING SUPPORT

HHCL: The informal alliance between individuals from a wide variety of agencies in an advocacy group, chaired by British Council and ALL, to support the community of teachers of Home, Heritage and Community Languages (HHLC) continued to be effective and successful.

Within this academic year the group has maintained:

We have extended invitations to these events to our colleagues in Scotland through the agencies of SCILT.

Beginning teachers: Informal webinars are also in place for trainee teachers and ECTs, for whom we also created, with ISMLA, an in-person conference (above).

In line with the national push to support German a regular termly webinar has been initiated.

Quotation from a delegate at German Zone Live:

Thanks so much for the fabulous webinar. It really was truly inspiring - as someone who is returning to the MFL world, it was so uplifting to hear that things are still very much alive and kicking. The session on the creative writing inspired by Vergnügungen was great.

I’d be happy to do a slot on the power of poetry memorisation with Schubert/Goethe’s Heidenröslein next time.

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WEBSITE DEVELOPMENTS

Content was once again generated and edited by volunteers, and updates implemented by the KC Jones team consistently over the year. They include:

The continuation of the ALL Vimeo channel for storing recordings of online events, such as webinars. These resources are linked from the website and available to members who are signed into their account. They are largely in the Primary Zone, Secondary Zone and HHCL Zone.

An occasional feature in ALLNet, or the News page, or in Languages Today magazine, reminds members that new content is arriving on the website constantly, and highlights some examples.

ALL launched ‘Primary Voice’ a webpage with the aim of celebrating the ‘Primariness’ of Primary Languages: https://www.all-languages.org.uk/primary-2/primary-voice/

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EVENTS FOR LANGUAGE LEARNERS

The majority of these activities, such as Language Days, competitions and festivals, take place locally:

or are organized by language networks. They cover a range of languages and add value to our work through engaging young language learners; examples include

ALL Branches host events for learners such as Film Days for Sixth Form students (ALL Yorkshire) and Sixth Form lectures (ALL West of Engand).

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GLOBAL/INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY

Overseas professional links and contacts

ALL continues in its membership of the world federation of associations of language teachers, FIPLV, and in the international federations of associations of teachers of French and German, FIPF and IDV, and has contributed articles for their readers around the world. Since Autumn 2021, ALL is also a named network partner of the Austrian Agency for Education and Internationalisation (OeAD).

ALL actively supports international partner activity. This year the two representatives to the International Germant Teacher Association (IDV) participated in a conference focusing on AI and language teaching in Switzerland. ALL was also represented at the OeAD’s annual network meeting (Vienna, Austria). As a result of ALL’s contribution to the International German Teacher conference (IDT 2022), a chapter focusing on the role of language associations in shaping language policy written by the Chair of the ALL Management board, was published in the conference - proceedings. Conference proceedings can be downloaded in open access format here: https://www.esv.info/lp/esv open/details?q=9783503211104

ALL’s relationship with Francophonia, based in Nice which operates on a principle of solidarity with teachers of French around the world has continued.

ALL members were once again offered bursaries to attend the Université de l’été in Nice and in August 2023 a group of ALL Members took advantage of this generous offer, attending in person to benefit from the environment and the multi-national aspects of the event.

ALL collaborates with the Institut Français (IFRU) to promote the Jour du prof and French events nationally and locally, and does the same for the Spanish Embassy, Goethe-Institut London and other cultural partners, as well as disseminating details of other professionally-related activity (e.g. Austrian Days and IDV conference.)

ALL volunteers collaborated once again with the Institut Français, providing judges and dissemination

We have jointly provided a series of Francophonie en direct webinars.

This year we supported the development, and running, of a new French Forum bringing together Secondary teachers and HE teachers of French in Leeds to identify ways forward for ‘L’avenir du français’ at which ALL members were presenters. ALL volunteers were members of the planning group, and the event itself, was very well received.

Erasmus +

ALL concluded its work with an international team led by the Goethe-Institut London developing the game called Knights of the European Grail, aimed at Secondary-aged learners, and with a historical / geographical storyline.

ALL representatives attended meetings, completed extensive editorial work online, had specific roles in Dissemination and took on the design, compilation, editing and production of the Educational Materials (Teacher’s guide and Player’s Expansion Packs).

ALL hosted a multiplier event and the UK launch of the created language app at the Language World Conference.

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HOW OUR ACTIVITIES DELIVER PUBLIC BENEFIT

As well as Member-only resources, ALL provides many of its updates and articles in the open-access areas of the website to support the wider community of language professionals in line with a public service ethos.

and the areas of Guidance and Advice for Primary and Secondary professionals.

The Chinese and Arabic Zones, and the HHCL Zone are currently open to all, to encourage members of these communities to contribute and consider joining the Association.

Members (individual, group, corporate) are the direct beneficiaries of our activities but ALL events and a number of our services are open to all teachers of languages, regardless of whether they are members or not, thus providing opportunities for all language teachers to receive both information and professional development focused on their needs.

Some of the funded work we have done in the past has allowed us to develop resources and other services (often online) which are still freely available to language teachers everywhere, such as the ALL Literature wiki, ALL Connect CPD resources and the associated themed wikis, and all of the resources of the Erasmus+ funded projects: THE LANGUAGE MAGICIAN and ELAPSE.

Some ALL local groups also provide wide support through their online work: webinars are hosted regularly by ALL London, for instance, recorded for later viewing on request and advertised on social media.

Through its activities for learners ALL also supports and promotes language teaching in the UK. This benefits not only the learners themselves but also the teaching community, in so far as these initiatives promote lifelong language learning, raise aspirations, and illustrate, for example:

They also provide additional enrichment activities upon which language teachers are able to build to enhance the progress and achievement of their students.

Dedicated pages on our website house information to support all language teachers:

News - https://www.all-languages.org.uk/news

Corporate Member News - https://www.all-languages.org.uk/news/corporate-member-news

Challenges & Competitions - https://www.all-languages.org.uk/calendar_events/challenges-and-competitions Features - https://www.all-languages.org.uk/research-practice/languages-matters/features

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Specific public benefit is delivered through the ALL website www.all-languages.org.uk and other allied websites, wikis and blogs maintained by different groups and individual volunteers within ALL, or by previous ALL staff.

ALL strives to support discrete groups of teachers who may need specific support, or be isolated from the mainstream:

This support is especially important in times of continuing financial stringency, when many structures have disappeared, when teachers risk isolation (e.g. in Primary) and when there are shrinking departments in Secondary schools.

As ALL’s objectives are focused entirely on languages, the Association is regularly involved in national debate and policy-making through work with Government and other bodies, making an important contribution to education and public life which has never been more in demand.

Building on a positive working relationship with the Department for Education and other government related organisations, including Ofqual, ALL continues to represent the voice of our members at various stakeholder meetings, contributes to policy debates, public policy events and consultations. In 2022-23, our policy work has focused on aspects such as teacher recruitment and retention, GCSE language exams, language hubs, international trips and global experiences as well as immigration policies impacting on language teachers’ recruitment or international exchange programmes.

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MEMBERSHIP

Membership fees have been kept at the same rates for some years now:

www.all-languages.org.uk/join/become-a-member/

with special rates for trainees / ECTS, a low group rate for Primary schools and concessions.

We are currently considering the need for new rates for Trusts.

For the launch of the new Zones in 2021 the Board agreed that teachers of Arabic (many in the supplementary sector and unsalaried) would have access to the concessionary rate.

We also use discounts at special events to attract new members.

During the tender period for the Language Hubs, ALL developed a “Membership Package for all Language Hub Lead schools” and a “Dissemination Package” that bidders could include into their bid if they chose to.

Services to Members

The Language Learning Journal, which is managed by Routledge on behalf of ALL, has a small team of editors. It continues to have high international status and to bring significant funds into the Association as well as helping us maintain a high reputation as a professional body.

ALL uses online environments to enhance the offer to members by providing up-to-the-minute information (through our website and weekly ALLNet newsletter); the website also functions as an online repository for ALL resources and background information.

ALL maintains an active social media profile, with a Facebook presence, and a Twitter account; messages about events, policy developments, etc. are regularly posted via social media.

The weekly ALLNet electronic bulletin is supplemented by ALLNet Extra bulletins to promote the services, work and special offers of our corporate members, or to highlight learning and teaching opportunities for students and teachers.

ALLNet lists events from ALL locally and national; an Events calendar is also maintained on the website, where additional news items and statements on policies affecting language teachers are published in the News section.

Much of our direct work with members is carried out locally by ALL’s regional and local networks, led by volunteers, - who continue to be very active. https://www.all languages.org.uk/about/community/local/

Their programmes are planned and delivered independently according to local priority but ALL provides termly Roadshow presentations with suggestions of current themes or items to advertise; archived here:

https://www.all-languages.org.uk/all-local/support-branches-networks-primary-hubs/

We continue to correspond with our local volunteers through Mailchimp distribution accounts for the 3 groups:

which are linked to the ALL database.

20

The ALL Local Zoom account is used widely for meetings and webinars.

The Honorary Membership Officer (HMO) Team develops strategies for developing services and recruiting members at different phases in their career, and from different language groups.

ALL Local groups continue to operate successfully, in spite of the ongoing constraints.

New Local groups were created this year:

The ALL Cambridgeshire Branch, Essex and East Anglia Branch and Norfolk Network held an innovative large meeting in Summer Term 2023 with in-person meetings at 3 venues and a large online attendance alongside.

The ALL Peterborough Network continued its work with an active EAL Hub, exploring synergies between foreign language teaching and teaching children who learn English as an Additional Language.

As ever, members benefited from discounted fees for Language World attendance and many members and nonmembers contributed as speakers at the event.

Conference logistics were managed once again by KC Jones conferences&events Ltd on behalf of ALL.

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21
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REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES AND UNAUDITED

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED

31 AUGUST 2023 FOR

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

22

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

CONTENTS OF THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

Page
Reference and Administrative Details 1
24
Report of the Trustees 2
25
Statement of Financial Activities 3
26
Balance Sheet 4
27
Notes to the Financial Statements 5 to 11
28 to 34
Detailed Statement of Financial Activities 12 to 13
35 to 36

23

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

REFERENCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

TRUSTEES Elizabeth Beverley Suzi Bewell Richard Fairbairn Steven Fawkes Professor Anna Lise Gordon Jane Harvey Professor René Koglbauer (Chair) Helen Myers MBE PRINCIPAL ADDRESS 1A Duffield Road Little Eaton Derby DE21 5DR REGISTERED CHARITY NUMBER 1001826

24

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

REPORT OF THE TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

The trustees present their report with the financial statements of the charity for the year ended 31 August 2023. The trustees have adopted the provisions of Accounting and Reporting by Charities:

Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019).

STRUCTURE, GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT

Governing document

The charity is controlled by its governing document, a deed of trust and constitutes an unincorporated charity.

Approved by order of the Board of Trustees on 31 January 2024 and signed on its behalf by:

Professor René Koglbauer, Chair of the Management Board & Trustee

25

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

Unrestricted
funds
Notes
£
103,182
2
97,859
3
2,623
203,664
7,573
106,445
114,018
89,646
334,171
INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS FROM
Donations and legacies
Other trading activities
Investment income
Total
EXPENDITURE ON
Raising funds
Other
Total
NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE)
RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS
Total funds brought forward
TOTAL FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD
423,817		 Restricted
funds
£
-
-
-
-
-
46,173
46,173
(46,173)
72,519
26,346		 2023
Total
funds
£
103,182
97,859
2,623
203,664
7,573
152,618
160,191
43,473
406,690
450,163		 2022
Total
funds
£
80,581
111,973
294
192,848
6,272
173,273
179,545
13,303
393,387
406,690

The notes form part of these financial statements

26

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

BALANCE SHEET

31 AUGUST 2023

Notes
6
-
7
5,349
8
100
455,715
461,164
9
(37,347)
423,817
423,817
423,817
10
FIXED ASSETS
Tangible assets
CURRENT ASSETS
Debtors
Investments
Cash at bank
CREDITORS
Amounts falling due within one year
NET CURRENT ASSETS
TOTAL ASSETS LESS CURRENT
LIABILITIES
NET ASSETS
FUNDS
Unrestricted funds
Restricted funds
TOTAL FUNDS
Unrestricted
funds
£		 -
26,346
-
-
26,346
-
26,346
26,346
26,346
Restricted
funds
£		 -
5,349
100
482,061
487,510
(37,347)
450,163
450,163
450,163
423,817
26,346
450,163
2023
Total
funds
£		 1
7,201
100
440,872
2022
Total
funds
£
448,173
(41,484)
406,689
406,690
406,690
334,171
72,519
406,690

The financial statements were approved by the Board of Trustees and authorised for issue on 31 January 2024 and were signed on its behalf by:

----- Start of picture text -----
ADD RENE SIGNATURE
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Professor René Koglbauer - Trustee

The notes form part of these financial statements

27

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

1. ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of preparing the financial statements

The financial statements of the charity, which is a public benefit entity under FRS 102, have been prepared in accordance with the Charities SORP (FRS 102) 'Accounting and Reporting by Charities: Statement of Recommended Practice applicable to charities preparing their accounts in accordance with the Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland (FRS 102) (effective 1 January 2019)', Financial Reporting Standard 102 'The Financial Reporting Standard applicable in the UK and Republic of Ireland' and the Charities Act 2011. The financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention.

Income

All income is recognised in the Statement of Financial Activities once the charity has entitlement to the funds, it is probable that the income will be received and the amount can be measured reliably.

Expenditure

Liabilities are recognised as expenditure as soon as there is a legal or constructive obligation committing the charity to that expenditure, it is probable that a transfer of economic benefits will be required in settlement and the amount of the obligation can be measured reliably. Expenditure is accounted for on an accruals basis and has been classified under headings that aggregate all cost related to the category. Where costs cannot be directly attributed to particular headings they have been allocated to activities on a basis consistent with the use of resources.

Tangible fixed assets

Depreciation is provided at the following annual rates in order to write off each asset over its estimated useful life.

Taxation

The charity is exempt from tax on its charitable activities.

Fund accounting

Unrestricted funds can be used in accordance with the charitable objectives at the discretion of the trustees.

Restricted funds can only be used for particular restricted purposes within the objects of the charity. Restrictions arise when specified by the donor or when funds are raised for particular restricted purposes.

Further explanation of the nature and purpose of each fund is included in the notes to the financial statements.

Hire purchase and leasing commitments

Rentals paid under operating leases are charged to the Statement of Financial Activities on a straight line basis over the period of the lease.

continued...

continued...

28

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

2.
OTHER TRADING ACTIVITIES
Branch income
Language World
Subscriptions
3.
INVESTMENT INCOME
Deposit account interest		 2023
£
11,621
2,759
83,479
97,859
2023
£
2,623		 2022
£
6,582
6,554
98,837
111,973
2022
£
294

4. TRUSTEES' REMUNERATION AND BENEFITS

There were no trustees' remuneration or other benefits for the year ended 31 August 2023 nor for the

year ended 31 August 2022.

Trustees' expenses

There were no trustees' expenses paid for the year ended 31 August 2023 nor for the year ended 31 August 2022.

5. COMPARATIVES FOR THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES

5.
COMPARATIVES FOR THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES
Unrestricted
Restricted
funds
funds
£
£
80,582
111,973
294
192,849
6,272
108,307
64,966
114,579
64,966
INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS FROM
Donations and legacies
Other trading activities
Investment income
Total
EXPENDITURE ON
Raising funds
Other
Total
NET INCOME/(EXPENDITURE)
78,270
(64,967)
(1)
-
-
(1)
-		 Total
funds
£
80,581
294
192,848
173,273
6,272
179,545
13,303

continued...

continued...

29

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

5. COMPARATIVES FOR THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES - continued COMPARATIVES FOR THE STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES - continued
Unrestricted Restricted Total
funds funds funds
£ £ £
RECONCILIATION OF FUNDS Total funds
brought forward 255,901 137,486 393,387
TOTAL FUNDS CARRIED FORWARD
334,171 72,519 406,690
6. TANGIBLE FIXED ASSETS
Fixtures
and
fittings
£
COST
At 1 September 2022 and 31 August 2023
42,935
DEPRECIATION
At 1 September 2022
Charge for year 42,934
1
At 31 August 2023
42,935
NET BOOK VALUE
At 31 August 2023
At 31 August 2022 -
1
7. DEBTORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR
2023 2022
£ £
Trade debtors 507 3,194
VAT 4,842 4,007
5,349 7,201

continued...

continued...

30

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

8.
CURRENT ASSET INVESTMENTS
2023
£
Shares in group undertakings
100
9.
CREDITORS: AMOUNTS FALLING DUE WITHIN ONE YEAR
2023
£
1,429
Trade creditors
Other creditors
35,918
37,347
10.
MOVEMENT IN FUNDS
Net
movement
At 1.9.22
in funds
£
£
328,488
84,029
5,683
5,617
334,171
89,646
21,130
-
243
-
8,334
(6,955)
3,943
(3,943)
38,869
(35,275)
72,519
(46,173)
Unrestricted funds
General fund
Erasmus KA2
Restricted funds
Margaret Truss Fund
Language Futures
Japanese Language Committee Grant
Japanese Language Committee Grant -
additional funding
KA1 CLIL Courses
TOTAL FUNDS
406,690
43,473
37,347		 2022
£
100
2022
£
1,320
40,164
41,484
At
31.8.23
£
412,517
11,300		 2022
£
100
2022
£
1,320
40,164
41,484
At
31.8.23
£
412,517
11,300
2022
£
1,320
40,164
41,484
At
31.8.23
£
412,517
11,300
423,817
21,130
243
1,379
-
3,594
26,346
450,163

continued...

continued...

31

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

10. MOVEMENT IN FUNDS - continued

Net movement in funds, included in the above are as follows:

Incoming Resources Movement
resources expended in funds
£ £ £
Unrestricted funds
General fund 195,328 (111,299) 84,029
Erasmus KA2 8,336 (2,719) 5,617
203,664 (114,018) 89,646
Restricted funds
Japanese Language Committee Grant - (6,955) (6,955)
Japanese Language Committee Grant -
additional funding - (3,943) (3,943)
KA1 CLIL Courses - (35,275) (35,275)
- (46,173) (46,173)
TOTAL FUNDS 203,664 (160,191) 43,473

Comparatives for movement in funds

Unrestricted funds
General fund
Erasmus KA2
Restricted funds
Margaret Truss Fund
Language Futures
Japanese Language Committee Grant
Japanese Language Committee Grant -
additional funding
KA1 CLIL Courses
TOTAL FUNDS		 Net
movement
At 1.9.21
in funds
£
£
249,922
78,566
5,979
255,901
78,270
21,130
243
8,334
3,943
103,836
(64,967)
137,486
(64,967)
393,387
13,303
(296)
-
-
-
-
-		 At
31.8.22
£
328,488
5,683
334,171
21,130
243
8,334
3,943
38,869
72,519
406,690

continued...

continued...

32

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

10. MOVEMENT IN FUNDS - continued

Comparative net movement in funds, included in the above are as follows:

Incoming Resources Movement
resources expended in funds
£ £ £
Unrestricted funds
General fund 190,147 (111,581) 78,566
Erasmus KA2 2,702 (2,998) (296)
192,849 (114,579) 78,270
Restricted funds
KA1 CLIL Courses (1) (64,966) (64,967)
TOTAL FUNDS 192,848 (179,545) 13,303

A current year 12 months and prior year 12 months combined position is as follows:

Unrestricted funds
General fund
Erasmus KA2
Restricted funds
Margaret Truss Fund
Language Futures
Japanese Language Committee Grant
Japanese Language Committee Grant -
additional funding
KA1 CLIL Courses
TOTAL FUNDS		 Net
movement
At 1.9.21
in funds
£
£
249,922
162,595
5,979
5,321
255,901
167,916
21,130
-
243
-
8,334
(6,955)
3,943
(3,943)
103,836
(100,242)
137,486
(111,140)
393,387
56,776		 At
31.8.23
£
412,517
11,300
423,817
21,130
243
1,379
-
3,594
26,346
450,163

continued...

33

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - continued FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

10. MOVEMENT IN FUNDS - continued

A current year 12 months and prior year 12 months combined net movement in funds, included in the above are as follows:

Unrestricted funds
General fund
Erasmus KA2
Restricted funds
Japanese Language Committee Grant
Japanese Language Committee Grant -
additional funding
KA1 CLIL Courses
TOTAL FUNDS		 Incoming
Resources
Movement
resources
expended
in funds
£
£
£
385,475
(222,880)
162,595
11,038
(5,717)
5,321
396,513
(228,597)
167,916
(6,955)
-
(6,955)
-
(3,943)
(3,943)
(100,242)
(111,140)
396,512
(100,241)
(111,139)
56,776
(1)
(339,736)
(1)

11. RELATED PARTY DISCLOSURES

There were no related party transactions for the year ended 31 August 2023.

34

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

DETAILED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

INCOME AND ENDOWMENTS
Donations and legacies
Grants and donations
Other trading activities
Branch income
Language World
Subscriptions
Investment income
Deposit account interest
Total incoming resources
EXPENDITURE
Raising donations and legacies
Branch Expenditure
Other
External staff costs
Purchases
Support costs
Finance
Bank charges
Information technology
IT, Software & Consumables
Other
Insurance
Postage and stationery
Fixtures and fittings		 2023
£
103,182
11,621
2,759
83,479
97,859
2,623
203,664
7,573
72,000
63,809
135,809
1,408
4,992
3,294
184
3,478
-		 2022
£
80,581
6,582
6,554
98,837
111,973
294
192,848
6,272
72,000
86,114
158,114
1,573
3,022
2,671
64
52
2,787

This page does not form part of the statutory financial statements

35

ASSOCIATION FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING

DETAILED STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31 AUGUST 2023

Other
Other 2
Advertising
Governance costs
Accountancy and legal fees
Total resources expended
Net income		 2023
£
302
6,629
160,191
43,473		 2022
£
770
7,007
179,545
13,303

This page does not form part of the statutory financial statements

36

REPRESENTATION, PARTNERSHIP AND INFLUENCE

ALL has been represented by officers, trustees, council members or other expert members on panels and groups where languages education is discussed, bringing the voice of teachers into these debates; ALL representation will continue largely through volunteers and through the ALL Development Manager.

Groups range from those convened by Government to advisory panels for other bodies in languages education (e.g. publishers, examination boards and awarding bodies, Language Alliance, HHCL), to expert groups convened by other agencies (e.g. CfSA).

ALL has over forty key partners with whom it works on a regular basis. They encompass all educational sectors and include UK and EU governmental and non-governmental bodies, foreign embassies and cultural institutes, other professional and subject associations in the UK and abroad, private companies and others. During the period covered by this report ALL has continued to benefit from its relationship with IFRU (the Institut français in the UK), the GoetheInstitut in London, the Consejeria de Educacion, British Council, the DAAD, the Austrian Cultural Forum. OeAD and new cultural partners contacted in the development of new Zones and the Languages Gateway, where ALL is represented on the Editorial Board.

ALL continues to have close relationships with

APPG (All Party Political Group on Modern Languages)

ASCL (Association of School and College Leaders)

CLIE (Committee for Linguistics in Education)

ISMLA (Independent Schools Modern Languages Association)

NALA (National Association of Language Advisers)

NICILT

RIPL (Research into Primary Languages)

SALT (Scottish Association of Language Teachers)

SCILT

UCfL (University Council for Modern Languages)

British Academy

and others.

The profile of the Association continues to be high, as measured by references from other bodies, and in perception of the Association’s activity in the mind of members and the broader community of Language professionals.

RECOGNITION

Former President, current trustee and Chair of ALL London Helen Myers MBE was made an Officier dans l’Ordre des Palmes académiques by the French Government for her services to French Culture.

37

PLANS FOR FUTURE PERIODS

The Association’s medium term strategy is still to keep under review the structure established in August 2018 with a view to creating additional paid roles as we see that finances become increasingly more stable. This is discussed occasionally at Board meetings with a view to long-term stability.

Language World 2024 is planned for March in Kenilworth.

The Board, with advice from ALL Council and Editors, will keep its overview of the Language Learning Journal, and has no plans for reforming Languages Today magazine as it presently operates, beyond seeking further advertising revenue without detriment to the editorial content in order to continue to build its economic viability.

The plans to pilot Languages Today to be available online (in addition to the hard copy) via Flipping Book or other digital format, are now coming to fruition, specifically in relation to International Members and the cohort of British Council (BC) scholars (BC has a policy of no postage of papers). The digital version may also be relevant in discussion of memberships for MATs.

38

Association fv Language Learning